Oil campaign chronology of World War II explained

See main article: Oil campaign of World War II and Oil campaign targets of World War II. The oil campaign chronology of World War II lists bombing missions and related events regarding the petroleum/oil/lubrication (POL) facilities that supplied Nazi Germany or those Germany tried to capture in Operation Edelweiss.

Legend

— events regarding Nazi Germany petroleum, lubrication, and/or oil supplies
- events regarding notable Luftwaffe defensive efforts against Allied attack of petroleum, lubrication, and/or oil supply targets
and/or — events regarding Allied planning
— RAF, Eighth Air Force, and other roundels indicate units (most listings are from the RAF chronology[1] and the USAAF chronology)[2] "100 BG" — listings that include the unit abbreviation (BG is Bombardment Group) are from the corresponding mission history for the unit.[3]

Notes

Notes
Citations

References

Notes and References

  1. Bomber Command Campaign Diary
  2. McKillop
  3. Mission histories for Bombardment Groups:

    92 BG, 100thBG.com 301 BG (32 BS), 303rdBG.com, 397 BG (596 BS, http://w384thBombGroup.com, 398th.org
    401BG.com, 447BG (cybercity, 43-37797, 450 BG (Cottontails), 452 BG, 461st.org, 464 BG (zplace2b), 485thBG.org, 486th.org, 487thBG.com

  4. Book: Wuesthoff, Scott E. The utility of targeting the petroleum-based sector of a nation's economic infrastructure. Air University Press. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. 1994. 11. 2013-10-23.
  5. Book: Miller, Donald L. . 2006 . Masters of the Air: America's Bomber Boys Who Fought the Air War Against Nazi Germany . registration . New York . Simon & Schuster . 978-0-7432-3544-0 . 53, 118,321,323.
  6. Book: Overy, Richard . Richard Overy . 1997 . Why the Allies Won . 108 . W. W. Norton & Company . 978-0-393-31619-3.
  7. Book: Mitcham, Samuel W. Eagles of the Third Reich: Men of the Luftwaffe in World War II. Stackpole Books. 2007. 91–92. 978-0-8117-3405-9.
  8. Web site: German Trust To Oppose Standard Oil . In 1906, Standard Oil included the German-American Petroleum Company, the Mannheim-Bremen Petroleum Company and, formerly known as Korff, the Petroleum Refinery. . New York Times . November 11, 1906 . 2013-10-23.
  9. Bomber Command Diary May–June 1940
  10. Book: McArthur, Charles W. . Operations analysis in the U.S. Army Eighth Air Force in World War II . American Mathematical Soc. . 1990 . 9780821801581. P. 192.
  11. Book: Turner, S.J. [[Royal Geographical Society|F.R.G.S]]—maps . June 1944 . Pictorial History of the Second World War . Wm. H. Wise & Co., Inc. .
    • Book: S.J., F. R. G. S—maps . 1944 . Vol. 1 [September 3, 1939—August 25, 1941] .
    • Book: S.J., F. R. G. S—maps . 1944 . Vol. 2 [September 3, 1941—August 15, 1943] .
    • Book: S.J., F. R. G. S—maps . 1946 . 1944 . Vol. 3 [September 3, 1943—September 1, 1944] .
    • Book: S.J., F. R. G. S—maps . September 1946. Fifth . March, 1946 . Vol. 4 [September 4, 1944—September 2, 1945] .
  12. Frankfurt also had a Naxos Union grinding wheel plant.
  13. Book: Gilbert, Sir Martin . Martin Gilbert . The Second World War . Henry Holt and Company . registration . 98, 160,388 . 978-0-8050-7623-3. 2009-04-07 . June 2004.
  14. Supplement Part 10 Table 3
  15. News: Hellin . Frederick Phillip . 1942-06-01 . Russia's Oil and Hitler's Need . 2024-06-07 . The Atlantic . en . 2151-9463.
  16. Web site: Stranges . Dr. Anthony . Fischer-Tropsch Archive . 2009-06-17 . Fischer-Tropsch.org . Washington, D.C..

    Web site: Western Axis Subcommittee . December 5, 1943 . "Unknown" Synthetic Oil Plants of the Western Axis . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080821152433/http://www.fischer-tropsch.org/Tom%20Reels/Linked/B1870/b1870-0919-0973%20Item%2010.pdf . August 21, 2008 . 2009-05-11 . Enemy Oil Committee . 13.

    Web site: The Fischer-Tropsch Process . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071111011416/http://www.fischer-tropsch.org/primary_documents/gvt_reports/CIOSC/cios_20_mi/cios_20_6_22.htm . 2007-11-11 . 2009-03-26.

    Web site: Western Axis Subcommittee . c. 1943 . Estimated Refinery Output in Axis Europe -- 1943 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090327145036/http://www.fischer-tropsch.org/Tom%20Reels/Linked/B1870/B1870-0517-0541%20Item%208C.pdf . 2009-03-27 . 2009-03-21 . Enemy Oil Committee. <

  17. Ministry of Economic Warfare . The Bomber's Baedeker . PRO London . AIR 14/2662 . (cited by Coffey, p. 237)
  18. Becker . Peter W. . 1981 . The Role of Synthetic Fuel In World War II Germany: implications for today? . Air University Review . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130222003452/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1981/jul-aug/becker.htm . 2013-02-22 . 2013-10-23.
  19. Web site: World War II: Caucasuses Campaign (1942) . histclo.com . 2013-10-23.
  20. Book: January 1943 . Casablanca Conference: Papers and Minutes of Meetings . available at Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library; Combined Chiefs of Staff: Conference proceedings, 1941-1945; Box 1 . 40–43,88,256 . Office of the Combined Chiefs of Staff . Brehon Somervell … DECLASSIFIED … 10/29/73 … U.S. SECRET … BRITISH MOST SECRET … COPY NO. 32. (Brehon Somervell is stamped on the inside front cover of the Eisenhower Library copy, and the copy number is stamped on the inside back cover)

    C.C.S. 158: January 19, 1943 . Axis Oil Position . (pages 40-2)

    C.C.S. 166/1/D: Web site: January 21, 1943 . The Bomber Offensive from the United Kingdom . WikiMedia Commons . jpg . Approved by Combined Chiefs of Staff at their 65th meeting on January 21, 1943. ... You should take every opportunity to attack Germany by day [and] to destroy objectives that are not unsuitable for night attack . (distributed version, pages 88-9)

    January 19, 1943. C.C.S. 62nd Meeting [minutes] . 254 . 1. Axis Oil Position [pp. 255-257].

  21. Web site: Army Air Force Research Histories . AAF Historical Offices . 2024-04-05.

    AAFRH-3: Cruickshank . Earl . 1944 . The Ploesti Mission of 1 August 1943 . vii . We must, therefore, apply [bombardment] to those specially selected and vital targets which will give the greatest return.. (p. vii: Arnold to Spaatz, April 10, 1943)

    AAFRH-10: The War Against the Luftwaffe: AAF Counter-Air Operations, April 1943-June 1944 . SECRET … Classification Cancelled … JUN 8, 1959 ... the Bradley Plan [was the plan for ] troop build-up for the Eighth Air Force. ... General Arnold prepared a "Plan to Assure the Most Effective Exploitation of the Combined Bomber Offensive" and submitted it to the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 9 October 1943.. (p. 84)

    AAFRH-18: The Early Operations of the Eighth Air Force and the Origins of the Combined Bomber Offensive .

    AAFRH-19: Book: Stormont, John F. (Capt) . March 1946 . 1945 summer . The Combined Bomber Offensive: April through December 1943 . AAF Historical Office; Headquarters, Army Air Force . SECRET … Classification Cancelled … JUN 10 1959. (available at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library in the "Collection of 20th Century Military Records, 1918-1950 Series I"; Historical Studies Box 35).

    AAFRH-22: Norris . Joe L. (Capt) . April 1947 . 1946 Winter-Spring . The Combined Bomber Offensive: 1 January to 6 June 1944 . 6 . SECRET … Classification Cancelled … JUN 10, 1959 … In December 1942 … Arnold … directed that the group of operations analysts under C/AS, Management Control, prepare … In compliance with this directive, the Committee of Operations Analysts submitted on 8 March 1943 a comprehensive report on Axis industry. … Nineteen vital industries were selected … which if destroyed would … stagnate the German war machine. (p. 6). (also available in Box 35)

  22. https://books.google.com/books?id=Gx85T-eYPdQC&pg=PA19
  23. "466th" (No. 466 Squadron RAAF):

    Web site: 466 Squadron Missions . 466 Squadron . 2009-04-23 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090113051838/http://www.halifaxlv827.co.uk/466missions.htm . 2009-01-13 .

  24. Book: Jones, R. V. . Reginald Victor Jones . 1978 . Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939-1945 . London . Hamish Hamilton . 0-241-89746-7 . 381 .
  25. Bomber Command Diary June 1943
  26. Bomber Command Diary July 1943
  27. Book: Jablonski, Edward . 1971 . Airpower . Garden City, New York . Doubleday & Company . 2013-10-23. 4 volumes:––– Terror from the Sky (pages 1-168)––– Tragic Victories (pages 1-192)––– Outraged Skies (pages 1-136)––– Wings of Fire (pages 1-218)
  28. Time . August 23, 1943 . People: Entertainers . https://web.archive.org/web/20081214181743/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,885057,00.html . dead . December 14, 2008 . 2013-10-23.
  29. Web site: USAAF Nose Art Research Project - Devil's Ball. Mark. Bowden. www.usaaf-noseart.co.uk.
  30. http://www.b17pbemgame.com/317_bomb_squadron_roster.htm{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
  31. Book: 5 March 1944 . Plan for Completion of Combined Bomber Offensive . Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library: SMITH, WALTER BEDELL: Collection of World War II Documents, 1941-1945; Box No.: 48 . HQ, U.S.S.T.A.F . MOST SECRET … DECLASSIFIED … 4/4/74. Plan for Completion of Combined Bomber Offensive .
  32. Spaatz Collection . Library of Congress, Manuscript Division.

    1943-12-27: Arnold . Henry H. . Hap Arnold . 27 December 1943 . [letter to Spaatz: "Dear Tooey"] . Spaatz Collection . Box 14 . we must use our initiative and imagination with a view of seeking out, destroying the German Air Force in the factories, depots, on the ground, or in the air, wherever they may be.. (quoted by Mets note 51, pp. 191,383)

    1944-02-03: Arnold . Henry H. . Hap Arnold . 3 February 1944 . Objectives for Area Attack [memorandum to Eaker] . available at AF/HSO microfilm, reel A5616, fr. 45 .

    1944-01-21: Spaatz . Carl . Carl Spaatz . 21 January 1944 . [message to Arnold] . Spaatz Collection . Box 14.

    1944-02-15: Hughes . Richard D. . 15 February 1944 . Conference Held at A.E.A.F Headquarters, Stanmore 15 February 1944 [letter and notes]. Spaatz Collection . Box 14.

    Col. Richard D. Hughes was Eaker's "target-selection specialist." (Coffey, p. 237)

    1944-02-19: Spaatz . Carl . Carl Spaatz . 19 February 1944 . [message to Arnold] . Spaatz Collection . Box 14.

    1944-03-24: Spaatz . Carl . Carl Spaatz . 24 March 1944 . Employment of Strategic Air Forces in the Support of OVERLORD . Spaatz Collection . Box 14 . We believe attacks on transportation will not force the German fighters into action. We believe they will defend oil to their last fighter plane.. (quoted by Mets note 100, pp. 204,386)

    1944-03-25: . Final Minutes of a Meeting held on Saturday, March 25, to Discuss the Bombing Policy in the Period Before 'OVERLORD' . Spaatz Collection . Box 14 . "apart from the attack on the GAF, [German Air Force] the transportation plan was the only one which offered a reasonable chance of the air forces making an important contribution to the land battle during the first vital weeks of OVERLORD. (quoted by Mets, p. 208)

    1944-08-09: Kuter . Laurence (Brig. Gen.) . Laurence Kuter . 9 August 1944 . [memo to Arnold] . Spaatz Collection . Box 15. Kuter quotes an Air Ministry memorandum for the July 5 meeting. (cited by Mets note 60, pp. 269, 394: "staff meeting the British Chiefs of Staff ... 5 July 1944 ... Portal had tried to move Harris away from area bombing to join in the attacks on oil. ... the recommendation that emerged was a gigantic attack on Berlin")

    1944-09-23: 23 September 1944 . Directives Agreed by DCAS, RAF, and Lieutenant General Carl Spaatz . Spaatz Collection . Box 15 . The German rail and waterborne transportation systems; tank production plants and depots, ordnance depots; and M.T. (motor transport) production plants and depots. became the secondary priorities. (quoted by Mets note 23, pp. 260,393)

  33. Book: Levine, Alan J . 1992 . The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940-1945. Greenwood Publishing Group . 978-0-275-94319-6 . 2006-06-30 . 9,144,177.
  34. Web site: Web Page Under Construction. www.milhist.net. 2009-04-23. 2009-03-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20090313111659/http://www.milhist.net/usaaf/ploesti.html. dead.
  35. Web site: D'Olier . Franklin . September 30, 1945 . The Attack on Oil . 2009-02-10 . . Air University Press . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20040727153254/http://www.usaaf.net/surveys/eto/ . July 27, 2004 .
  36. Haines . William (Lt. Col.) . 6 June 1945 . ULTRA History of U.S. Strategic Air Force Europe vs. German Air Forces, SRH-013 . (cited by Mets, pp. 212,386,392: "copy provided to author by Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. Another copy is in the National Archives". p. 343: "Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. was a member of General Spaatz's staff in England in World War II.")
  37. Book: Caldwell, Donald . Muller, Richard . The Luftwaffe Over Germany: Defense of the Reich . 198, 204 . 2008-11-15.
  38. Book: The Strategic Bombing of Germany: 1940-1945 . 9780275943196 . Levine . Alan J . 1992 . Greenwood Publishing . 2013-10-23.
  39. Web site: The How and Why Air Attacks Crippled the German Oil-Chemical Industry . October 24, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110614072234/http://orbat.com/site/sturmvogel/ussbsnat.html . June 14, 2011 .
  40. Web site: Unipetrol RPA - Rafinérie Litvínov a Kralupy nad Vltavou . chemopetrol.cz . cs . 2013-10-23 . dead . https://archive.today/20070526223004/http://www.chemopetrol.cz/html/index.php?s1=1&s2=5&s3=1&s4=6&lng=2 . 2007-05-26 .
  41. Web site: Me 163B Komet - Me 163 units - Erprobungskommando 16 (EK 16) . de Bie . Rob . robdebie.home.xs4all.nl/me163.htm . Rob de Bie . 28 September 2013.
  42. Book: Speer, Albert . Albert Speer . . 1970 . Inside the Third Reich . Macmillan . New York and Toronto . 70119132 . 978-0-684-82949-4 . 412–3,414,415–7,419,655 . 2009-03-17 .
  43. Levine The strategic bombing of Germany, 1940-1945 p150
  44. Book: Strange, Anthony N . 2000 . Germany's Synthetic Fuel Industry 1927-45 . pdfFischer.Tropsch.org . The German Chemical Industry in the Twentieth Century . 2009-10-20 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924013711/http://www.fischer-tropsch.org/primary_documents/presentations/AIChE%202003%20Spring%20National%20Meeting/Paper%2080a%20Stranges%20germany.pdf . 2015-09-24 .
  45. Book: Bari . 1944 . Fifteenth Air Force, The Air Battle of Ploiești . Italy . 27. (cited by Stout p. 137)
  46. Book: 1945 . The Air Battle of Ploesti Written in the Skies Over Romania by U.S. Fifteenth Air Force and 205 Group (RAF) Between 5 April and 19 August . . 108. (cited by Stout p. 137)
  47. Book: Stout, Jay A . November 2003 . Fortress Ploesti: The Campaign to Destroy Hitler's Oil Supply . 145,190 . 2009-02-04 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100622003425/http://www.jayastout.com/jayastout_website_ver1_004.htm . 2010-06-22 .
  48. Bomber Command Diary June 1944
  49. Web site: Startseite . de . 2013-10-23 .
  50. Book: Coffey, Thomas M. . 1977 . Decision over Schweinfurt: The U.S. 8th Air Force Battle for Daylight Bombing . New York . David McKay Company . 237,241.
  51. Web site: Strategic Bombing Victorious . 2024-06-08 . National Museum of the United States Air Force™ . en-US.
  52. Book: Gurney, Gene (Major, USAF) . 1962 . The War in the Air: a pictorial history of World War II Air Forces in combat . New York . Bonanza Books. 172, 215, 217, 232.
  53. Book: Germany and the Second World War: Volume VII: The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia, 1943-1944/5 . 9780198228899 . Boog . Horst . Krebs . Gerhard . Vogel . Detlef . 2006-05-04. Clarendon Press .
  54. Book: Infield, Glenn B. . 1973 . The Poltava Affair: A Russian Warning, An American Tragedy . New York . Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. . 72093628 . 156.
  55. Web site: Library Technology Guides: Automation Companies in United States and Canada. librarytechnology.org.
  56. Book: Operations Analysis in the U.S. Army: Eighth Air Force in World War II . 9780821801581 . McArthur . Charles W . 1990. American Mathematical Soc. .
  57. http://www.bbw.ro/articol_372/despina_automotive.html{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
  58. Web site: Combat Chronology of the US Army Air Forces - July 1944 . usaaf.net . dead . 2013-10-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130527104023/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/jul44.htm . 2013-05-27 .
  59. Book: Polk, David . World War II Army Airborne Troop Carriers . Turner Publishing . 48 . 2009-01-10 . 978-1-56311-040-5 . December 1991 .
  60. Book: Heinkel He 177-277-274 . Griehl . Manfred . Dressel . Joachim . 1998 . Airlife Publishing . Shrewsbury, England . 1-85310-364-0 . 170 .
  61. Web site: Campaign Diary July 1944. https://web.archive.org/web/20070611031257/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jul44.html. dead. June 11, 2007.
  62. Web site: 1944 air raids . historisches-centrum.de . Historisches Centrum Hagen . 2009-06-24. 1944, 1945
  63. Web site: Me 163B Komet - Me 163B Airfields . de Bie . Rob . January 22, 2013.
  64. Book: Green, William . 1971 . Rocket Fighter . New York . Random House . 0345258932 . 8.
  65. Book: Goralski . Robert . Oil & war: how the deadly struggle for fuel in World War II meant victory or defeat . Freeburg . Russell W. . 2021 . Marine Corps University Press . 9780160953613 . 2 . 309.
  66. http://www.milhist.net/usaaf/ploesti.html
  67. Web site: McDonald . Jason . RAF 3 Group Lancaster Attacks Bordeaux Refinery – The World War II Multimedia Database . 2024-06-08 . en-US.
  68. Boon . Marten . Wubs . Ben . 2020-04-02 . Property, control and room for manoeuvre: Royal Dutch Shell and Nazi Germany, 1933–1945 . Business History . en . 62 . 3 . 468–487 . 10.1080/00076791.2016.1205034 . 0007-6791. 11250/2404833 . free .
  69. Book: McCullough . David G. . 1966 . The American Heritage World War II Chronology . American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc. . 66024214.
  70. Web site: Actul de la 23 august 1944 în viziunea celui de-Al Treilea Reich. Lucian Dobrovicescu. ro. Historia. 14 February 2024.
  71. Web site: Sub-Camps of Auschwitz Concentration Camp . Auschwitz-Birkenau: Memorial and Museum . auschwitz.org.pl . 2009-05-21 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090602054834/http://en.auschwitz.org.pl/h/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=30&Itemid=33 . 2009-06-02 .
  72. Book: Kreis, John F . Cochran, Alexander S. Jr. . Ehrhart, Robert C. . Fabyanic, Thomas A. . Futrell, Robert F. . Williamson, Murray . 1996 . Piercing the Fog: Intelligence and Army Air Forces Operations in World War 2 . Washington, D.C. . Air Force Historical Studies Office . 241 . 2008-11-28 . 978-1-4289-1405-6.
  73. Book: Galland, Adolf . Adolf Galland . 1968 . The First and the Last: The Rise and Fall of the German Fighter Forces, 1938-1945 . New York . Ballantine Books . 210, 224, 239 . 1954.
  74. Book: Baugher, Joseph F . Joe Baugher . Encyclopedia of American Aircraft . att.net.
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  77. Book: Eisenhower, David . David Eisenhower . 1991 . 1986 . Eisenhower: At War 1943-1945 . New York . Wings Books . 0-517-06501-0 .
  78. Chandler . Alfred D. Jr. . 23 October 1944 . [Eisenhower message to Marshall] . The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower: The War Years . 2247–8 . Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins . Ambrose, Stephen E.. (cited by Mets note 20, pp. 260,393,406)
  79. Web site: Mission # 236 . 2024-06-08 . 384thbombgroup.com.
  80. Book: Ambrose, Stephen E. . Stephen Ambrose . 2001 . The Wild Blue: The Men and boys who flew the B-24s over Germany . registration . 180 . New York . . 0-7432-0339-9.
  81. Book: Mets, David R. . 1997. paperback. 1988 . Master of Airpower: General Carl A. Spaatz . 265, 273, 287.
  82. Book: Aroneanu, Eugène . Whissen, Thomas . 1996 . Inside the Concentration Camps . Greenwood Publishing Group . 148,621 . 978-0-275-95446-8 . 2009-04-07.
  83. Book: Taylor, Frederick . Frederick Taylor (historian) . 2005 . 2004 - HarperCollins edition . Dresden, Tuesday, February 13, 1945 . registration . pdf—Internet Archive . London . Bloomsbury . 0-7475-7084-1 . 207.
  84. Book: Bauer, Eddy (original text) . 1972 . 1966 . Illustrated World War II Encyclopedia . H. S. Stuttman Inc. . 0-87475-520-4 . 1478 (Vol 11), 1999 (Vol 15) .
  85. https://www.americanairmuseum.com/archive/mission/792
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  87. Book: De Bruhl, Marshall . 2006 . Firestorm: Allied Airpower and the Destruction of Dresden . Random House . 205.
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  89. Web site: Twining . Nathan (Foreword) . Nathan Farragut Twining . February 1945 . Attack on Vienna: 20 February 1945 . Vienna (Lobau) Oil Refinery . Fifteenth Air Force (available at USAHEC) . 2009-03-11. UNCLASSIFIED [from SECRET] … on 9 Feb 88.
  90. Web site: The How and Why Air Attacks Crippled the German Oil-Chemical Industry . dead . 2013-10-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120521072812/http://orbat.com/site/sturmvogel/ussbsnat.html . May 21, 2012 .
  91. Web site: Ed Miller's Military Page . 2013-10-23 . 2016-03-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192907/http://www.sirinet.net/~lgarris/emiller/military.html . dead .
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  93. Book: Carter, Kit C. . Mueller, Robert . The Army Air Forces in World War II . Center for Air Force History . 661 . 2009-01-10 . 978-1-4289-1543-5.
  94. Book: Combat Chronology: 1941-1945 . Robert Mueller . 9781428915435 . DIANE Publishing . 2013-10-23.
  95. Book: B-17 at War . Bill Yenne . 9780760325223 . Zenith Imprint . 2006 . 2013-10-23.
  96. Book: Arnold, Henry H.—Foreword . Hap Arnold . June 1944 . May 1944 . AAF: The Official Guide to the Army Air Forces . New York . Pocket Books . 337 .
  97. Book: Goodyear . Harry J. . 1946 . History of the 3rd Battalion, 338th Regiment, 85th Infantry Division: World War II . Campus Publishing Company . 124–5 . 2009-05-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110529061457/http://144.99.215.53:8331/V/A66NN7U7AFC8K9PQ7FVX42LV6HDGMGQ3LYGPUQI3GICB5JGEBL-07462?func=quick-3&doc_number=010807240 . 2011-05-29 . dead .
  98. Book: Wolk, Herman S. . June 1974 . Prelude to D-Day: The Bomber Offensive . 65 . (cited by Mets note 140, pp. 216,387)

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