The Oakley-class lifeboat refers to two types of self-righting lifeboat operated by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) around the coast of the United Kingdom and Ireland between 1958 and 1993. The 37feet Oakley was designed for carriage launching, while the larger 48feet version was designed for slipway launching or to lie afloat. During their service they saved a combined total of 1,456 lives in 3,734 rescue launches.
The class is known by the name of its designer, RNLI naval architect Richard Oakley.
During the first half of the twentieth century the RNLI had equipped its lifeboat stations with motor lifeboats designed by G L Watson and, later, J R Barnett. Both these men had designed boats that were generally stable, but unlike the earlier boats, were not self-righting. Part of the problem was that motor lifeboats were much heavier than pulling and sailing boats, which could be packed with cork to make them buoyant. Richard Oakley worked out how to use shifting water ballast to create a self-righting motor lifeboat.[1] [2]
Oakley's 37feet prototype was launched in 1958 and placed in service at . Production boats started to be built in 1961 and in 1963 the prototype 48feet boat was launched and sent to . The last was built in 1960 and the final in 1963, after which Oakleys were the only all-weather lifeboats put into service for the next four years.[3]
The Oakley was designed as a self-righting boat. The design combined great stability with the ability to self-right in the event of it capsizing. This was achieved by a system of shifting water ballast. The system worked by the lifeboat taking on one and half tons of sea water at launching in to a tank built into the base of the hull. If the lifeboat then reached a crucial point of capsize the ballast water would transfer through valves to a righting tank built into the port side. If the capsize was to the starboard side of the lifeboat, the water shift started when an angle of 165° was reached. This would push the boat into completing a full 360° roll. If the capsize was to the port side, the water transfer started at 110°. In this case the weight of water combined with the weight of machinery aboard the lifeboat usually managed to stop the roll and allow the lifeboat to bounce back to upright. The water was discharged from the tank when the ship was taken out of the sea after each launch. A problem emerged with damp sand left in the tank after the water was drained. This caused a weak electrolytic action that eroded the copper nails which held the wooden hulls together.[4]
The hull of the Oakley class was constructed from two wooden skins with a layer of calico between. After several years it was found that the calico absorbed water which caused softening of the wood around the copper nails. This led to a series of surveys in the late 1980s and the withdrawal of some boats, or replanking of others.[4] The skins were made from diagonally laid African Mahogany planks. The outer one was 0.375inches thick with the inner 0.25inches. The keel was iron and weighed 1.154 tons. The hull was divided into eleven watertight compartments. Two sizes were built. Most boats were 37feet in length and 11inchesft6inchesin (ftin) in beam. It displaced 12.05 tons when fully laden with crew and gear. Five larger boats were built that were 48inchesft6inchesin (ftin) long and 14feet wide.
After five years production of the 37ft boat, the RNLI decided to extend the water ballast self-righting principal to a larger boat suitable for slipway launching and lying afloat. In 1962 a prototype boat was built, 48-01 Earl and Countess Howe (ON 968) and in appearance it resembled an extended with a long tapering superstructure running forward from an aft cockpit which was covered, but open to the stern. The boat's water ballast system used 2 tons of water compared to 1 tons in the smaller boats. Power came from two 110 bhp Gardner 6LX six cylinder diesel engines, the redesigned and uprated version of the engine fitted to the last ten 52ft class boats. Displacing 29 tons and built at a cost of £40,000, RNLB The Earl and Countess Howe (ON 968) was the first RNLI lifeboat to be built with radar installed and went on station at in February 1963. It was four years before further examples were built, by which time a major redesign of the superstructure had resulted in the Mk. II version. In this an enclosed wheelhouse was positioned amidships, accessed by sliding doors on either side at the forward end. Behind the wheelhouse was an aft cabin which could accommodate a loaded stretcher. Initially, radio aerials were rigged between the foremast and a bipod mast at the back of the aft cabin, on the roof of which the radar scanner was mounted on a pylon. Later, the masts were removed and twin pole aerials fitted to the aft cabin just behind the wheelhouse with a small tripod mast fitted to the wheelhouse roof. went on station at in March 1967, followed by RNLB James and Catherine Macfarlane (ON 989) which took up duties at in July 1967.
Attention now turned to a steel-hulled development of the 48 ft 6 in Oakley which would dispense with the complex water ballast system and achieve its self-righting capability from a watertight superstructure. This emerged as the class and initial orders for eight boats were placed with Operational Numbers following on from the Oakleys (48-004 to 48-011, the three digit second part of the number indicating a metal hull). Two final Oakleys were then ordered, taking Operational Numbers 48-12 and 48-13. The first of these, 48-12 Charles Henry (ON 1015) went on station at in January 1969, a few months before the first Solent. 48-13 Princess Marina (ON 1016) began service at Wick in July 1970.
Like the smaller boats, the 48 ft 6 in Oakleys were prone to hull deterioration through electrolysis and were not considered for sale for further use. Initially, all five boats were put on display at various locations, but two, 48-01 and 48-13 were subsequently broken up. After ten years on display, 48-12 was sold to a private owner who removed the water ballast system and put the boat back on the water, leaving 48-02 and 48-03 on public display at Lands End and Hythe Marina respectively. 48-02 James and Catherine MacFarlane after being out in the open at Lands End since 1988, has been sold to a private owner in July 2016 and moved to Berkshire for restoration.
| ON | Op. No. | Name | Built | In service | Principal stations | Comments[5] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 942 | J.G. Graves of Sheffield | 1958 | Preserved at Chatham Historic Dockyard, April 1996. | |||
| 1979–1988 | Relief fleet | |||||
| 1988–1991 | ||||||
| 1991–1992 | Relief fleet | |||||
| 1992–1993 | ||||||
| 960 | 37-02 | Manchester Unity of Oddfellows | 1961 WO | 1961–1990 | Sold April 1991. Preserved at The Mo Sheringham Museum. | |
| 961 | 37-03 | 1961 | 1962–1969 | Sold November 1991. 12/22, Under restoration at Donaghadee. | ||
| 1970–1990 | Relief fleet | |||||
| 1990–1991 | ||||||
| 966 | 37-04 | Robert and Dorothy Hardcastle | 1962 | 1962–1968 | Sold April 1993. Preserved at Hartlepool. | |
| 1968–1991 | ||||||
| 1991–1993 | Relief fleet | |||||
| 972 | 37-05 | The Will and Fanny Kirby | 1963 WO | 1963–1979 | Seaham | Preserved at Chatham Historic Dockyard, April 1996. |
| 1979–1983 | Relief fleet | |||||
| 1983–1993 | ||||||
| 973 | 37-06 | Fairlight | 1964 WO | 1964–1988 | Sold October 1994. Pleasure boat at Blakeney Harbour. | |
| 1988–1989 | Relief fleet | |||||
| 1989–1990 | ||||||
| 1990–1991 | Relief fleet | |||||
| 1991–1992 | ||||||
| 974 | 37-07 | Jane Hay | 1964 WO | 1964–1974 | Broken up at Arklow 1995. | |
| 1974–1980 | Relief fleet | |||||
| 1980–1992 | ||||||
| 975 | 37-08 | Sir James Knott | 1963 GG | 1963–1969 | Sold 1990. Preserved at Kirkleatham Old Hall Museum, Redcar. | |
| 1969–1972 | Relief fleet | |||||
| 1972–1985 | ||||||
| 1985–1990 | Relief fleet | |||||
| 976 | 37-09 | Lilly Wainwright | 1964 GG | 1964–1990 | Sold 1993. 12/22, Pleasure boat at Crosshaven Boatyard, Cobh. | |
| 1990–1992 | ||||||
| 977 | 37-10 | Charles Fred Grantham | 1964 GG | 1964–1990 | Broken up 1993. | |
| 1990–1991 | ||||||
| 1991–1992 | Relief fleet | |||||
| 978 | 37-11 | The Royal Thames | 1964 JSW | 1964–1969 | Sold 1994. 12/18, Stored inland, from Cromer. | |
| 1970–1978 | ||||||
| 1979–1991 | ||||||
| 1991–1993 | ||||||
| 979 | 37-12 | James and Catherine Macfarlane (1964-1967) Amelia (1967-1991) | 1964 JSW | 1964–1978 | Relief fleet | Sold February 1992. Preserved at Charlestown until museum closure in 2019. 2019, awaiting restoration in a breakers yard. Unknown on state as of 2022. |
| 1978–1991 | ||||||
| 980 | 37-13 | William Henry and Mary King | 1964 JSW | 1964–1967 | Lbs|Cromer No.2 | Sold 1990. Located in Children's playground, Drayton Park Primary School, Highbury, London. |
| 1967–1988 | ||||||
| 1989–1990 | ||||||
| 981 | 37-14 | Mary Pullman | 1964 WO | 1965–1989 | Hull on display at Baytree Garden Centre, Weston, Spalding. | |
| 982 | 37-15 | Ernest Tom Neathercoat | 1965 WO | 1965–1990 | Sold 1992. Restored display/training boat, Wells-next-the-Sea December 2022. | |
| 1990–1991 | ||||||
| 983 | 37-16 | The Doctors | 1965 WO | 1965–1991 | Sold 1993. Under restoration at Donaghadee. | |
| 1991–1993 | Relief fleet | |||||
| 984 | 37-17 | Mary Joicey | 1966 | 1966–1981 | Sold 1989. On display at Newbiggin Maritime Centre December 2022. | |
| 1981–1985 | Relief fleet | |||||
| 1985–1986 | ||||||
| 1986–1988 | Relief fleet | |||||
| 1988–1989 | ||||||
| 1989 | ||||||
| 985 | 37-18 | Valentine Wyndham-Quin | 1967 HM | 1968–1984 | Sold 1988. On display at The Lifeboat House, The Green, Harwich July 1995. | |
| 1984–1988 | ||||||
| 986 | 37-19 | Lloyds II | 1966 | 1966–1990 | Broken up 1993. | |
| 1990–1992 | ||||||
| 991 | 37-20 | Edward and Mary Lester | 1967 WO | 1967–1989 | Broken up 1989. | |
| 992 | 37-21 | Frank Penfold Marshall | 1968 WO | 1968–1989 | Broken up 1989. | |
| 993 | 37-22 | Har Lil | 1968 WO | 1968–1990 | Sold December 1991. Restored, at Porth Penrhyn December 2022. | |
| 994 | 37-23 | The Vincent Nesfield | 1969 WO | 1969–1972 | Relief fleet | Broken up in 1991. |
| 1972–1973 | ||||||
| 1973–1988 | Relief fleet | |||||
| 1989–1991 | ||||||
| 995 | 37-24 | James Ball Ritchie | 1970 WO | 1970–1991 | Broken up 1992. | |
| 996 | 37-25 | Birds Eye | 1970 WO | 1970–1990 | On display at Moelfre Seawatch Centre from May 1991. | |
| 997 | 37-26 | Lady Murphy | 1971 WO | 1972–1988 | Sold 1990. Broken up 1995 | |
All built by William Osborne, Littlehampton except ON 989, Berthon Boat Co., Lymington
| ON | Op. No. | Name | Built | In service | Stations | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 968 | 48-01 | The Earl and Countess Howe | 1963 | Displayed at RNLI Depot, Poole 1984-2004. Broken up 2004. | ||
| 1977–1984 | ||||||
| 989 | 48-02 | 1967 | 1967–1983 | Sold 1988. On display at Land's End for many years. Restored. Afloat, based at St Mary's, Isles of Scilly August 2022. | ||
| 1983–1987 | Lizard-Cadgwith | |||||
| 990 | 48-03 | Ruby and Arthur Reed | 1966 | 1967–1984 | On display at Hythe Marina, Southampton from 1990, | |
| 1985–1988 | ||||||
| 1015 | 48-12 | Charles Henry | 1968 | 1969–1984 | On display at Merry Hill, Dudley 1989-1999. Pleasure boat at Royal Quays Marina, North Shields April 2022. | |
| 1984–1987 | ||||||
| 1016 | Princess Marina | 1970 | 1970–1988 | Displayed at National Lifeboat Museum, Pitsea. Broken up 2003. | ||