Occidental Petroleum Explained

Occidental Petroleum Corporation
Type:Public company
Location:Houston, Texas, U.S.
Industry:Energy industry
Products:Chemical substances
Production:3512e3BOE per day (2021)
Revenue: US$26.314 billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)[1]
Operating Income: US$2.790 billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)
Net Income: US$2.332 billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)
Assets: US$75.036 billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)
Equity: US$20.327 billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)
Num Employees: 11,678 (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)
Footnotes:[2]

Occidental Petroleum Corporation (often abbreviated Oxy in reference to its ticker symbol and logo) is an American company engaged in hydrocarbon exploration in the United States and the Middle East as well as petrochemical manufacturing in the United States, Canada, and Chile. It is incorporated under the Delaware General Corporation Law and headquartered in Houston. The company ranked 183rd on the 2021 Fortune 500 based on its 2020 revenues[3] and 670th on the 2021 Forbes Global 2000.[4]

History

Occidental Petroleum was founded in Los Angeles, CA in 1920.[5] In 1957, Armand Hammer became the company's president and CEO after acquiring a controlling stake for tax reasons.[6] The 1960s marked a period of expansion as Occidental established operations in Peru, Venezuela, Bolivia, Trinidad, and the United Kingdom. In 1961, the company discovered the Lathrop Gas Field in Lathrop, California.[7]

In 1965, Occidental won exploration rights in Libya, where it operated until 1986 when United States economic sanctions led to the suspension of activities.[8] The company diversified in 1968 by entering the chemical business with the acquisition of Hooker Chemical Company, following the Love Canal contamination incident.[9]

In 1971, Occidental received approval to build an oil refinery in Canvey Island in Essex, England, but construction ceased in 1975 due to the 1970s energy crisis. The site remained derelict; the tanks and the chimney were subsequently demolished. Only some concrete foundations and the river jetty remain extant.[10]

In 1973, Occidental negotiated a phosphate-for-natural-gas deal with the Soviet Union, in which the Hammer-controlled firms Occidental Petroleum and Tower International would export to the Soviet Union phosphate, which Occidental mined in northern Florida, in return for the Soviet Union exporting from Odessa and Ventspils through Hammer's firms natural gas that would be converted into ammonia, potash, and urea.[11] [12] The total value of this trade was estimated at $20 billion. The construction of Soviet port facilities, designed by Hammer's firms, was partially financed by the Export-Import Bank as endorsed by Nixon.[13]

In August 1973, Libya nationalized 51% of Occidental's assets in the country.[14] In February 1974, the company announced a 35-year oil exploration agreement with Libya. 81% of the oil extracted by Occidental Petroleum was to go to the Libyan government, with 19% retained by Occidental Petroleum. In 1986, the company suspended operation in the country due to economic sanctions imposed by the United States. In 2005, Occidental and its partner, Liwa, won 8 out of 15 exploration spots on the EPSA-4 auction, making both companies among the first to enter the Libyan market since the United States lifted its embargo on Libya.[15]

The company was one of the first companies to research developing oil shale.[16]

In 1983, Occidental and Ecopetrol, the Colombian state-owned oil company, discovered the giant Caño Limón oilfield in Arauca.[17] In July 1996, the company sold its interest in 3 oilfields in the Congo to the Congolese government for $215 million.[18] The following year, it paid $3.65 billion to acquire the Elk Hills Oil Field.[19]

In 1986, the company formed a joint venture with Church & Dwight, which makes Arm & Hammer products, for a potassium carbonate plant at Muscle Shoals, Alabama.[20]

On July 6, 1988, an explosion and subsequent inferno on the company's Piper Alpha platform in the Scottish North Sea, resulted in 167 fatalities in what remains the world's most deadly offshore disaster.[21]

In 1990, Armand Hammer died and Ray R. Irani became chairman and chief executive officer of the company.[22] [23] In 1991, Occidental sold its stake in IBP, Inc. In 1993, the company sold its remaining coal operations.[24]

In 2006, the government of Ecuador seized the company's interest in block 15 of the Amazon Rainforest, forcing the company to take a $306 million after-tax charge.[25] [26] In 2016, Ecuador agreed to pay $980 million in restitution to the company, down from the original award of $1.77 billion. The agreement was based on a 2012 arbitration award from the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes.[27]

In 2007, Occidental's compensation policies came under scrutiny after it was announced that Irani received $460 million in compensation in 2006.[28] In May 2011, Irani retired as CEO after CalSTRS and Relational Investors, two major shareholders, objected to the company's compensation policies for top executives.[29] President Stephen I. Chazen was named CEO to replace Irani and in 2013, shareholders ousted Irani as chairman.[30] Despite his outlandish compensation, during Irani's tenure, the company grew from a collection of unrelated businesses to one that focuses on oil and gas and the market capitalization of the company went from $5.5 billion to $80 billion.[31] [32]

In December 2010, Occidental acquired shale oil properties in the Williston Basin in North Dakota for $1.4 billion.[33] These assets, as well as other assets acquired by Oxy in the Williston Basin, were sold in 2015 for $600 million.[34] The company also sold its proven and probable reserves of 393e6BOE in Argentina to Sinopec, a subsidiary of China Petrochemical Corporation, and acquired properties in South Texas and North Dakota for $3.2 billion.[35] [36]

In January 2011, Occidental partnered with Abu Dhabi's state oil company in developing the Shah Field, one of the largest natural gas fields in the Middle East, through a joint venture known as Al Hosn Gas.[37] Al Hosn Gas became operational in 2015.[38]

In September 2014, Occidental moved its headquarters to Houston, Texas.[39] [40] In November, the company sold its 50% interest in BridgeTex Pipeline Company, owner of a 300,000 barrel-per-day crude oil pipeline system that extends from Colorado City, Texas to Texas City, Texas, for $1.075 billion.[41] [42] In December 2014, Occidental distributed 80.5% of its shares in California Resources Corporation, the largest producer of oil and natural gas on a gross-operated barrels of oil equivalent basis in California, to Occidental shareholders[43] and distributed its remaining stake to shareholders in March 2016.[44] In June 2017, the company sold land in the Permian Basin for $600 million and used the proceeds to acquire other assets in the area.[45]

In October 2015, Occidental completed the first phase of a $500 million carbon dioxide flooding project in Hobbs, New Mexico.[46] In March 2017, the company and its 50/50 joint venture partner Mexichem began operations of a 1.2-billion-pound per year capacity ethylene cracker at the OxyChem plant in Ingleside, Texas, along with pipelines and storage at Markham, Texas.[47]

In May 2016, Vicki Hollub, who had worked at Occidental since 1981 and joined the board in 2015, became the chief executive officer of the company, the first female to serve as chief executive officer of a major U.S. oil and gas company.[48]

In January 2018, Occidental was found to be partially responsible for the Bayou Corne sinkhole, along with Texas Brine Company and Vulcan Materials Company.[49]

Acquisitions

In 1981, Occidental acquired IBP, Inc., one of largest producers of beef and pork products in the United States.[50] [51] In 1988, the company acquired Cain Chemical for $2 billion.[52] [53]

In 2005, the company acquired Vintage Petroleum for $3.8 billion.[54] [55] In 2008, it acquired a 10% stake in Plains All American Pipeline.[56] The company also acquired assets from Plains Exploration & Production for $1.3 billion.[57] In October 2009, Occidental acquired Citigroup's controversial Phibro energy-trading business, for its net asset value of approximately $250 million.[58] [59] The unit was managed by Andrew J. Hall, who received compensation of approximately $100 million per year in 2007 and 2008. After the acquisition, the division reported its first losses since the 1990s.[60] In 2016, Phibro was wound down and sold.[61]

In August 2019, Occidental acquired Anadarko Petroleum for $57 billion, making the deal the world's fourth biggest oil and gas acquisition to date.[62]

In August 2023, Occidental acquired all the outstanding equity of the direct air capture technology company, Carbon Engineering for $1.1 billion.[63] In December, the company acquired a Permian producer, CrownRock, for $12 billion. The acquisition is expected to close in the first quarter of 2024.[64]

Operations

Oil and gas

The company's oil and gas operations are concentrated in three geographic areas: the United States, the Middle East, and Colombia. As of December 31, 2020, Occidental had 2.911e9BOE of oil equivalent net proved reserves, of which 51% was petroleum, 19% was natural gas liquids, and 30% was natural gas. In 2020, the company had production of 1350e3BOE per day.[2]

United States

In 2020, the company's United States operations produced 1037e3BOE per day, representing 77% of the company's worldwide production, including 575e3BOE per day in Permian Basin, where Occidental is the largest operator and oil producer. The company produced 435e3BOE per day from unconventional oil directional drilling via Permian Resources and 140e3BOE per day using a technique called enhanced oil recovery, whereby carbon dioxide and water are injected into underground formations to extract the oil and gas. The company also produced 293e3BOE per day in the Denver Basin.[2]

Middle East

The company's oil and gas operations in the Middle East are in Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates and are via production sharing agreements. The region produced 251e3BOE per day, representing approximately 19% of 2020 total production. The region also held 28% of the company's proved reserves in 2020.[2]

The company is the largest independent oil producer in Oman.[65] In Qatar, the company is the second-largest oil producer offshore and is a partial owner in the Dolphin Gas Project, which delivers gas to Oman and the United Arab Emirates.[66]

Colombia

In Colombia, which accounted for 32e3BOE per day of production, or 2% of total production in 2020, the company operates the Caño Limón oilfield.[2]

Chemical

OxyChem, a wholly-owned subsidiary, manufactures polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins, chlorine, and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) used in plastics, pharmaceuticals, and water treatment chemicals. Other products manufactured by the company include caustic potash, chlorinated organics, sodium silicates, chlorinated cyanuric acid (isocyanurate), and calcium chloride. OxyChem has manufacturing facilities in the United States, Canada, and Chile. In a joint venture with Church & Dwight, OxyChem owns Armand Products Company, which sells potassium carbonate and potassium bicarbonate.[2]

Decarbonization projects

In June 2024, Occidental Petroleum signed a memorandum of understanding with TAE Technologies to explore commercial opportunities for using TAE's nuclear fusion technology to provide clean electricity and heat for Occidental's direct air capture (DAC) projects. DAC is an energy-intensive process that involves removing from the atmosphere, and the partnership aims to address the energy needs of DAC with low-carbon power solutions. TAE Technologies, known for its advanced nuclear fusion research, plans to have a demonstration project by 2025 and a commercial facility in the 2030s. This collaboration reflects Occidental's commitment to reducing its carbon footprint and developing sustainable energy solutions for its operations.[67]

Controversies

Lobbying to do business in Libya

The company began operations in Libya in 1965 and operated there until economic sanctions were imposed in 1986 by the United States.[8] The company was one of the first American companies to resume negotiations in Libya after the sanctions were lifted in 2004.[68] In 2008, the company, along with 5 other oil companies, was criticized for hiring Hogan Lovells to lobby to exempt Libya from a law written by U.S. Senator Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ) to assist American terror victims in seizing assets of countries found culpable in terror attacks, such as the Libyan bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie in 1988.[69] and to remove a provision in the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act that requires disclosure of payments to foreign governments.[70] In early 2011, the company ceased exploration activities and production operations in Libya due to the growing civil unrest in the country and U.S. sanctions. In June 2011, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and United Kingdom prosecutors requested information from the company, ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips related to the Libyan Investment Authority (LIA), an investment firm controlled by Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, to determine if there were any violations of international bribery laws.[71] [72] The Libyan Investment Authority's investments were frozen by the U.S. government in early 2011 following the Gaddafi regime's attacks on Libyan civilians. In 2016, the company ceased operations in Libya.

Environmental record

In 2017, the company was ranked 55th on the Carbon Majors Report, a list of the Top 100 producers and their cumulative greenhouse gas emissions from 1988-2015.[73]

The company has stated that its use of enhanced oil recovery for a portion of its production is one way it helps mitigate its high emissions.[2] [74]

Cleanup of the Copper Basin

In 1982, the company acquired land in the Copper Basin in Tennessee, formerly the site of the Burra Burra Mine, where copper and sulfur had been mined in the 1800s. In 2016, Occidental agreed to spend $50 million to clean up the Copper Basin and restore the water quality of its creeks.[75] [76]

Love Canal

Since the 1920s, several companies and the United States Armed Forces used the Love Canal as a chemical disposal site. In 1942, Occidental predecessor Hooker Chemical Company began disposing of chemical waste at the site and, in 1947, it became the sole owner and user of the land. In 1952, the site was filled to capacity and closed off. The company leased the land to the local school board in 1953. Later in the 1950s, the school board requested that the company sell the land, and threatened to use eminent domain. The school board intended to build a school on an unused area of the dump.[77]

A school was built on the site, and later a middle-class residential district was built on land adjacent to the site. The construction broke through the 4feet clay seal containing the waste. In 1968, Hooker Chemical was purchased by Occidental. In 1978, residents became concerned about unusual health issues in the region, including high rates of cancer and birth defects. This subsequently became a national news story, and in 1980, president Jimmy Carter declared a federal emergency in the area. Residents were eventually relocated, and the company paid $129 million in restitution.[78] [9]

Oleum spill

On Saturday, October 11, 2008, oleum was accidentally spilled at a facility in Petrolia, Pennsylvania which belonged to Indspec, an affiliate of Occidental Chemical Corporation. Oleum is a chemical mixture of sulfuric acid and sulfur trioxide. The accident contaminated the ventilation system and caused a cloud of toxic gas. Over 2,000 residents had to be evacuated for the day.[79] The spill was caused by an auxiliary pump power supply which lacked safety interlocks to prevent tank overfilling.[80] [9]

Bangladesh

On 14 June 1997, an explosion at the Magurchhaqra gas field in Kamalganj Upazila, Moulvibazar District of Bangladesh destroyed large areas of Lawachara National Park and nearby areas.[81] Occidental was drilling at the gas field which was later abandoned.[82] The explosion damaged 28 tea gardens in the area. It was estimated to have caused 90 to 140 billion BDT in damages. The government of Bangladesh claimed compensation from Occidental but it left the country handing over the well to Unocal which later sold the interests to Chevron.[83]

Colombia

From 1992 to 2001, the company tried to drill for oil in the territory of the U'wa people, in northeast Colombia. The locals resisted, concerned about environmental degradation and fears that development would bring strangers and be a target for guerrilla warfare. There also were tribal beliefs that oil is the "blood of the earth" and should not be removed.[84] [85] In 2002, after years of shareholder resolutions, legal battles, protests, and a failed test well, the company abandoned the project.[86] [87] Repsol took over the project.

Caño Limón

On December 13, 1998, 17 civilians, including 7 children, were killed when the Colombian Air Force (CAF) dropped a cluster bomb in the hamlet of Santo Domingo, Colombia, after AirScan, Occidental's security contractor, misidentified it as a hostile guerrilla target. Groups such as FARC and the National Liberation Army were active in the area. Three employees of AirScan were flying the Skymaster plane from which they provided the Colombian military with the coordinates to drop the bombs. The operation had been planned by the CAF and AirScan at Occidental's complex in Caño Limón. In April 2003, Luis Alberto Galvis Mujica, a witness and survivor of the accident, sued Occidental.[88] The courts ruled that Occidental was not liable for the incident.[89] [90]

Maynas Carijano v. Occidental Petroleum

On May 10, 2007, a group of 25 Achuar Peruvians, a group of Indigenous peoples, filed suit against the company, demanding environmental remediation and reparations for environmental degradation allegedly caused by the company between 1971 and 2000, when it drilled in Block 1-AB in Peru. The plaintiffs claimed that the company violated technical standards and environmental law when it dumped a total of of toxic oil by-products, such as cadmium, lead, and arsenic, in drainage basins used by the Achuar people to fish, drink, and bathe. This environmental damage was alleged to have caused premature deaths and birth defects. A 2006 study by the Ministry of Health of Peru, found that all but 2 of the 199 people tested had levels of cadmium in their blood above safe levels.[91]

The Achuar were represented by EarthRights International and the law firm Schonbrun DeSimone Seplow Harris & Hoffman LLP.[92]

On March 3, 2010, EarthRights International argued to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit that the case should be litigated in Los Angeles, where the company was headquartered.[93] [94] The court agreed with a trial in the United States, overturning the decision of the lower courts, and, in 2013, the United States Supreme Court refused to hear the company's appeal. In March 2015, the company made a settlement for an undisclosed amount, with the funds to be used for health, education, and nutrition projects in five Achuar communities in the Corrientes River basin.[92]

Anadarko Petroleum

In 2019, Occidental Petroleum acquired Anadarko Petroleum, inheriting a significant legacy of environmental infractions including the largest environmental contamination settlement in American history,[95] involvement with the Deepwater Horizon BP disaster[96] and fines under the Clean Water Act.[97]

The deal was clinched as investor and Berkshire Hathaway CEO Warren Buffett pledged $10 billion to finance the deal in exchange for 100,000 shares of cumulative perpetual preferred stock with a value of $100,000 per share. Buffett and Berkshire also received a warrant to purchase up to 80 million more shares at an exercise price of $62.50 a share.[98]

Political record

Contributions

Occidental has disclosed its contributions to political action committees, lobbyists, and trade associations on its website.[99]

In 2005, the company was among 53 entities which contributed the maximum of $250,000 to the Second inauguration of George W. Bush.[100] [101] [102]

The company also donated between $10,000 and $25,000 to the Clinton Foundation.[103]

Gore family

Former CEO Armand Hammer was a long time friend of former U.S. Senator Albert Gore, Sr. and Gore was a member of the board of directors of the company. In September 1972, after he lost an election for the United States Senate in 1970, Gore became the head of Island Creek Coal Company, an Occidental subsidiary.[104] Much of the company's coal and phosphate production was in Tennessee, the state Gore represented in the Senate, and Gore owned shares in the company.[105] The company liquidated its coal assets in 1993 after Hammer died.[24]

Former Vice President of the United States Al Gore was criticized by environmentalists when he inherited shares in the company after the death of his father in 1998; however, the shares were immediately sold.[106] [107]

In 1998, the U.S. government sold the Elk Hills Oil Field to Occidental for $3.65 billion after an auction process that involved selling the field in segments and offering it to multiple bidders.[108] However, critics cited the Gore family's involvement with the company as evidence of graft.[109]

Safety record

In 1999, OxyChem achieved Star Status under OSHA's Voluntary Protection Programs as being among the safest work sites in the U.S.[110]

Piper Alpha

On July 6, 1988, the company's Piper Alpha offshore production platform in the North Sea was destroyed when an out of service gas condensate pump was started with its pressure safety valve removed. The subsequent gas leak, explosion and fire resulted in the deaths of 167 workers in what remains the world's deadliest offshore disaster.[21] The subsequent inquiry blamed the accident on inadequate maintenance and safety procedures by Occidental, though no charges were brought.

Greenmail

In 1984, billionaire David Murdock owned about 5% of the company and was a member of its board of directors, after the company acquired IBP, Inc., of which Murdock owned 19%. After disagreements between Murdock and then CEO Armand Hammer, the company paid greenmail to buy Murdock's shares at $40.09 each, while the market price was $28.75.[111]

Price-fixing lawsuit

In January 2024, a class action lawsuit was filed by drivers in three US states accusing Occidental, along with seven other oil and gas producers, of an illegal price-fixing scheme to constrain production of shale oil that led to American drivers paying more for gasoline than they would have in a competitive market.[112]

See also

Books

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Occidental Petroleum Corporation 2021 Annual Form 10-K Report . occidentalpetroleum.gcs-web.com . 5 March 2022 . 31 December 2021 . March 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220305121929/https://occidentalpetroleum.gcs-web.com/static-files/d8c06678-74ee-4f6b-a7ed-8d4439ee6f49 . live .
  2. Web site: Occidental Chemical Corporation 2020 Form 10-K Annual Report . . July 13, 2022 . April 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210411123404/https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=%2FArchives%2Fedgar%2Fdata%2F797468%2F000079746821000009%2Foxy-20201231.htm . live .
  3. Web site: Fortune: Occidental Petroleum . . March 15, 2020 . May 30, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190530052347/http://fortune.com/fortune500/occidental-petroleum . live .
  4. Web site: Forbes: Occidental Petroleum . . March 2, 2017 . March 3, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170303055218/https://www.forbes.com/companies/occidental-petroleum/ . live .
  5. Web site: Occidental Petroleum Corporation American company Britannica . 2023-03-27 . www.britannica.com . en.
  6. Web site: 2011 . Hastedt . Glenn . Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations; An Encyclopedia of American Espionage: Hammer, Armand . 13 August 2021 . ABC-CLIO . 354–355.
  7. News: McCormick . Lynde . July 3, 1980 . Deal-maker Armand Hammer Moscow's capitalist comrade . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210119025522/https://www.csmonitor.com/1980/0703/070362.html . January 19, 2021 . October 23, 2017 . The Christian Science Monitor.
  8. News: MILLER . JUDITH . January 30, 1986 . OIL OFFICIALS ARE SAID TO LEAVE LIBYA . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190423185044/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/30/business/oil-officials-are-said-to-leave-libya.html . April 23, 2019 . December 28, 2017 . The New York Times.
  9. News: WALD . MATTHEW L. . June 22, 1994 . Out-of-Court Settlement Reached Over Love Canal . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171024043826/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/22/nyregion/out-of-court-settlement-reached-over-love-canal.html . October 24, 2017 . December 28, 2017 . The New York Times.
  10. Web site: Stock Photo - The remains of the Occidental Petroleum Jetty on Canvey Island in Essex . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190423201847/https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-the-remains-of-the-occidental-petroleum-jetty-on-canvey-island-in-38011340.html . April 23, 2019 . February 28, 2019.
  11. News: Smith . Hedrick . 1973-04-13 . Soviet and Occidental Oil In Multibillion-Dollar Deal . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211109024328/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/13/archives/soviet-and-occidental-oil-in-multibilliondollar-deall-20year-barter.html . November 9, 2021 . 2021-11-09 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  12. News: 1981-11-29 . THE RIDDLE OF ARMAND HAMMER . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211217222637/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/29/magazine/the-riddle-of-armand-hammer.html . December 17, 2021 . 2021-12-06 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  13. News: Smith . Hedrick . 1974-06-29 . OCCIDENTAL SIGNS DEAL WITH SOVIET . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211206033540/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/29/archives/occidental-signs-deal-with-soviet-4-contracts-are-activated-in-a.html . December 6, 2021 . 2021-12-06 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  14. News: 8 February 1974 . Occidental-Libya Exploration Pact Set . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221011054821/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/08/archives/occidentallibya-exploration-pact-set.html . 11 October 2022 . 3 February 2022 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  15. News: January 23, 2016 . Occidental not planning to divest assets in Oman, Abu Dhabi and Qatar: Occidental chief . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200417013243/https://timesofoman.com/article/75987/Business/Occidental-not-planning-to-divest-assets-in-Oman-Abu-Dhabi-and-Qatar:-Occidental-chief . April 17, 2020 . February 28, 2019 . Times of Oman.
  16. Book: A Preliminary Assessment of the Environmental Impacts from Oil Shale Developments . 1977 . . October 23, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210225215854/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbB-GLUUie8C . February 25, 2021 . live.
  17. News: July 16, 2003 . Occidental to invest $80M in Colombia . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20051211025149/http://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/stories/2003/07/14/daily31.html . December 11, 2005 . October 23, 2017 . American City Business Journals.
  18. News: February 14, 1996 . Occidental Petroleum Announces Layoffs . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200917070737/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/31/business/company-news-occidental-petroleum-sells-stake-in-oilfields-to-congo.html . September 17, 2020 . December 28, 2017 . . Bloomberg News.
  19. News: KRAUL . CHRIS . October 7, 1997 . Occidental's $3.7-Billion Bid Buys Elk Hills Field . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201226121207/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-oct-07-mn-40208-story.html . December 26, 2020 . March 15, 2020 . Los Angeles Times.
  20. News: September 23, 1986 . Armand Hammer to Own Pinch of Arm & . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201106101631/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1986/09/23/armand-hammer-to-own-pinch-of-arm-38/7b829ee6-3e53-4373-b470-de1f3519b1f9/ . November 6, 2020 . October 23, 2017 . The Washington Post.
  21. News: Duff . Steven . June 6, 2008 . Remembering Piper Alpha disaster . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201021080152/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/7438774.stm . October 21, 2020 . July 28, 2011 . BBC News.
  22. News: PACE . ERIC . December 12, 1990 . Armand Hammer Dies at 92; Industrialist and Philanthropist Forged Soviet Links . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201125131833/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/12/obituaries/armand-hammer-dies-at-92-industrialist-and-philanthropist-forged-soviet-links.html . November 25, 2020 . December 28, 2017 . The New York Times.
  23. News: December 14, 1990 . Ray Irani Officially Named Oxy Chairman . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210225220030/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-12-14-fi-6585-story.html . February 25, 2021 . March 15, 2020 . Los Angeles Times.
  24. News: April 16, 1993 . OCCIDENTAL PETROLEUM SHEDS ITS LAST COAL COMPANY . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190423190615/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/16/business/company-news-occidental-petroleum-sheds-its-last-coal-company.html . April 23, 2019 . March 4, 2017 . The New York Times.
  25. News: May 17, 2006 . Ecuador Cancels an Oil Deal With Occidental Petroleum . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190507092351/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/17/business/worldbusiness/17oil.html . May 7, 2019 . December 28, 2017 . . Reuters.
  26. News: July 5, 2006 . Occidental Petroleum takes $306M charge on Ecuador operations . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20081118211624/http://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/stories/2006/07/03/daily19.html . November 18, 2008 . October 23, 2017 . American City Business Journals.
  27. News: Valenci . Alexandra . January 13, 2016 . Ecuador to pay $980 million to Occidental for asset seizure . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201028005040/https://www.reuters.com/article/ecuador-occidental/ecuador-to-pay-980-million-to-occidental-for-asset-seizure-idUSL2N14X0U420160113 . October 28, 2020 . October 23, 2017 . Reuters.
  28. News: Douglas . Elizabeth . April 7, 2007 . Occidental CEO's 2006 paycheck: $460 million . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200924155325/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-apr-07-fi-irani7-story.html . September 24, 2020 . March 15, 2020 . Los Angeles Times.
  29. News: Driver . Anna . August 31, 2010 . Occidental's Irani to retire as CEO in 2011: report . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190804172325/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-occidental/occidentals-irani-to-retire-as-ceo-in-2011-report-idUSTRE67U5WI20100831 . August 4, 2019 . March 4, 2018 . Reuters.
  30. News: Li . Shan . White . Ronald D. . May 4, 2013 . Occidental Petroleum Chairman Ray Irani ousted at annual meeting . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210225220214/https://www.latimes.com/business/la-xpm-2013-may-04-la-fi-occidental-irani-20130504-story.html . February 25, 2021 . March 15, 2020 . Los Angeles Times.
  31. News: Corkery . Michael . August 3, 2010 . Is Occidental's Irani Worth His Big Pay Check? . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190804171545/https://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2010/08/03/is-occidentals-irani-worth-his-big-pay-check/ . August 4, 2019 . August 4, 2017 . The Wall Street Journal.
  32. News: Groom . Nichola . May 6, 2011 . Occidental stockholders want say on pay every year . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190804133023/https://www.reuters.com/article/occidentalpetroleum/update-1-occidental-stockholders-want-say-on-pay-every-year-idUSN0618328020110506 . August 4, 2019 . October 23, 2017 . Reuters.
  33. News: Smith . Nick . December 13, 2010 . Occidental buys land for $1.4 billion . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210225220143/https://www.willistonherald.com/news/occidental-buys-land-for-billion/article_5a3e702d-b7f6-56a4-ab17-324666a0bfa8.html . February 25, 2021 . February 28, 2019 . Williston Herald.
  34. News: Scheyder . Ernest . Stone . Mike . October 15, 2015 . Exclusive: Oxy to exit North Dakota's oil fields in sale to private equity fund . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190804153401/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-limerock-occidental-bakken/exclusive-oxy-to-exit-north-dakotas-oil-fields-in-sale-to-private-equity-fund-idUSKCN0S92QR20151015 . August 4, 2019 . October 23, 2017 . Reuters.
  35. News: KAPLAN . THOMAS . NICHOLSON . CHRIS V. . December 10, 2010 . Occidental Adds to Its U.S. Oil Properties . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191007000231/https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2010/12/10/sinopec-to-buy-occidental-unit-for-2-45-billion/ . October 7, 2019 . October 23, 2017 . The New York Times.
  36. News: Bai . Jim . Master . Farah . December 10, 2010 . China's Sinopec buys Occidental's Argentina assets . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210220081954/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-occidental-sinopec-argentina/chinas-sinopec-buys-occidentals-argentina-assets-idUSTRE6B91YY20101210 . February 20, 2021 . December 28, 2017 . Reuters.
  37. News: January 19, 2011 . Occidental wins Abu Dhabi Shah gas project: sources . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190804164846/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-occidental-shah-idUSTRE70I2E820110119 . August 4, 2019 . July 1, 2017 . Reuters.
  38. News: January 20, 2014 . UAE's Shah gas project now seen online early 2015-ADNOC . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190203143749/https://www.reuters.com/article/uae-shah-gas/update-1-uaes-shah-gas-project-now-seen-online-early-2015-adnoc-idUSL5N0KU0UQ20140120 . February 3, 2019 . December 28, 2017 . Reuters.
  39. News: Blum . Jordan . February 14, 2014 . Occidental Petroleum splintering and moving its headquarters to Houston . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201125031833/http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/news/2014/02/14/occidental-petroleum-splintering-and-moving-its.html . November 25, 2020 . October 23, 2017 . American City Business Journals.
  40. News: Li . Shan . February 14, 2014 . Occidental Petroleum to move headquarters to Houston, spin off California assets . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190403050022/https://www.latimes.com/business/la-xpm-2014-feb-14-la-fi-mo-occidental-petroleum-california-houston-20140214-story.html . April 3, 2019 . March 15, 2020 . Los Angeles Times.
  41. Plains All American Pipeline, L.P. Enters into Agreement to Acquire 50% Interest in BridgeTex Pipeline Company from Occidental Petroleum Corporation . November 6, 2014 . . February 28, 2019 . August 4, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190804165233/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141106005447/en/Plains-American-Pipeline-L.P.-Enters-Agreement-Acquire . live.
  42. News: Pulsinelli . Olivia . November 6, 2014 . Occidental Petroleum to sell BridgeTex interest to Plains for $1B . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20141225175050/http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/news/2014/11/06/occidental-petroleum-to-sell-bridgetex-interest-to.html . December 25, 2014 . October 23, 2017 . American City Business Journals.
  43. News: Olabi . Nora . December 1, 2014 . Occidental Petroleum completes California spin-off . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150820155655/http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/news/2014/12/01/occidental-petroleum-completes-california-spin-off.html . August 20, 2015 . October 23, 2017 . American City Business Journals.
  44. Occidental Petroleum Announces Regular Quarterly Dividend . February 18, 2016 . . February 28, 2019 . April 24, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190424001943/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160218006081/en/Occidental-Petroleum-Announces-Regular-Quarterly-Dividend . live.
  45. News: Mann . Joshua . June 19, 2017 . Oxy makes two $600M deals to sell, buy Permian assets . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170626170000/http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/news/2017/06/19/oxy-makes-two-600m-deals-to-sell-buy-permian.html . June 26, 2017 . October 23, 2017 . American City Business Journals.
  46. News: Christ . Sal . October 21, 2015 . $500 million oil recovery project wraps up first phase in Hobbs . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170510151336/http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/news/2015/10/21/oxy-petroleum-500m-oil-recovery-project-hobbs.html . May 10, 2017 . October 23, 2017 . American City Business Journals.
  47. News: Brelsford . Robert . March 1, 2017 . OxyChem, Mexichem commission Texas ethylene complex . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200807102600/https://www.ogj.com/articles/2017/02/oxychem-mexichem-commission-texas-ethylene-complex.html . August 7, 2020 . March 4, 2018 . Oil & Gas Journal.
  48. News: April 29, 2016 . Occidental Names Hollub First Woman CEO of Big U.S. Oil Firm . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190423222756/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-29/occidental-s-hollub-named-first-female-ceo-of-big-u-s-oil-firm . April 23, 2019 . January 2, 2017 . Bloomberg L.P..
  49. https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/article_7856ff5e-f4ae-11e7-b86c-4f261682612b.html Judge: Fault for Bayou Corne sinkhole lies with Texas Brine, OxyChem, Vulcan; companies had decades of warnings
  50. News: PARRISH . MICHAEL . September 5, 1991 . Occidental Will Sell Its Stake in Iowa Beef Unit . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210126013018/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-05-fi-2641-story.html . January 26, 2021 . March 15, 2020 . Los Angeles Times.
  51. News: June 2, 1981 . OCCIDENTAL TO ACQUIRE IOWA BEEF . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190423185031/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/02/business/occidental-to-acquire-iowa-beef.html . April 23, 2019 . March 22, 2018 . The New York Times.
  52. News: WOUTAT . DONALD . April 15, 1988 . Oxy Buys Cain Chemical; Deal Valued at $2 Billion . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210225215916/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-04-15-fi-1568-story.html . February 25, 2021 . March 15, 2020 . Los Angeles Times.
  53. News: HAYES . THOMAS C. . April 18, 1988 . Workers Cheer Cain's Sale, And the $100,000 Windfalls . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190423185015/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/18/business/workers-cheer-cain-s-sale-and-the-100000-windfalls.html . April 23, 2019 . December 28, 2017 . The New York Times.
  54. Occidental Agrees to Acquire Vintage Petroleum . October 13, 2005 . . February 28, 2019 . April 24, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190424002303/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20091023005902/en/Occidental-Agrees-Acquire-Vintage-Petroleum . live.
  55. News: Douglass . Elizabeth . October 14, 2005 . Oxy Agrees to Acquire Vintage Petroleum . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210225220614/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-oct-14-fi-oxy14-story.html . February 25, 2021 . March 15, 2020 . Los Angeles Times.
  56. News: July 2, 2008 . Occidental Petroleum to invest in Plains All American . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190203143721/https://www.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/2008/06/30/daily26.html . February 3, 2019 . October 23, 2017 . American City Business Journals.
  57. News: Peer . Melinda . September 25, 2008 . Plains Passes Assets To Occidental . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190804171603/https://www.forbes.com/2008/09/25/plains-exploration-closer-markets-equity-cx_mp_0925markets40.html . August 4, 2019 . October 28, 2017 . Forbes.
  58. Occidental Petroleum Announces Acquisition of Phibro . October 9, 2009 . . February 28, 2019 . April 24, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190424002245/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20091026006112/en/Occidental-Petroleum-Announces-Acquisition-Phibro . live.
  59. News: October 9, 2009 . Occidental buys Phibro from Citigroup . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210301203114/https://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/stories/2009/10/05/daily33.html . March 1, 2021 . October 23, 2017 . American City Business Journals.
  60. News: Krishnan . Barani . Leff . Jonathan . Reddall . Braden . February 9, 2012 . Exclusive: Oil legend Andy Hall suffers first loss since 1990s . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190804143228/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hall-loss/exclusive-oil-legend-andy-hall-suffers-first-loss-since-1990s-idUSTRE8182D020120209 . August 4, 2019 . October 23, 2017 . Reuters.
  61. News: Parashar . Manish . January 26, 2016 . Former Wall Street banker buys Phibro from Occidental Petroleum: FT . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190423221248/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-occidental-phibro-energyarbitragepart/former-wall-street-banker-buys-phibro-from-occidental-petroleum-ft-idUSKCN0V42A2 . April 23, 2019 . October 23, 2017 . Reuters.
  62. News: Vara . Vasanthi . June 19, 2019 . The biggest ever mergers and acquisitions in the oil and gas industry . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201019212635/https://www.offshore-technology.com/features/mergers-and-acquisitions-oil-gas-industry/ . October 19, 2020 . August 9, 2019 . Offshore Technology.
  63. Web site: Occidental to Acquire DAC Firm Carbon Engineering for $1.1B . 2023-08-16 . www.rigzone.com . en.
  64. Web site: 2023-12-11 . Occidental to Acquire CrownRock in $12 Billion Deal . 2023-12-11 . mint . en.
  65. News: April 21, 2014 . Occidental to continue funding growth opportunities in Oman . . February 28, 2019 . February 28, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192837/https://muscatdaily.com/Archive/Business/Occidental-to-continue-funding-growth-opportunities-in-Oman-33i2 . live .
  66. News: John . Pratap . January 24, 2016 . Oxy to 'stay very diligent' in Qatar and Mideast . . February 28, 2019 . February 28, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190228191816/https://www.gulf-times.com/story/477260/Oxy-to-stay-very-diligent-in-Qatar-and-Mideast . live .
  67. Web site: 2024-06-11 . Oxy Eyes Nuclear Fusion as Possible DAC Power Source . 2024-06-14 . Energy Intelligence . en.
  68. News: Gelsi . Steve . November 26, 2007 . Occidental Petroleum wins major oil deal with Libya . . February 28, 2019 . February 28, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190228191834/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/occidental-petroleum-wins-major-oil-deal-with-libya . live .
  69. Calabresi . Massimo . June 14, 2011 . Gaddafi's Corporate Quislings . . March 15, 2020 . February 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210225142600/https://swampland.time.com/2011/06/14/gaddafis-corporate-quislings/ . live .
  70. News: Wang . Marian . March 24, 2011 . Oil Companies That Gave 'Bonuses' to Libya Also Lobbied Against Disclosure Rules . . October 23, 2017 . October 23, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171023141924/https://www.propublica.org/article/oil-companies-that-gave-bonuses-to-libya-als-lobbied-against-disclosure-ru . live .
  71. Web site: Ruffel . Benjamin . July 1, 2011 . Internal Report Shows Even Before War, Libya's SWF Was in Chaos . . October 23, 2017 . October 24, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171024050122/https://www.ai-cio.com/news/internal-report-shows-even-before-war-libyas-swf-was-in-chaos/ . live .
  72. News: Vasan . Paula . June 29, 2011 . UK Prosecutors Team Up With SEC to Investigate Bribery Among SWFs . . October 23, 2017 . October 24, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171024043731/https://www.ai-cio.com/news/uk-prosecutors-team-up-with-sec-to-investigate-bribery-among-swfs/ . live .
  73. News: Riley . Tess . July 10, 2017 . Just 100 companies responsible for 71% of global emissions, study says . . October 23, 2017 . January 18, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210118063050/https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/jul/10/100-fossil-fuel-companies-investors-responsible-71-global-emissions-cdp-study-climate-change . live .
  74. News: Gharib . Susie . June 12, 2017 . Occidental Petroleum Wants to Be 'Part of the Solution' on Climate Change . . March 15, 2020 . September 30, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200930191115/https://fortune.com/2017/06/12/occidental-petroleum-climate-change/ . live .
  75. News: Cobb . David . May 10, 2016 . Once barren Copper Basin reaches major milestone in restoration effort [photos] ]. . February 28, 2019 . February 28, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190228191820/https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/story/2016/may/10/remarkable-reclamation-copbasrestoratieffort/364657/ . live .
  76. Department of Justice and EPA Announce $50 Million Settlement to Clean Up Contamination at Eastern Tennessee Superfund Site . April 22, 2016 . . March 4, 2018 . March 5, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180305063113/https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/department-justice-and-epa-announce-50-million-settlement-clean-contamination-eastern . live .
  77. Web site: Superfund Site: LOVE CANAL, NIAGARA FALLS, NY . . March 2, 2017 . February 1, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160201085600/http://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0201290 . live .
  78. Occidental to pay $129 Million in Love Canal Settlement . December 21, 1995 . . March 2, 2017 . February 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170217142819/https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/Pre_96/December95/638.txt.html . live .
  79. News: HOPEY . DON . October 13, 2008 . Chemical cloud brings tense hours . . February 28, 2019 . February 28, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190228130413/https://www.post-gazette.com/local/neighborhoods/2008/10/13/Chemical-cloud-brings-tense-hours/stories/200810130131 . live .
  80. CSB Issues Final Report on Oleum Release from INDSPEC Chemical Corp. that Forced Thousands to Evacuate in October 2008; Report Cites Use of Pump Power Supply that Lacked Safeguards . October 5, 2009 . . February 28, 2019 . September 20, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180920084349/https://www.csb.gov/csb-issues-final-report-on-oleum-release-from-indspec-chemical-corp-that-forced-thousands-to-evacuate-in-october-2008-report-cites-use-of-pump-power-supply-that-lacked-safeguards/ . live .
  81. Web site: Deshwara . Mintu . 2024-06-14 . 26th anniv of Magurchhara gas field disaster today . 2024-06-14 . The Daily Star . en.
  82. Web site: Siddiquee . From Iqbal . 1998-01-20 . Occidental's gasfield at Magurchhara abandoned . 2024-06-14 . The Daily Star . en.
  83. Web site: 2019-06-14 . No compensation even after 22 years of Magurchhara tragedy . 2024-06-14 . . en.
  84. News: Benson . Robert W. . June 20, 1997 . Oil Giant vs. Mother Earth: Bets Are On . . subscription . March 15, 2020 . July 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220713211741/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-06-20-me-5327-story.html . live .
  85. News: BROOKS . NANCY RIVERA . April 29, 2000 . Activists Urge Occidental Petroleum Shareholders to Sell Their Stock . . subscription . March 15, 2020 . July 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220713211738/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-apr-29-fi-24609-story.html . live .
  86. News: May 3, 2002 . Occidental Petroleum Abandons Oil Development on U'wa Land . . March 2, 2017 . March 3, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170303130821/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/may2002/2002-05-03-01.html . live .
  87. Occidental Petroleum to Leave U'wa Land! Company Announces Plans to Leave Controversial Colombia Oil Project . May 3, 2002 . . March 4, 2018 . March 5, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180305062947/http://amazonwatch.org/news/2002/0503-occidental-petroleum-to-leave-uwa-land . live .
  88. Occidental Petroleum Faces Lawsuit for Its Role in Massacre in Colombia Plaintiff Questions CEO at the Company's Annual Meeting . April 25, 2003 . . March 4, 2018 . March 4, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180304231849/http://amazonwatch.org/news/2003/0425-occidental-petroleum-faces-lawsuit-for . live .
  89. News: REYNOLDS . MATT . November 13, 2014 . Occidental Averts Suit for Colombia Massacre . . March 4, 2018 . March 4, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180304232057/https://www.courthousenews.com/occidental-averts-suit-for-colombia-massacre/ . live .
  90. Mujica v. Occidental Petroleum Corp. . 564 . F.3d . 1190, 1192 . 9th Cir. 2009 . 2009 . http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2009/05/11/05-56056o.pdf.
  91. News: Collyns . Dan . March 5, 2015 . Indigenous Peruvians win Amazon pollution payout from US oil giant . . December 12, 2016 . December 24, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161224025752/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/05/indigenous-peruvians-amazon-pollution-settlement-us-oil-occidental . live .
  92. News: March 5, 2015 . Peruvian Indigenous Communities Pleased with Settlement of Pollution Lawsuit Against Occidental Petroleum . EarthRights International . March 4, 2018 . March 5, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180305063016/https://earthrights.org/media/peruvian-indigenous-communities-pleased-with-settlement-of-pollution-lawsuit-against-occidental-petroleum/ . live .
  93. News: March 8, 2010 . Indigenous Achuar Face Off Against Occidental Petroleum in Amazon Pollution Case . EarthRights International . March 2, 2017 . September 27, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160927210126/https://www.earthrights.org/legal/indigenous-achuar-face-against-occidental-petroleum-amazon-pollution-case . live .
  94. Web site: December 6, 2010 . Maynas Carijano v. Occidental Petroleum . . October 23, 2017 . February 12, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170212023402/http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2010/12/06/08-56187.pdf . live .
  95. News: Tucker . Eric . April 3, 2014 . US reaches $5.15 billion environmental settlement . . . August 11, 2019 . August 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190811163807/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-us-reaches-515-billion-environmental-settlement-2014apr03-story.html . live .
  96. News: Slajda . Rachel . June 30, 2010 . Exclusive: BP Bills Anadarko $272 Million In Gulf Spill Response . . subscription . August 11, 2019 . August 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190811164231/https://talkingpointsmemo.com/muckraker/exclusive-bp-bills-anadarko-272-million-in-gulf-spill-response . live .
  97. News: Hurley . Lawrence . June 29, 2015 . U.S. Supreme Court rejects BP, Anadarko over Deepwater Horizon spill penalties . . August 11, 2019 . August 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190811164228/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-bp-idUSKCN0P91PA20150629 . live .
  98. Web site: Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway to invest $10 billion in Occidental Petroleum for Anadarko takeover. CNBC. April 30, 2019. March 30, 2020. April 13, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200413073335/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/30/buffetts-berkshire-hathaway-to-invest-10-billion-in-occidental-petroleum-for-anadarko-takeover.html. live.
  99. Web site: Occidental Petroleum: Political Contributions and Lobbying . February 28, 2019 . February 28, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190228191819/https://www.oxy.com/investors/Governance/Pages/Political-Contributions-and-Lobbying.aspx . live .
  100. News: Drinkard . Jim . January 17, 2005 . Donors get good seats, great access this week . . September 7, 2017 . June 28, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120628235354/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-01-16-inauguration-donors_x.htm . live .
  101. News: January 16, 2005 . Financing the inauguration . . September 7, 2017 . June 28, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120628235320/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-01-16-inaugural-donors_x.htm . live .
  102. News: January 14, 2005 . Some question inaugural's multi-million price tag . . . September 7, 2017 . June 28, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120628235330/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-01-14-price_x.htm . live .
  103. News: Foran . Clare . February 18, 2015 . Big Oil and Pro-Keystone Groups Gave Millions to Clinton Foundation . . March 2, 2017 . March 3, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170303123605/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/02/big-oil-and-pro-keystone-groups-gave-millions-to-clinton-foundation/443808/ . live .
  104. News: Babcock . Charles R. . Gore Getting $20,000 a Year for Mineral Rights on Farm . . August 15, 1992 . August 21, 2021 . November 10, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211110185406/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/08/15/gore-getting-20000-a-year-for-mineral-rights-on-farm/4232f019-92dc-4da5-af6d-733aeb655931/ . live .
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  106. News: Frantz . Douglas . March 19, 2000 . THE 2000 CAMPAIGN: THE VICE PRESIDENT; Gore Family's Ties to Oil Company Magnate Reap Big Rewards, and a Few Problems . . subscription . December 28, 2017 . February 24, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180224025153/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/19/us/2000-campaign-vice-president-gore-family-s-ties-oil-company-magnate-reap-big.html . live .
  107. News: Kong . Dolores . July 30, 2000 . Campaigner's finances Where the presidential hopefuls have invested their fortunes may reveal something about the character of each . . March 5, 2007 . October 15, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071015063900/http://graphics.boston.com/news/politics/campaign2000/news/Campaigner_s_finances%2B.shtml . live .
  108. Web site: Sale of the Elk Hills Naval Petroleum Reserve . . February 28, 2019 . February 28, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190228193443/https://www.energy.gov/fe/sale-elk-hills-naval-petroleum-reserve . live .
  109. Tony . Karon . September 25, 2000 . Gore's Big Oil Connection: An 'Occident' of Birth? . . March 2, 2017 . March 3, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170303123105/http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,55826,00.html . live .
  110. News: Minter . Steve . February 1, 1999 . OxyChem Profits from Partnership . EHS Today . February 28, 2019 . February 28, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190228191856/https://www.ehstoday.com/news/ehs_imp_32795 . live .
  111. News: COLE . ROBERT J. . July 20, 1984 . Occidental Buys Back 5% Stake . . subscription . March 4, 2017 . January 19, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170119215644/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/20/business/ocidental-buys-back-5-stake.html . live .
  112. Web site: Scarcella . Mike . 2024-01-16 . Drivers sue US shale oil producers over alleged price-fixing scheme . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240121051029/https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/drivers-sue-us-shale-oil-producers-over-alleged-price-fixing-scheme-2024-01-16/ . 2024-01-21 . 2024-04-28 . Reuters.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Occidental Petroleum".

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