Octavia gens explained

The gens Octavia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome, which was raised to patrician status by Caesar during the first century BC. The first member of the gens to achieve prominence was Gnaeus Octavius Rufus, quaestor about 230 BC. Over the following two centuries, the Octavii held many of the highest offices of the state; but the most celebrated of the family was Gaius Octavius, the grandnephew and adopted son of Caesar, who was proclaimed Augustus by the senate in 27 BC.[1]

Origin

The Octavii originally came from the Volscian town of Velitrae, in the Alban Hills. The historian Suetonius writes,

There are many indications that the Octavian family was in days of old a distinguished one at Velitrae; for not only was a street in the most frequented part of town long ago called Octavian, but an altar was shown there besides, consecrated by an Octavius. This man was leader in a war with a neighbouring town, and when news of a sudden onset of the enemy was brought to him just as he chanced to be sacrificing to Mars, he snatched the entrails of the victim from the fire and offered them up half raw; and thus he went forth to battle, and returned victorious. There was, besides, a decree of the people on record, providing that for the future too the entrails should be offered to Mars in the same way, and the rest of the victims be handed over to the Octavii.[2]

Towards the end of the Republic, it became fashionable for noble families to trace their origin to the gods and heroes of olden time, and accordingly in Suetonius we also read that the Octavii received the franchise from Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth King of Rome, and were enrolled among the patricians by his successor, Servius Tullius. They afterwards passed over to the plebeians, until the patrician rank was again conferred upon them by Caesar.[3] [4] [5]

This story is not improbable in itself, but since neither Livy nor Dionysius mention the Octavii when they speak of Velitrae, and the Octavii do not appear in history till the latter half of the third century BC, the tradition connecting them with the Roman kings may be safely rejected.[1] Augustus, in his memoirs, mentioned that his father was a novus homo with no senatorial background.[6]

The nomen Octavius is a patronymic surname, derived from the Latin praenomen Octavius. Many other gentes obtained their nomina in this manner, including the Quinctii from Quintus, the Sextii from Sextus, and the Septimii from Septimus.[1] [7]

Praenomina

The chief praenomina used by the Octavii were Gnaeus, Gaius, Marcus, and Lucius.[1]

Branches and cognomina

Most of the Octavii of the Republic were descended from Gnaeus Octavius Rufus, who had two sons, Gnaeus and Gaius. The descendants of the younger Gnaeus held many of the higher magistracies, but the descendants of Gaius remained simple equites, who did not rise to any importance. The great-grandfather of Augustus served as a military tribune during the Second Punic War, and survived the Battle of Cannae; however, when Marcus Antonius wished to throw contempt upon Augustus, he called this Gaius Octavius a freedman and a restio, or rope-maker. The first of this family who was enrolled among the senators was Gaius Octavius, the father of Augustus.[1] [3] It is quite uncertain whether the ancestors of Augustus had anything to do with rope-making. During the Republic, none of the Octavii of this stirps bore any cognomen other than Rufus, and even this is rarely mentioned. The surname, which means "red," may have been obtained by one of the Octavii because he had red hair.[8] [9]

A few other persons named Octavius were not descended from Gnaeus Octavius Rufus, or whose descent cannot be traced. They bore cognomina such as Balbus, Ligur, Marsus, and Naso.[1] Balbus was a common surname, referring to one who stammers, while Naso is thought to refer to someone with a prominent nose.[10] Ligur refers to one of the Ligures, the aboriginal people of Liguria, while Marsus refers to one of the Marsi, an ancient people of central Italy, who later allied with the Samnites.[11] [12]

Members

Descendants of Gnaeus Octavius Rufus

Octavii Ligures

Octavii Balbi

Octavii Laenates

Others

See also

References

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, pp. 5, 6 ("Octavia Gens").
  2. Suetonius, "The Life of Augustus," 1 (J. C. Rolfe, Translator).
  3. Suetonius, "The Life of Augustus," 2.
  4. Velleius Paterculus, ii. 59.
  5. Cassius Dio, xlv. 1.
  6. Suetonius, "The Life of Augustus," 2.
  7. Chase, pp. 130, 131.
  8. Chase, p. 110.
  9. Cassell's Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. rufus.
  10. Chase, pp. 109, 110.
  11. Chase, p. 114.
  12. Cassell's Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. balbus, Marsi, Ligur.
  13. Sherk, "Senatus Consultum De Agro Pergameno", p. 368.
  14. Cicero, De Oratore, i. 36.
  15. Suetonius, "The Life of Augustus," 2, 4, 6.
  16. Cicero, De Officiis, ii. 21, Brutus, 62.
  17. Cicero, Brutus, 60, 62, De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, ii. 28.
  18. Sallust, Historiae, ii. p. 205, ed. Gerl. min.
  19. Fasti Capitolini.
  20. Cicero, In Verrem, i. 50, iii. 7.
  21. Obsequens, 121.
  22. Plutarch, "The Life of Lucullus," 6.
  23. DGRBM, vol. III, pp. 8, 9 ("Octavius", No. 10).
  24. Suetonius, "The Life of Augustus", 4.
  25. Cicero, In Verrem, i. 48, ii. 7, 48.
  26. Pighius, vol. iii. p. 266.
  27. Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, vii. 18. § 4.
  28. Book: Torelli, Mario. Studies in the Romanization of Italy. University of Alberta. 1995. 9780888642417. 69.
  29. Cicero, Pro Cluentio, 38, In Verrem, ii. 12.
  30. Valerius Maximus, v. 7. § 3.
  31. Appian, Civil Wars, 4.21
  32. Plutarch, "The Life of Caesar", 67.
  33. Valerius Maximus, 5. 7. § 3.
  34. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 458 ("Lucius or Quintus Octavius Balbus").
  35. Asconius Pedianus, In Ciceronis Pro Scauro, p. 29, ed. Orelli.
  36. Frontinus, De Aquaeductu, § 102.
  37. Birley, The Roman Government of Britain, p. 43.
  38. Settipani, Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale, p. 273.
  39. , .
  40. Broughton, vol. I, p. 556.
  41. Frontinus, Strategemata, ii. 5. § 31.
  42. Plutarch, "The Life of Sertorius", 26.
  43. Cassius Dio, xxxvi. 1, 2.
  44. Plutarch, "The Life of Pompeius," 29.
  45. Cicero, Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem, i. 2. § 3.
  46. Valerius Maximus, vi. 1. § 13.
  47. Valerius does not give sufficient information to identify either man.
  48. Cicero, Philippicae, xi. 2.
  49. Appian, Bellum Civile, iv. 62.
  50. Cassius Dio, xlvii. 30.
  51. .
  52. Masurius Sabinus, Memorial ii.
  53. Macrobius, iii. 6.
  54. Servius, viii. 363.
  55. Suetonius, De Illustribus Grammaticis, 2.
  56. Tacitus, Annales, ii. 33.
  57. Seneca the Younger, Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium, 95.
  58. Tacitus, Annales, xiii. 44, Historiae, iv. 44.
  59. NSA, 1927, 109.
  60. Fasti Potentini.
  61. Gallivan, "The Fasti for A.D. 70–96", pp. 190, 216.
  62. Pliny the Younger, Epistulae, i. 7, ii. 10, ix. 38.