October 1962 Explained

The following events occurred in October 1962:

October 1, 1962 (Monday)

• Johnny Carson took over as the permanent host of NBC's The Tonight Show, a position that he would hold for 30 years. After Groucho Marx introduced him at 11:30 p.m., Carson and his sidekick Ed McMahon shared the stage with the first guests, Joan Crawford, Rudy Vallee, Ned Brooks (of Meet the Press), Tony Bennett, the Phoenix Singers and Tom Pedi.^[1] Carson would host his last Tonight show on May 22, 1992.^[2] Earlier in the day on NBC, at 2:00 p.m., another famous host made his debut on The Merv Griffin Show; Griffin's first guest was comedian Shelley Berman.^[3]

• The Lucy Show, Lucille Ball's follow-up to I Love Lucy, premiered on American TV on CBS at 8:30 p.m. with the episode "Lucy Waits Up for Chris". Based on the Irene Kampen's novel Life Without George, the show placed I Love Lucy stars Ball and Vivian Vance in the roles of widow Lucy Carmichael and divorcee Vivian Bagley, along with children. The show would run for 6 seasons before ending its run on March 11, 1968.^{[4] [5]}
• The U.S. Air Force Space Systems Division raised its budget for the Gemini launch vehicle to $181,300,000. Cost increases in work on the vertical test facility at Martin's Baltimore plant, the conversion of pad 19 at Cape Canaveral, and on aerospace ground equipment had already increased the cost to $172,600,000 during September. The new Development Plan delayed the first Gemini launch to December 1963.^[6]
• James Meredith, the first black student to enroll at the all-white University of Mississippi, registered for classes while escorted by U.S. Marshals. Meredith's first class was in Colonial History, and only 12 of the 19 students registered attended.^[7]
• Tropical storm "Daisy" was studied by Project Mercury operations activities for its possible effects on Wally Schirra's Mercury 8 mission, but flight preparations continued.^[8]
• Four Soviet Foxtrot submarines, armed with nuclear torpedoes, departed bases on the Kola Peninsula in anticipation of a confrontation with the United States over Cuba.^[9]
• Netherlands New Guinea was transferred to United Nations Temporary Executive Authority until May 1963.^[10]
• U.S. Army General Maxwell Taylor became the new Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.^[11]
• Born: Esai Morales, American actor; in Brooklyn^[12]

October 2, 1962 (Tuesday)

• A twin-engined Saudi Air Force Fairchild C-123 Provider, said to have been sent by Prince Hassan to Royal supporters in Yemen, and laden with American-made arms and ammunition, defected to Egypt. Its three crew members were granted political asylum.^[13]
• Born:
  • Jeff Bennett, American voice actor and singer; in Houston^[14]
  • Brian Holm, Danish road cyclist; in Copenhagen^[15]
• Died: Heinrich Deubel, 72, former commandant of Dachau concentration camp^[16]

October 3, 1962 (Wednesday)

• Mercury-Atlas 8 (MA-8), designated Sigma 7, was launched from Cape Canaveral with astronaut Wally Schirra as the pilot for a scheduled six-orbit flight. Two major modifications had been made to the Mercury spacecraft to eliminate difficulties that had occurred during the John Glenn and Scott Carpenter flights. The reaction control system was modified to disarm the high-thrust jets and allow the use of low-thrust jets only in the manual operational mode to conserve fuel. A second modification involved the addition of two high frequency antennas mounted onto the retro package to assist and maintain spacecraft and ground communication throughout this flight. Schirra termed his six-orbit mission a "textbook flight". About the only difficulty experienced was attaining the correct pressure suit temperature adjustment. The astronaut became quite warm during the early orbits, but at a subsequent press conference he reported there had been many days at Cape Canaveral when he had been much hotter sitting under a tent on the beach. To study fuel conservation methods, a considerable amount of drifting was programed during the MA-8 mission. This included 118 minutes during the fourth and fifth orbits and 18 minutes during the third orbit. Since drift error was slight, attitude fuel consumption was no problem. At the start of the reentry operation there was a 78 percent supply in both the automatic and manual tanks, enabling Schirra to use the automatic mode during reentry. After a 9 hour and 13 minute orbital flight, the MA-8 landed northeast of Midway Island, from the prime recovery ship, the . Schirra stated that he and the spacecraft could have continued for much longer. The flight was the most successful to that time. Besides the camera experiment, nine ablative material samples were laminated onto the cylindrical neck of the spacecraft, and radiation-sensitive emulsion packs were placed on each side of the astronaut's couch. The MA-8 launch was relayed via the Telstar 1 satellite to television audiences in Western Europe. Schirra was the fifth American astronaut, and ninth person, to travel into outer space.^{[8] [17]}
• At a mechanical systems coordination meeting, McDonnell presented its final evaluation of the feasibility of substituting straight tube brazed connections for threaded joints as the external connections on all components of the Gemini spacecraft propulsion systems. McDonnell had begun testing the brazing process on June 26, 1962. Following its presentation, McDonnell was directed to make the change, which had the advantages of reducing leak paths and decreasing the total weight of propulsion systems.^[6]
• Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) published the Gemini Program Instrumentation Requirements Document (PIRD), the basis for integrating the world-wide Manned Space Flight Network to support the Gemini program. In compiling PIRD, MSC had received the assistance of other NASA installations and Department of Defense components responsible for constructing, maintaining, and operating the network.^[6]
• In the United States, a steam boiler explosion at a New York Telephone Company building in Manhattan killed twenty-one people and injured 70. The blast happened at 12:07 p.m. while employees were dining in the building's cafeteria, sending the boiler from the basement into the cafeteria, then out through a wall.^[18]
• U.S. baseball team the San Francisco Giants beat the Los Angeles Dodgers, 6–4, to win the deciding game of a best-of-three playoff for the National League pennant. The Dodgers had a 4–2 lead going into the final inning, before the Giants tied the game and then went ahead, gaining the trip to the World Series.^[19]
• Born: Tommy Lee, American musician and drummer of heavy metal band Mötley Crüe; as Thomas Lee Bass in Athens, Greece^[20]

October 4, 1962 (Thursday)

• The National Assembly of France voted to censure Prime Minister Georges Pompidou for his support of the direct election of the President, with 280 in favor in the 480 member body.^[21] Pompidou resigned the next day, but would stay on while new elections were scheduled. The vote marked the only occasion, in the more than 50-year history of the Fifth Republic, that a government was brought down by a vote in Parliament.^{[22] [23]}
• Two Saudi Arabian pilots landed an air force training plane in upper Egypt and were granted political asylum, the second such defection in two days.^[24]
• The first nuclear missile in Cuba was installed by the Soviet Union, as a warhead was attached to an R-12 rocket.^[25]
• Born:
  • Mike Norris, American actor; in Redondo Beach, California, as the eldest son of actor and martial arts champion Chuck Norris^[26]
  • Marc Minkowski, French orchestral conductor; in Paris^[27]

October 5, 1962 (Friday)

• McDonnell and Lockheed reported on radiation hazards and constraints for Gemini missions at a Trajectories and Orbits Coordination meeting. McDonnell's preliminary findings indicated no radiation hazard for normal Gemini operations with some shielding; with no shielding the only constraint was on the 14-day mission, which would have to be limited to an altitude of . Lockheed warned that solar flares would pose a problem at higher altitudes. Lockheed also recommended limiting operations to under pending more data on the new radiation belts created by the Atomic Energy Commission's Project Dominic in July 1962.^[6]
• A U.S. Air Force spokesman, Lt. Colonel Albert C. Trakowski, announced that special instruments on unidentified military test satellites had confirmed the danger that astronaut Walter M. Schirra, Jr., could have been killed if his MA-8 space flight had taken him above a 400miles altitude. The artificial radiation belt, created by the U.S. high altitude nuclear test in July, sharply increases in density above 400-miles altitude at the geomagnetic equator and reaches peak intensities of 100 to 1,000 times normal levels at altitudes above .^[8]
• The phrase "So help me God" was added to the U.S. Armed Forces and National Guard enlistment oaths., the constitutionality of this change has not been ascertained, being in apparent contradiction of the No Religious Test Clause of the United States Constitution.^[28]
• Dr. Charles A. Berry, Chief of Aerospace Medical Operations, Manned Spacecraft Center, reported that preliminary dosimeter readings indicated that astronaut Schirra had received a much smaller radiation dosage than expected.^[8]
• The first James Bond film, Dr. No, held its world premiere at the London Pavilion, with Sean Connery as Agent 007. The film premiered to the rest of the UK three days later, and would reach cinemas in the United States on May 8, 1963.^[29]
• Mercury spacecraft No. 16, Sigma 7, was returned to Hangar S at Cape Canaveral for postflight work and inspection. It was planned to retain the Sigma 7 at Cape Canaveral for permanent display.^[8]
• A battalion of Special Forces (Saaqah), sent by Egypt to act as personal guards for new Yemeni leader Abdullah as-Sallal, arrived at Hodeida during the North Yemen Civil War.
• The Beatles released their first single, "Love Me Do".^[30]
• Born:
  • Caron Keating, Northern Irish television presenter; in Fulham, England (died from breast cancer, 2004)
  • Mike Conley Sr., American Olympic champion track athlete; in Chicago^[31]

October 6, 1962 (Saturday)

• The Chinese leadership convened to hear a report from Lin Biao that PLA intelligence units had determined that Indian units might assault Chinese positions at Thag La on 10 October (Operation Leghorn).^[32] The Chinese leaders, on recommendation of the Central Military Council decided to launch a large-scale attack to punish perceived military aggression from India, resulting in the Sino-Indian War.
• The U.S. Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance pointed out that high-altitude photographs of Cuba had not been taken of the western end of the island since August 29, and recommended to the White House that U-2 overflights be made there to determine whether Soviet missiles were being put in place. Flights over west Cuba on October 14 would confirm the presence of offensive missiles.^[33]
• The U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy suffered their first helicopter fatalities in Vietnam when a Marine Corps UH-34 Seahorse crashed 15 miles (24 km) from Tam Ky, South Vietnam, killing five Marines and two Navy personnel.^[34]
• The last foreign military personnel, including advisers of the U.S. Special Forces, left Laos in accordance with the 75-day period specified in the July 23 "Declaration on the Neutrality of Laos".^[35]
• Died: Tod Browning, 81, American film director known for pre-code horror films, including Freaks (1932), Mark of the Vampire (1935), and the first sound-film version of Dracula (1931)^{[36] [37]}

October 7, 1962 (Sunday)

• The Mercury-Atlas 8 (MA-8) press conference was held at the Rice University in Houston, Texas. Astronaut Wally Schirra expressed his belief that the spacecraft was ready for the 1-day mission, that he experienced absolutely no difficulties with his better than 9 hours of weightlessness, and that the flight was of the "textbook" variety.^[8]
• The cabinet of Iran approved the "Law of Regional and State Associations", extending voting for, and service on, local councils to non-Muslims and females, with the only requirement being that a voter or officeholder believe in one of the "revealed religions". After protests by the Shi'ite Ayatollahs, the law was annulled on November 29.^[38]
• Venezuela's President Romulo Betancourt issued Resolution #9, suspending constitutional rights and restricting freedom of the press.^[39]
• Died:
  • Clem Miller, 45, U.S. Representative from California, was killed along with two other people when his airplane crashed in bad weather near Crescent City, California. Miller was on a trip as part of his campaign for re-election and died along with his 13-year-old son and the pilot.^[40] Since it was too late to name a new candidate, Miller's name remained on the ballot and received the most votes.^[41]
  • Henri Oreiller, 36, French alpine ski racer, killed when his Ferrari crashed at the Linas-Montlhéry autodrome^[42]

October 8, 1962 (Monday)

• In North Korea, voters went to the polls to vote "yes" or "no" on the 383 candidates for the 383 seats in the Supreme People's Assembly. The Pyongyang government announced a 100 percent turnout (breaking the 1957 record of 99.99%) and 100 percent approval of the candidates (beating 99.92% in 1957); the 100% turnout and approval reports would follow the 1967, 1972, 1977, 1982 and 1986 votes, though in 1992, reported turnout was only 99.85%, albeit still with the 100% approval.^[43]
• The October 10 edition of the West German magazine Der Spiegel reached newsstands, with the article "Bedingt abwehrbereit" by Conrad Ahlers, about the Bundeswehr's poor preparedness, causing the so-called Spiegel affair.^[44]
• The wreck of the Bremen cog, a ship built in 1380 when the area was ruled by the Hanseatic League, was discovered in the Weser River during dredging operations.^[45]

October 9, 1962 (Tuesday)

• The nation of Uganda became independent within the Commonwealth of Nations, with Milton Obote as the first Prime Minister, and the white British colonial administrator, Sir Walter Coutts, as the first Governor-General. The following year, Uganda would become a republic, and Coutts would be replaced by a President, the former Bugandan King Edward Mutesa II.^{[46] [47]}
• Twenty-eight people were killed, and 62 injured, when the southbound Moscow-Vienna-Rome "Chopin Express" train collided with the northbound Budapest-Warsaw train that had derailed near Warsaw.^[48]
• At a military parade in the Polish city of Szczecin, a T-54 tank of the Polish People's Army hit a crowd of bystanders, killing seven children and injuring others.^[49]
• Mercury spacecraft No. 20 was delivered to Cape Canaveral for the Mercury 9 (Gordon Cooper) one-day mission, which would be launched on May 15, 1963.^[8]
• The MCC cricket team arrived in Fremantle, Western Australia, to begin its 1962–63 tour.

October 10, 1962 (Wednesday)

• The Sino-Indian War began as Chinese troops opened fire on Indian troops and a battle on the border of the world's two largest nations began.^[50] India reported its losses at six dead and seven missing from the first day of fighting, with 11 wounded, while China reported more than 30 casualties.^[51]
• Anaasa won the 4.30, the last race ever to be run at Hurst Park Racecourse, Surrey, before the course was sold and re-developed.
• Died: Edmund H. Hansen, 67, American Academy Award-winning sound engineer

October 11, 1962 (Thursday)

• The Second Vatican Council opened, under Pope John XXIII.^[52] The 2,500 bishops in attendance walked in a procession through St. Peter's Square and into the Basilica as part of the opening ceremonies.^[53] Pope John would pass away the following year, and the last session of the Council would be closed by Pope Paul VI on December 8, 1965.^[54]
• Born: Joan Cusack, American actress; in Evanston, Illinois

October 12, 1962 (Friday)

• On his way from Chennai to a visit to Sri Lanka, India's Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru remarked to reporters that his government had directed the Indian Army "to free our territory in the Northeast frontier", implying, incorrectly, that India had decided to engage China in a full-scale war.^[55] On October 14, China's paper People's Daily would quote Nehru and tell its readers to expect an invasion of China by India.^[50] One author would later write, "Nehru's casual statement only served to precipitate the Chinese attack on India."^[56]
• In what would be called the Columbus Day Storm, Typhoon Freda hit Victoria, British Columbia, and other locations on the west coast of North America. At Oregon's Cape Blanco, an anemometer (minus one of its cups) registered wind gusts in excess of 145 mph (233 km/h); some reports put the peak velocity at 179 mph (288 km/h). The resultant damage was estimated at around $230 million to $280 million for California, Oregon and Washington combined.^[57]
• The Bridge of the Americas opened in Panama, exactly three years after construction began. With clearance of over, it was the first to allow traffic to cross uninterrupted between Central America and South America because the bridge did not need to be moved. October 12 was chosen for the start and finish of construction in honor of the October 12, 1492, landfall of Christopher Columbus.^[58]
• The Project Gemini Management Panel was formed by the Manned Space Center, chaired by George M. Low of the Office of Manned Space Flight, and included vice presidents of McDonnell Aircraft, Martin Marietta, The Aerospace Corporation, Aerojet-General, and Lockheed Corporation, with a first meeting on November 13.^[6]
• Jazz bassist/composer Charles Mingus gave a disastrous concert at Town Hall, New York City. Earlier in the day, Mingus had punched Jimmy Knepper in the mouth while the two men were working together at Mingus's apartment, with the result that Knepper was unable to perform.
• Born: Amanda Castro, Honduran poet (d. 2010); in Tegucigalpa
• Died: Alberto Teisaire, 71, former Vice President of Argentina

October 13, 1962 (Saturday)

• A treaty between France and the tiny principality of Monaco took effect, to stop wealthy French citizens from moving their residence to Monaco to avoid high taxes. Under Article 7, any French person who had not been "habitually resident in Monaco for five years" would be required to pay French taxes.^[59]
• Edward Albee's first full-length play, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? opened on Broadway, starring Uta Hagen as Martha and Arthur Hill as George.^[60]
• Anti-apartheid activist Helen Joseph became the first person to be placed under house arrest under South Africa's new anti-sabotage law.
• Oakland, California, set an all-time calendar day record with 4.52 inches (11.5 cm) of rain from the previous night's storm.
• Born:
  • Jerry Rice, American NFL wide receiver, Pro Football Hall of Famer; in Starkville, Mississippi
  • Kelly Preston, American actress and wife of John Travolta (d. 2020); in Honolulu

October 14, 1962 (Sunday)

• Flying a U-2 spyplane over the area around San Cristóbal, Cuba, Colonel Richard S. Heyser took 928 photographs in the space of six minutes. The pictures would reveal that four mobile Soviet missile launchers, capable of firing the SS-4 medium range nuclear missile, had been placed in western Cuba. Other flights would eventually locate 42 nuclear missiles at ten sites in Cuba.^[61]

October 15, 1962 (Monday)

• The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) debuted a new children's television program on its nationwide affiliates, Misterogers, described initially in CBC's fall schedule preview as "a 15-minute puppet show" shown three days a week.^[62] Hosted by Fred Rogers, the show would soon be described as "one of the freshest, most intelligent puppet shows to come along in quite a while."^[63] The host had appeared on Pittsburgh as a local offering when educational television station WQED went on the air on April 1, 1954, with Children's Corner and had continued until 1957 as "the community-educational station's most original and popular show".^[64]
• The National Committee of Liberation, an anti-apartheid paramilitary organization in South Africa, destroyed an electrical transformer to cause a blackout in Johannesburg in the most effective sabotage act by the NCL up to that time.^[65]
• NASA awarded a contract for $36,200,018 to International Business Machines Corporation to provide the ground-based computer system for Projects Gemini and Apollo as part of the MSC's Integrated Mission Control Center.^[6]
• At the National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC), analysis of the 928 images, taken the day before by the U-2 over flight, showed that offensive missiles and launchers had been placed in Cuba.^[66]
• Wally Schirra was awarded the NASA Distinguished Service Medal in a ceremony at his hometown, Oradell, New Jersey.^[8]
• A high frequency direction finding system study was initiated for Project Mercury.^[8]
• Born:
  • Yasutoshi Nishimura, Minister of State for Economic and Fiscal Policy for Japan in Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga's government; in Akashi, Hyogo Prefecture^[67]
  • Per-Erik Burud, Norwegian billionaire entrepreneur and CEO of the Kiwi grocery store chain (d. 2011); in Drammen

October 16, 1962 (Tuesday)

• Arthur C. Lundahl, the director of the United States imagery intelligence agency, NPIC, informed CIA Director John McCone of the results of Mission 3101, reporting the discovery of medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) sites, discovering that photographs had "revealed an MRBM Launch Site and two new military encampments located along the southern edge of the Sierra del Rosario in west central Cuba".^[68] National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy then woke up President Kennedy to advise him that missiles were in Cuba but were not yet operational. Kennedy ordered 17 military, political and diplomatic advisers, the ExComm, to assemble at the White House at 11:50 a.m.^{[69] [70]}
• U.S. baseball team the New York Yankees beat the San Francisco Giants, 1–0, to win the seventh and deciding game of the 1962 World Series for their 20th World Series championship.^[71]
• Born: Flea (stage name for Michael Peter Balzary), bassist and co-founder of the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers; in Melbourne, Australia^[72]
• Died: Princess Helen of Serbia, 77, former Serbian/Yugoslavian princess, daughter of King Peter I and sister of King Alexander I^[73]

October 17, 1962 (Wednesday)

• Nick Holonyak Jr., and S. F. Bevacqua, both engineers with the General Electric Company, announced their discovery of the physical process that would make the light emitting diode— the LED — practical, by submitting their paper "Coherent (Visible) Light Emission from Ga(As_1−xP_x) Junctions" to the weekly journal Applied Physics Letters, which would publish the work in its December 1 issue.^[74] Although silicon diodes had been able to generate light on the infrared spectrum, it took a specific alloy of gallium (Ga), arsenic (As) and phosphorus (P) to generate visible light; initially, LEDs were limited to red light, but the GaAsP system would later be perfected with nitrates to produce other primary colors, making it possible to generate the full spectrum.^{[75] [76]}
• Joseph F. Shea of the Office of Manned Space Flight solicited suggestions from each of the NASA Headquarters' Program Offices and the various NASA Centers on the potential uses and experiments for a crewed space station. He said that a station was technologically feasible and could be placed in Earth orbit as early as 1967.^[77]
• The Soviet Union increased its spying capability with the launch of the Kosmos 10 satellite. For the first time, satellites had four cameras that were capable of being moved in order to obtain three-dimensional images.^[78]
• The British International Motor Show opened at Earl's Court in London. The Triumph Spitfire was among new vehicles showcased during the event.
• Born:
  • Mike Judge, American animator, voice actor, and producer, best known as the creator of Beavis and Butt-Head and King of the Hill; in Guayaquil, Ecuador^[79]
  • Kathryn Paterson, Chief Censor of New Zealand from 1994 to 1999; in Umina, New South Wales, Australia (died from cancer, 1999)
  • Yvon Pouliquen, French footballer and manager; in Morlaix
• Died: U Vimala, 62, Burmese Theravada Buddhist monk and vipassana meditation master

October 18, 1962 (Thursday)

• U.S. President Kennedy and Secretary of State Dean Rusk met at the White House with Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko and Soviet Ambassador to the U.S. Anatoly Dobrynin. Gromyko told Kennedy that Soviet operations in Cuba were purely defensive, and Kennedy did not tell Gromyko that the U.S. had discovered that the Soviets had nuclear missiles in Cuba.^[69]
• The Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party approved plans for General Zhang Guohua to lead the People's Liberation Army to launch a large self-defensive counterattack on India, to take place on October 20.^[80]
• Born: Min Ko Naing, Burmese student leader and political dissident; in Yangon

October 19, 1962 (Friday)

• Wesley L. Hjornevik, MSC Assistant Director for Administration, told MSC senior staff that the cut of $27,000,000 for MSC's FY 1963 budget for the Gemini program (from $687 million to $660 million) meant that the paraglider, Agena, and all rendezvous equipment would have to be dropped from the program. The uncrewed first Gemini flight was rescheduled for December 1963, with the second two-man mission to follow three months later, and subsequent flights at two-month intervals. The first Agena targeting mission would happen no sooner than August 1964. This four-month delay required a large-scale reprogramming of Gemini development work.^[6]
• U.S. President Kennedy met with the Joint Chiefs of Staff to discuss the military options for responding to the missiles in Cuba. USAF Chief of Staff General Curtis LeMay advocated bombing of the missile sites in Cuba, while Defense Secretary Robert McNamara recommended a blockade of ships approaching the island.^[81] Ultimately, Kennedy, who would spend the day at scheduled speeches in Ohio and Illinois, would opt to blockade Cuba rather than to start a war.^[70]
• McDonnell Aircraft Corporation reported that all tests had been completed for spacecraft 20, allocated for the Mercury 9 orbital mission.^[8]
• Anime pioneer Tatsuo Yoshida founded the company Tatsunoko Production in Tokyo.
• Born: Evander Holyfield, American boxer, undisputed World Heavyweight champion between 1990 and 1992, World Boxing Association champion three times between 1993 and 2001; in Atmore, Alabama

October 20, 1962 (Saturday)

• In the Sino-Indian War, a force of 30,000 Chinese troops stopped Indian troops' invasion and overran the outnumbered Indian force that had been ordered into the disputed area. Within days the Chinese Army had gained control of five bridges over the Namkha Chu River and by October 28 were inside India's territory.^{[82] [83]} The first wave of attacks began at 5:00 a.m. Indian Standard Time, thirty minutes after Chinese radio broadcast an announcement of the victory.^[84] The populations of the two nations (670 million for China and 450 million for India) represented one-third of the world's three billion people in 1962, prompting Newsweek magazine to headline an article in its October 29 edition, "A Third of the World at War". During the week that followed, it appeared that the number might increase to half of the world at war, with the Soviet Union (210 million) and the United States (180 million) in a showdown over Cuba, potentially bringing the total to 1.5 billion people at war in the world's four largest nations.
• Both the United States and the Soviet Union conducted high-altitude nuclear tests, already scheduled, even as U.S. President Kennedy was deciding on a confrontation between the two nations over the missiles in Cuba. The U.S. exploded a weapon over the Pacific Ocean, and the USSR followed two days later with a blast over Kazakhstan. The Joint Chiefs of Staff raised the nuclear alert status to DEFCON 3.^[85]

October 21, 1962 (Sunday)

• Ranger 5, a spacecraft designed to transmit pictures of the lunar surface to Earth stations during a period of 10 minutes of flight prior to impacting on the Moon, malfunctioned, ran out of power and ceased operation, after passing within 725km (450miles) of the Moon.^{[86] [87]}
• The sinking of the Norwegian passenger ship MV Sanct Svithun killed 33 of the 79 people on board. The ship had run aground off the Vikna Islands and was refloated, then sank as it got back underway.^[88]
• The 1962 Seattle World's Fair (officially, the "Century 21 Exposition") closed in Seattle after a six-month run.^[89]

October 22, 1962 (Monday)

• At 7:00 p.m. Washington time, U.S. President John F. Kennedy announced in a nationally broadcast address that "unmistakable evidence has established the fact that a series of offensive missile sites" had been established in Cuba by the Soviet Union "to provide a nuclear strike capability against the Western Hemisphere". He announced "a strict quarantine on offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba" and warned that any launch of a nuclear missile from Cuba would require "a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union". Kennedy implored, "I call upon Chairman Khrushchev to halt and eliminate this clandestine, reckless and provocative threat to world peace and to stable relations between our nations."^{[90] [91] [92]}
• Colonel Oleg Penkovsky, who had secretly been passing Soviet secrets to the United Kingdom, was arrested by the KGB. He would be convicted of treason and executed on May 16, 1963.^[93]
• The city of Eden Prairie, Minnesota, a suburb in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area, was incorporated.^[94]
• Born: Robert Odenkirk, American actor, comedian, and filmmaker best known for his role as Saul Goodman on Breaking Bad and its spin-off Better Call Saul; in Berwyn^[95]

October 23, 1962 (Tuesday)

• In the "Spiegel affair", publisher Rudolf Augstein of the West German news magazine Der Spiegel, was arrested along with Assistant Chief Editor Conrad Ahlers on charges of treason after the magazine's October 10 issue had published information about the NATO maneuver "Fallex 62". Der Spiegel had reported that the West German military was poorly prepared to defend against an invasion from the East.^[44] Other arrests followed, leading to protests by West Germans against the suppression of freedom of the press. Augstein and Ahlers would be released on February 7, 1963.^[96]
• As the American blockade of Cuba from Soviet ships was set, the 450 ships of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet and 200,000 personnel prepared for a confrontation, including defense if the Soviets tried an airlift over the blockade.^[97] The Soviet freighter Polotavia was identified as the first ship that would reach the quarantine line.^[98]
• Major General Leighton Davis, Department of Defense representative for Project Mercury Support Operations, reported that support operation planning was underway for the Mercury 1-day mission.^[8]
• Art Blakey began recording Caravan at the Plaza Sound Studio in New York City, his first album for Riverside Records, with whom he had signed earlier in the month.

October 24, 1962 (Wednesday)

• Mars 2MV-4 No.1 (or Sputnik 22) was launched by the Soviet Union, with the intention of making a flyby of the planet Mars and transmitting back images to the earth.^[99] When the engines were reignited in order to take the probe from parking orbit toward Mars, the satellite exploded, and debris fell to earth for the next four months.^[100]
• The U.S. Navy blockade against Soviet ships began at 10:00 a.m. Washington, D.C. time (1500 hrs UTC and 6:00 p.m. in Moscow). Some of the Cuban-bound Soviet freighters altered their courses to avoid the confrontation, while others proceeded.^{[101] [102]}
• James Brown recorded his Live at the Apollo album.^[103]

October 25, 1962 (Thursday)

• At a meeting of the United Nations Security Council, American Ambassador Adlai Stevenson confronted Soviet Ambassador Valerian Zorin with photographs of missile sites in Cuba and angrily asked, "Do you, Ambassador Zorin, deny that the USSR has placed and is placing medium and intermediate range missiles and sites in Cuba? Yes or no? Don't wait for the translation. Yes or no?" Zorin laughed and then said, "I am not in an American courtroom, sir, and therefore I do not wish to answer a question that is put to me in the fashion in which a prosecutor puts questions. In due course, you will have your reply."^[104]
• At 6:50 a.m., the American destroyers and the made the first enforcement of the blockade, stopping and boarding the Soviet-chartered ship Marcula, from Cuba. After spending two hours searching the Marcula and determining that its cargo of trucks, paper, sulfur and auto parts provided no threat, the Navy allowed the ship to proceed with its cargo.^[105]
• Abdul Monem Khan was appointed as the Governor of East Pakistan by Pakistan's President, Muhammad Ayub Khan. During his rule from 1962 to 1968, Governor Monem Khan's strict rule of the more than 60,000,000 East Pakistan residents eventually led to the province separating from the rest of Pakistan as the nation of Bangladesh.^[106]
• Tropical Storm Harriet was first observed by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, just off the east coast of Thailand. It crossed into the Indian Ocean, and, during landfall its storm surge, flooded the Laem Talumphuk peninsula in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. Typhoon Harriet killed 769 people, with another 142 missing and 252 seriously injured.^[107]
• Uganda was admitted to membership of the United Nations.^[108]
• Born: Borys Kolesnikov, Deputy Prime Minister of Ukraine from 2010 to 2012; in Zhdanov, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Mariupol, Ukraine)

October 26, 1962 (Friday)

• The first ever proclamation of a state of emergency in India was made by President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan as Chinese troops continued their invasion. The emergency would not be rescinded until January 10, 1968. A state of emergency would be proclaimed two other times in the 20th century, on December 3, 1971, and on June 25, 1975.^[109]
• Born: Cary Elwes, English actor; in Westminster, as the son of Dominick Elwes and Tessa Georgina Kennedy
• Died: Louise Beavers, 60, American film actress

October 27, 1962 (Saturday)

• At 11:19 a.m. Washington time, USAF Major Rudolf Anderson became the only combatant fatality of the Cuban Missile Crisis when his U-2 airplane was shot down by a surface-to-air missile while he was flying over Cuba. Soviet Army Major Ivan Gerchenov had been ordered to fire missiles, from a station near the city of Banes, at "Target Number 33".^[110] On the other hand, Fidel Castro would say in 1964 that the Cubans, not the Soviets, had fired the missile, and a former Castro aide, Carlos Franqui, would write in 1984 that Castro himself had pushed the button to launch the missile.^[111] The Joint Chiefs recommended to President John F. Kennedy that the U.S. should attack Cuba within 36 hours to destroy the Soviet missiles. At Washington, General Taylor recommended an air attack on the Banes site, but immediate action was not taken.^{[112] [113]}
• Hours later, the Soviet submarine B-59 was detected by U.S. Navy destroyers in the Atlantic Ocean, and one of the ships began dropping explosive depth charges to force the sub to surface. Thirty years later, a communications intelligence officer on the B-59 would report that Captain Valentin Savitsky ordered a nuclear-armed torpedo to be armed for firing at the U.S. ships, and that the second-in-command, Vasily Arkhipov, persuaded Savitsky to surface instead.^[114]
• Heart of Midlothian F.C. defeated Kilmarnock F.C. 1–0 in the 1962 Scottish League Cup Final at Hampden Park, Glasgow.

October 28, 1962 (Sunday)

• The Cuban Missile Crisis came to an end when, at 5:00 p.m. Moscow time (10:00 a.m. in Washington), Radio Moscow broadcast the text of the message from Soviet Prime Minister Nikita Khrushchev to U.S. President John F. Kennedy. "Dear Mr. President," Khrushchev's letter began, "I have received your message of October 27. I express my satisfaction and thank you for the sense of proportion you have displayed and for realization of the responsibility which now devolves on you for the preservation of the peace of the world." Khrushchev went on to say, "I regard with great understanding your concern and the concern of the United States people in connection with the fact that the weapons you describe as offensive are formidable weapons indeed. Both you and we understand what kind of weapons these are. In order to eliminate as rapidly as possible the conflict which endangers the cause of peace, to give an assurance to all people who crave peace, and to reassure the American people, who, I am certain, also want peace, as do the people of the Soviet Union, the Soviet Government, in addition to earlier instructions on the discontinuation of further work on weapons construction sites, has given a new order to dismantle the arms which you described as offensive, and to crate and return them to the Soviet Union."^[115] In an agreement worked out by Khrushchev and Kennedy with the assistance of U.N. Secretary-General U Thant, the U.S. pledged not to invade Cuba, and to remove Jupiter missiles that had been placed in Turkey near its border with the USSR.^[116]
• In France, a referendum was held to decide on whether the election of the President of France should be done directly through universal suffrage. The proposal for constitutional change was approved by 62.25% of those voting.^[117]

October 29, 1962 (Monday)

• The bodies of Lt. Günther Mollenhauer, and several other Germans shot down over the UK during the Second World War, were disinterred from a local cemetery for re-burial at Cannock Chase German war cemetery.
• The British airline East Anglian Flying Services was renamed Channel Airways.
• Died:
  • Einar Gundersen, 66, Norwegian footballer who scored 26 goals for the Norway national team
  • George Matthew Adams, 84, American journalist and newspaper proprietor
  • Amy Otis Earhart, 93, mother of Amelia Earhart

October 30, 1962 (Tuesday)

• On the eve of Halloween, Deputy U.S. Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach arrived at the University of Mississippi in Oxford and told students that anyone caught harassing James Meredith would be subject to arrest and an appearance in federal court for contempt of court. The unusual action came the day after "a firecracker barrage" was made on the dormitory where Meredith, the only African-American student to be enrolled at Ole Miss. Earlier, someone had smashed the window of a car in which Meredith was riding with four United States Marshals.^[118]
• United Nations Secretary-General U Thant arrived in Havana for a two-day visit to meet with Fidel Castro, and the two conferred the same day for more than two hours in order to pursue the UN's goal of defusing the Cuban Missile Crisis.^[119] At U Thant's request, the United States lifted its blockade of Cuba for 48 hours and discontinued overflights for the same period.^[120]
• The United Nations General Assembly voted overwhelmingly against membership for the People's Republic of China, with only 42 of the 110 members supporting the resolution. The final vote was 42 for, 56 against, and 12 abstaining.^[121]
• Tropical Storm Harriet hit Bangladesh, shortly before dissipating.

October 31, 1962 (Wednesday)

• The apogee of the basic Gemini spacecraft orbit model was set at 167nmi and the perigee of the elliptical orbit at 87nmi. The altitude of the circular orbit of the Agena target vehicle was to be 161nmi.^[6]
• Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India, temporarily took on the role of Minister of Defence, following the resignation of V. K. Krishna Menon.
• Died: Thomas Holenstein, 66, Swiss politician who served as Switzerland's head of state in 1951 and 1952 as President of the Swiss National Council

Notes and References

1. News: TV This Evening . . October 1, 1962 . 6B.
2. Book: Newcomb, Horace . Horace Newcomb . Encyclopedia of Television . . 2004 . 463.
3. News: TV High-Lights . . . . October 1, 1962 . 4.
4. Web site: Have a Ball with these 9 fascinating facts about 'The Lucy Show'. Me-TV Network.
5. 'Lucy' Bounces Back on TV; Less Noise, But Same Stuff", Atlanta Journal, October 2, 1962, p.18
6. Book: Project Gemini Technology and Operations - A Chronology . PART I (B) Concept and Design January 1962 through December 1962 . Grimwood . James M. . Hacker . Barton C. . Vorzimmer . Peter J. . NASA Special Publication-4002 . https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4002/p1b.htm . . 23 March 2023.
7. News: A Long, Long Trip From Cotton Fields . Miami News . October 2, 1962 . 1.
8. Book: Grimwood, James M. . Project Mercury - A Chronology . PART III (B) Operational Phase of Project Mercury June 1962 through June 12, 1963 . NASA Special Publication-4001 . https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4001/p3b.htm . . 23 March 2023.
9. Book: Norman . Polmar . Norman Polmar . Kenneth J. . Moore . Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines . . 2004 . 203.
10. Book: Ricklefs, M. C. . M. C. Ricklefs . A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200 . . 2002 . 328.
11. Book: McMaster, H. R. . H. R. McMaster . Dereliction of Duty: Johnson, McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies That Led to Vietnam . Dereliction of Duty (book) . . 1998 . 22.
12. Book: Berumen, Frank . Latino image makers in Hollywood: performers, filmmakers and films since the 1960s . . . 2014 . 978-1-4766-1411-3 . 178.
13. Asian Recorder. K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press, 1962. vol. 8
14. Book: Dini . Paul . Paul Dini . Kidd . Chipp . Chip Kidd . Batman Animated . 1998 . HarperEntertainment . New York . 0-06-107327-X . 22.
15. Velo News . Denmark . Inside Communications Incorporated . 1998 . 15.
16. Book: Dachau and the Nazi Terror 1933-1945: Studies and reports . . 2002 . 236.
17. News: 'HALLELUJAH!' Says Schirra . Miami News . October 3, 1962 . 1.
18. News: Blast Kills 20 In New York . Miami News . October 3, 1962 . 1.
19. News: 'I Did No Wrong'-- Alston . Miami News . October 4, 1962 . 2D.
20. Book: Norm . Nite . Norm N. Nite . Ralph . Newman . Charles . Crespo . Rock on: The video revolution, 1979-1984 . . 1982 . 223.
21. "France Dives Into A Crisis", Miami News, October 4, 1962, p1
22. Andrew Knapp and Vincent Wright, The Government And Politics of France (Routledge, 2006) p148
23. "French Premier Bows Out", Miami News, October 5, 1962, p1
24. Mideast Mirror. Mideast Mirror. Lebanon. 6.
25. Boris Chertok, Rockets and People: Hot days of the Cold War (Government Printing Office, 2005) p92
26. News: Chuck Norris' Son Stars in Karate-Less Capture . The Los Angeles Times. May 21, 1988. August 23, 2010.
27. Marc Minkowski. Classic CD. Unique Communications, Incorporated. 22–31. 1992. 17.
28. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-76/pdf/STATUTE-76-Pg748.pdf Public Law 87-751
29. Book: Alex Ben . Block . Alex Ben Block . Lucy Autrey . Wilson . George Lucas's Blockbusting: A Decade-by-Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . . 2010 . 428 . 978-0-06-177889-6.
30. Book: Roberts, Jeremy . The Beatles . . 2002 . 35.
31. Web site: Mike Conley . . OlyMADMen . 13 February 2023.
32. Web site: 15 February 2010 . China's Decision for War with India . https://web.archive.org/web/20100215153645/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~johnston/garver.pdf . John W. . Garver . Harvard University.
33. Book: Gregory W. . Pedlow . Donald E. . Welzenbach . The CIA and the U-2 Program, 1954-1974 . . 1998 . 211.
34. Book: Chinnery, Philip D. . Vietnam: The Helicopter War . . . 1991 . 1-55750-875-5 . 156.
35. Book: Stanton, Shelby L. . Special Forces at War: An Illustrated History, Southeast Asia 1957-1975 . . 2008 . 23.
36. https://www.newspapers.com/image/107472826/?article=123349dc-81be-435d-baf3-10be3f3e7311&terms=%22Tod%20Browning%22 "Pioneer Film Director Dies"
37. Herzogenrath, Bernd. 2006. The Monstrous Body/Politics of Freaks in The Films of Tod Browning, in The Films of Tod Browning, editor Bernd Black Dog Publishing. London. p.11.
38. Book: Afkhami, Gholam R. . The Life and Times of the Shah . . 2009 . 227.
39. Book: Crisp, Brian F. . Democratic Institutional Design: The Powers and Incentives of Venezuelan Politicians and Interest Groups . Stanford University Press . 2000 . 86.
40. News: Congressman's Plane Missing . Miami News . October 8, 1962 . 1.
41. News: United States Congressional Serial Set, Serial No. 14939, Senate Documents Nos. 10-12 . Government Printing Office . 2007 . 301.
42. News: Race driver dies in French crash. Wilmington (NC) Morning Star . UPI . 8 October 1962. 10.
43. Book: Park, Heung-kook . North Korea Handbook . . 2003 . 124.
44. http://www.utexas.edu/law/academics/centers/transnational/work_new/german/case.php?id=651 "Institute for Transnational Law"
45. Book: Schäuffelen, Otmar . Chapman Great Sailing Ships Of The World . . 2005 . 91.
46. News: Uganda Begins Independence . . . October 9, 1962 . 1.
47. Book: Ingham, Kenneth . Obote: A Political Biography . Routledge . 1994 . 87–88.
48. News: 28 Killed In Polish Train Crash . Miami News . October 10, 1962 . 1.
49. http://kalendarium.polska.pl/wydarzenia/article.htm?id=261369 Kalendarium.polska.pl (Polish)
50. Book: Ghose, Sankar . Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography . . 1993 . 292.
51. News: Nehru Orders Troops To Push Back Chinese . . . October 12, 1962 . 1.
52. News: World Leaders Face Reckoning, Pope Warns . Miami News . October 12, 1962 . 3A.
53. Book: Kearney, Paddy . Guardian of the Light: Denis Hurley . . 2009 . 111.
54. Book: Semple, Pat . The Rector Who Wouldn't Pray For Rain . . 2007 . 91.
55. News: Drive Reds Out, Nehru Tells Army- Order Given To Mop Up Border Area . . October 12, 1962 . 1.
56. Book: Ray, Jayanta Kumar . Jayanta Kumar Ray . Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World . . 2007 . 229.
57. Book: Longshore, David . Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones . . 2009 . 75–76.
58. Book: Brewer, Stewart . Borders And Bridges: A History of U.S.-Latin American Relations . . 2006 . 2.
59. Daniel Sandler, The Taxation of International Entertainers and Athletes: All the World's a Stage (Kluwer Law International, 1995) p77-78
60. Martin Esslin, The Theatre of the Absurd (Random House Digital, 2009)
61. Book: Trenear-Harvey, Glenmore S. . Glenmore Trenear-Harvey . Historical Dictionary of Air Intelligence . . 2009 . 46–48.
62. News: Dial Turns . Jack . Marsters . . June 13, 1962 . 14.
63. News: Televiews . Bob . Gardiner . . October 30, 1962 . 21.
64. News: Fred Rogers Continues Unique TV Ministry— 'Children's Corner' Originator Seen Daily in Canada . Fred . Remington . . April 10, 1963 . 58.
65. Book: South African Democracy Education Trust . South African Democracy Education Trust . The Road to Democracy in South Africa: 1960-1970 . . 2004 . 251.
66. Book: Bohn, Michael K. . Nerve Center: Inside the White House Situation Room . . 2003 . 33.
67. Web site: Nishimura Yasutoshi. Prime Minister's Office of Japan. November 14, 2023.
68. Book: Mary S. . McAuliffe . CIA Documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis . CIA History Staff . 1992 . 155.
69. Book: George R. . Goethals . etal . Encyclopedia of Leadership . 1 . SAGE . 2004 . 307.
70. Book: Goduti, Philip A. . Kennedy's Kitchen Cabinet and the Pursuit of Peace: The Shaping of American Foreign Policy, 1961-1963 . . 2009.
71. News: New Way For Yanks But Outcome Is Same . Miami News . October 17, 1962 . 1C.
72. Californication review. January 16, 2008. Rolling Stone. Tate, Greg. June 1999.
73. Book: The Book of Kings: The royal houses. Garnstone. 1973. 316.
74. Coherent (Visible) Light Emission from Ga(As_1−xP_x) Junctions . . 1 . 4 . 1 December 1962 . 82 . 10.1063/1.1753706 . Holonyak . Nick Jr. . Nick Holonyak . Bevacqua . S. F. . . 8 March 2023.
75. Book: Nitride LEDs based on quantum wells and quantum dots . J. . Verma . etal . Nitride Semiconductor Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs): Materials, Technologies and Applications . Jian-Jang . Huang . . 2014 . 378.
76. Web site: cleanpowerplanet.com . Who invented the LED?.
77. Book: SKYLAB: A CHRONOLOGY . PART I: Early Space Station Activities -1923 to December 1962. . Brooks . Courtney G. . Ertel . Ivan D. . Newkirk . Roland W. . NASA Special Publication-4011 . https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4011/part1a.htm . . 22 . 23 March 2023.
78. Book: Chertok, Boris . Rockets and People . III: Hot Days of the Cold War . Government Printing Office . 2010 . 367.
79. Web site: Celebrity birthdays for the week of Oct. 17-23 . 11 October 2021.
80. Alastair Johnston and Robert Ross, New Directions in the Study of China's Foreign Policy (Stanford University Press, 2006) pp121-122
81. Web site: The Naval Quarantine of Cuba, 1962 . U.S. Naval Historical Center.
82. News: Google News . HEAVY FIGHTING IN INDIA . Miami News . October 20, 1962 . 1.
83. Book: Elleman, Bruce . Modern Chinese Warfare . Routledge . 2001 . 261–262.
84. Book: Prabhakar, Peter Wilson . Wars, Proxy-wars and Terrorism: Post Independent India . . 2003 . 55.
85. Book: Moltz, James . The Politics of Space Security: Strategic Restraint and the Pursuit of National Interests . Stanford University Press . 2011 . 134–135.
86. News: Ranger 5 So Near, Yet So Far . Miami News . October 20, 1962 . 3A.
87. Web site: Lunar impact: A history of Project Ranger . 1977 . NASA.
88. 33 Feared Dead in Shipwreck . 23 October 1962 . 7 . 55529 . C .
89. Book: Cotter, Bill . Seattle's 1962 World's Fair . . 2010 . 8.
90. News: JFK EXPLAINS CRISIS TONIGHT- Congress Leaders Called To Capital . Pittsburgh Press . October 22, 1962 . 1.
91. News: QUARANTINE OF CUBA ON! KENNEDY TAKES 7 STEPS . Chicago Daily Tribune . October 23, 1962 . 1.
92. Web site: President John F. Kennedy's Speech Announcing the Quarantine Against Cuba, October 22, 1962 . mtholyoke.edu . January 24, 2017 . December 9, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211209102204/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kencuba.htm . dead .
93. Book: Gannon, James . James Gannon (author) . Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies . . 2001.
94. Book: Upham, Warren . Warren Upham . Minnesota Place Names: A Geographical Encyclopedia . . 2001 . 227.
95. Web site: Itzkoff . Dave . Better Call an Ambulance: Bob Odenkirk Is Out for Revenge in 'Nobody' . The New York Times . April 24, 2022 . March 24, 2021.
96. Book: Winkler, Heinrich August . Heinrich August Winkler . Germany: The Long Road West . 2: 1933-1990 . . 2007 . 193.
97. News: Russia Warns U.S. Of Nuclear War As First Test Of Blockade Nears . Miami News . October 23, 1962 . 1 . Final Home.
98. News: NAVY PREPARES TO STOP RUSSIAN MISSILE SHIP . Miami News . October 23, 1962 . 1 . Helicopter.
99. Web site: Russia's unmanned missions to Mars. Zak. Anatoly. RussianSpaecWeb. 29 July 2010.
100. "The Pollution of Space", by Bernard Lovell, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (December 1968) p43
101. "Soviets Reject JFK Blockade Note; 25 Ships Steam On Toward Cuba", Miami News, October 24, 1962, p1 (Final Home Edition);
102. "SOVIET SHIPS TURN BACK; NIKITA WANTS TO TALK; ARMS POUR INTO FLORIDA", Miami News, October 24, 1962, p1 "Helicopter Edition"
103. Book: Smith, RJ. March 15, 2012. The One: The Life and Music of James Brown. Penguin Books. 978-1-101-56110-2. 119. ...so staggeringly new it scarcely bore any connection to the music called rhythm and blues. Here was the new soul music..
104. News: Adlai Rakes Red Envoy Before U.N. . Pittsburgh Press . October 26, 1962 . 1.
105. News: Navy Boards Russian Freighter; Soviets Seek Air Route To Cuba . Miami News . October 25, 1962 . 1.
106. Book: Ahmed, Salahuddin . A. F. Salahuddin Ahmed . Bangladesh: Past and Present . . 2004 . 157.
107. Book: Longshore, David . Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones . . 2009 . 229–230.
108. Web site: UN: General Assembly Resolutions.
109. Book: Dormin, Alexander N. . The Limits Of Russian Democratisation: Emergency Powers and States of Emergency . Routledge . 2006 . 5.
110. Book: Dobbs, Michael . Michael Dobbs (journalist) . One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War . . 2009 . 241–242.
111. News: Castro shot down U-2 in '62 — ex-aide . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . March 2, 1981 . 2.
112. Book: Bamford, James . James Bamford . Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency . Body of Secrets . Random House Digital . 2002 . 118.
113. Averting the Apocalypse. . https://web.archive.org/web/20101207010456/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1977881_1977891_1978377,00.html . 7 December 2010 .
114. Book: Roberts, Priscilla . Cuban Missile Crisis: The Essential Reference Guide . . 2012 . 13–14.
115. https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/nikita4.htm "Message From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, October 28, 1962"
116. Duncan Watts, Dictionary of American Government and Politics (Edinburgh University Press, 2010) p66
117. Proclamation des résultats du référendum du 28 octobre 1962 relatif au projet de loi concernant l'élection du Président de la République au suffrage universel , 6 November 1962, Journal officiel of 7 November 1962, p. 10775
118. News: Don't Bug Meredith, U.S. Warns Students . Miami News . October 31, 1962 . 1.
119. News: Thant, Castro Discuss Rocket Base Crisis . . October 31, 1962 . 1.
120. News: Blockade Of Cuba Off for 48 Hours . . October 31, 1962 . 1.
121. News: U.N. Refuses to Give Seat to Red China . Chicago Daily Tribune . October 31, 1962 . 1.