OK explained

OK, with spelling variations including okay, okeh, O.K., ok and Ok, as well as k in texting, is an English word (originating in American English) denoting approval, acceptance, agreement, assent, acknowledgment, or a sign of indifference. OK is frequently used as a loanword in other languages. It has been described as the most frequently spoken or written word on the planet.[1]

The origin of OK is disputed; however, most modern reference works hold that it originated around Boston as part of a fad in the late 1830s of abbreviating misspellings; that it is an initialism of "oll korrect" as a misspelling of "all correct". This origin was first described by linguist Allen Walker Read in the 1960s.

As an adjective, OK principally means "adequate" or "acceptable" as a contrast to "bad" ("The boss approved this, so it is OK to send out"); it can also mean "mediocre" when used in contrast with "good" ("The french fries were great, but the burger was just OK"). It fulfills a similar role as an adverb ("Wow, you did OK for your first time skiing!"). As an interjection, it can denote compliance ("OK, I will do that"), or agreement ("OK, that is fine"). It can mean "assent" when it is used as a noun ("the boss gave her the OK to the purchase") or, more colloquially, as a verb ("the boss OKed the purchase"). OK, as an adjective, can express acknowledgement without approval. As a versatile discourse marker or continuer, it can also be used with appropriate intonation to show doubt or to seek confirmation ("OK?", "Is that OK?").[2] Some of this variation in use and shape of the word is also found in other languages.

Etymologies

See also: List of proposed etymologies of OK.

Many explanations for the origin of the expression have been suggested, but few have been discussed seriously by linguists. The following proposals have found mainstream recognition.[3]

Boston abbreviation fad

The etymology that most reference works provide today is based on a survey of the word's early history in print: a series of six articles by Allen Walker Read[4] in the journal American Speech in 1963 and 1964.[5] He tracked the spread and evolution of the word in American newspapers and other written documents, and later throughout the rest of the world. He also documented controversy surrounding OK and the history of its folk etymologies, both of which are intertwined with the history of the word itself. Read argues that, at the time of the expression's first appearance in print, a broader fad existed in the United States of "comical misspellings" and of forming and employing acronyms, themselves based on colloquial speech patterns:

The general fad is speculated to have existed in spoken or informal written U.S. English for a decade or more before its appearance in newspapers. OKs original presentation as "all correct" was later varied with spellings such as "Oll Korrect" or even "Ole Kurreck".

The term appears to have achieved national prominence in 1840, when supporters of the Democratic political party claimed during the 1840 United States presidential election that it stood for "Old Kinderhook", a nickname for the Democratic president and candidate for reelection, Martin Van Buren, a native of Kinderhook, New York. "Vote for OK" was snappier than using his Dutch name. In response, Whig opponents attributed OK, in the sense of "Oll Korrect", to the bad spelling of Andrew Jackson, Van Buren's predecessor. The country-wide publicity surrounding the election appears to have been a critical event in OKs history, widely and suddenly popularizing it across the United States.

Read proposed an etymology of OK in "Old Kinderhook" in 1941. The evidence presented in that article was somewhat sparse, and the connection to "Oll Korrect" not fully elucidated. Various challenges to the etymology were presented; e.g., Heflin's 1962 article. However, Read's landmark 1963–1964 papers silenced most of the skepticism. Read's etymology gained immediate acceptance, and is now offered without reservation in most dictionaries.[6] Read himself was nevertheless open to evaluating alternative explanations:

Choctaw

In "All Mixed Up", the folk singer Pete Seeger sang that OK was of Choctaw origin, as the dictionaries of the time tended to agree. Three major American reference works (Webster's, New Century, Funk & Wagnalls) cited this etymology as the probable origin until as late as 1961.

The earliest written evidence for the Choctaw origin is provided in work by the Christian missionaries Cyrus Byington and Alfred Wright in 1825. These missionaries ended many sentences in their translation of the Bible with the particle "okeh", meaning "it is so", which was listed as an alternative spelling in the 1913 Webster's.[7]

Byington's Dictionary of the Choctaw Language confirms the ubiquity of the "okeh" particle, and his Grammar of the Choctaw Language calls the particle -keh an "affirmative contradistinctive", with the "distinctive" o- prefix.

The Choctaw language was one of the languages spoken at this time in the Southeastern United States by a tribe with significant contact with African slaves.[8] The major language of trade in this area, Mobilian Jargon, was based on Choctaw-Chickasaw, two Muskogean-family languages. This language was used, in particular, for communication with the slave-owning[9] [10] Cherokee (an Iroquoian-family language). For the three decades prior to the Boston abbreviation fad, the Choctaw had been in extensive negotiation with the U.S. government,[11] after having fought alongside them at the Battle of New Orleans.

Arguments for a more Southern origin for the word note the tendency of English to adopt loan words in language contact situations, as well as the ubiquity of the OK particle. Similar particles exist in native language groups distinct from Iroquoian (Algonquian, Cree cf. "ekosi").

West African

An early attestation of the particle 'kay' is found in a 1784 transcription of a North Carolina slave, who, seeking to avoid being flogged, explained being found asleep in the canoe he had been ordered to bring to a certain place to pick up a European exploring near his newly-purchased property :

A West African (Mande and/or Bantu) etymology has been argued in scholarly sources, tracing the word back to word waw-kay or the Mande (aka "Mandinke" or "Mandingo") phrase o ke.

David Dalby first made the claim that the particle OK could have African origins in the 1969 Hans Wolff Memorial Lecture. His argument was reprinted in various newspaper articles between 1969 and 1971. This suggestion has also been mentioned by Joseph Holloway, who argued in the 1993 book The African Heritage of American English (co-written with a retired missionary) that various West African languages have near-homophone discourse markers with meanings such as "yes indeed" or which serve as part of the back-channeling repertoire.[2] Frederic Cassidy challenged Dalby's claims, asserting that there is no documentary evidence that any of these African-language words had any causal link with its use in the American press.

The West African hypothesis had not been accepted by 1981 by any etymologists,[12] [13] yet has since appeared in scholarly sources published by linguists and non-linguists alike.[14]

Alternative etymologies

A large number of origins have been proposed. Some of them are thought to fall into the category of folk etymology and are proposed based merely on apparent similarity between OK and one or another phrase in a foreign language with a similar meaning and sound. Some examples are:

Early history in print

Allen Walker Read identifies the earliest known use of O.K. in print as 1839, in the edition of 23 March of the Boston Morning Post. The announcement of a trip by the Anti-Bell-Ringing Society (a "frolicsome group" according to Read) received attention from the Boston papers. Charles Gordon Greene wrote about the event using the line that is widely regarded as the first instance of this strain of OK, complete with gloss:

Read gives a number of subsequent appearances in print. Seven instances were accompanied with glosses that were variations on "all correct" such as "oll korrect" or "ole kurreck", but five appeared with no accompanying explanation, suggesting that the word was expected to be well known to readers and possibly in common colloquial use at the time.

Various claims of earlier usage have been made. For example, it was claimed that the phrase appeared in a 1790 court record from Sumner County, Tennessee, discovered in 1859 by a Tennessee historian named Albigence Waldo Putnam, in which Andrew Jackson apparently said "proved a bill of sale from Hugh McGary to Gasper Mansker, for a Negro man, which was O.K.".[16] The lawyer who successfully argued many Indian rights claims, Felix S. Cohen, supported the Jacksonian popularization of the term based on its Choctaw origin:

David Dalby brought up a 1941 reference dating the term to 1815. The apparent notation "we arrived ok" appears in the hand-written diary of William Richardson traveling from Boston to New Orleans about a month after the Battle of New Orleans. However, Frederic Cassidy asserts that he personally tracked down this diary, writing:

Similarly, H. L. Mencken, who originally considered it "very clear that 'o. k.' is actually in the manuscript", later recanted his endorsement of the expression, asserting that it was used no earlier than 1839. Mencken (following Read) described the diary entry as a misreading of the author's self-correction, and stated it was in reality the first two letters of the words a h[andsome] before noticing the phrase had been used in the previous line and changing his mind.

Another example given by Dalby is a Jamaican planter's diary of 1816, which records a black slave saying "Oh ki, massa, doctor no need be fright, we no want to hurt him".[17] Cassidy asserts that this is a misreading of the source, which actually begins "Oh, ki, massa ...", where ki is a phrase by itself:

Variations

Whether this word is printed as OK, Ok, ok, okay, or O.K. is a matter normally resolved in the style manual for the publication involved. Dictionaries and style guides such as The Chicago Manual of Style and The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage provide no consensus.[18]

VariationDescription
okehAn alternative spelling, no longer common, although it remained in sporadic use well into the 20th century.[19]
hokayUsed as an alternative.
k or kk or okaCommonly used in instant messaging, or in SMS messages. Before the days of SMS, "K" was used as a Morse code prosign for "Go Ahead".
Okie dokieThis slang term was popularized in the film "The Little Rascals" (Oki doki). Also with alternate spellings, including okeydoke.[20] The phrase can be extended further, e.g. "Okie dokie (aka) pokie / smokie / artichokie / karaoke / lokie," etc.[21] [22]
A-OKVariant attributed to Alan Shepard and the 1961 NASA launch of the Mercury mission.[23] [24]
M'kaySlang term popularized by South Park TV show. Pronounced also as "Mmmm K". This variation has connotations of sarcasm, such as condescending disagreement.
Okily Dokily!Catchphrase used by Ned Flanders in The Simpsons.

International usage

LanguageFormUsage/history
AfrikaansoukeiUsed in colloquial Afrikaans.[25]
ArabicاوكيArabic speakers also use the word widely, particularly in areas of former British presence like Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, and Palestine. The prevalence of the term in the Arab world can be attributed to the prevalence of American cinema and television. It is pronounced just as it is in English but is very rarely seen in Arabic newspapers and formal media.
Catalanokey
Chinese languageOKIn Mainland China, the native term (literally: "good") is more often used instead, saying "OK" is usually reserved for when communicating with foreigners. However, the term tends to be modified into "OK了" (OK le) to better fit Mandarin grammar. (The "了" indicates a change of state; in this case it indicates the achievement of consensus.) It is also somewhat humorously used in the "spelling" of the word for karaoke, "卡拉OK", pronounced "kah-lah-oh-kei" (Mandarin does not natively have a syllable with the pronunciation "kei"). On computers, OK is usually translated as, which means "confirm" or "confirmed". In Taiwan, OK is frequently used in various sentences, popular among but not limited to younger generations. This includes the aforementioned "OK了" (Okay le), "OK嗎" (Okay ma), meaning "Is it okay?" or "OK啦" (Okay la), a strong, persuading affirmative (similar to English's "Alright, cool"), as well as the somewhat tongue-in-cheek yes/no construction "O不OK?" (O bù OK?), "Is it OK or not?", again adopting the term into Chinese grammar.
CzechoukejPronounced as the English OK. When written OK, it is pronounced [o:ka:]. Neither version recognized as official. Registered since the 1940s.[26]
Danishokay, OK [ɔʊ̯kʰɛɪ̯] [oːˀ kʰɔːˀ]Appears from the 1930s. Pronunciation can be reduced and both vowels may become monophthongs. There is a difference in meaning between stress on first or last syllable.
Dutchokéoke, ok and okay are also used, but are less common in the formal written language.[27]
Esperantoo kejThe word is pronounced with stress on the second syllable.[28]
EstonianokeiOkei is the most common form, but others include okk, okoo, oki, okas, okeika and reduplicated versions.
Faroeseókey [ɔuˈkɛɪ]Possibly loaned in the 1940s as a result of the British occupation of the Faroe Islands or through Danish.[29]
FilipinookayEspecially in the phrase okay lang 'it's okay'.[30]
Finnish'OK, okei [okeɪ], [oukeɪ], [ookoo][31] [32] Used since the 1930s. Used as part of conversational transition and closing, to signal acceptance of a directive, and to respond to sharing of information.
Frenchoké
GermanO.K., o.k., okay [owkeɪ] [ɔˈkeː], [oˈkeː][33] Used to mark understanding, agreement, closing and transition.
GreekOK, οκ [ocei] [ok][34]
Modern Hebrewאו קייCommon as equivalent to the Hebrew word בסדר [b'seder] ('adequate', 'in order').
Hungarianoké[35]
Icelandicókei[36]
Japaneseオーケー (lit. "ōkē"), オッケー (lit. "okkē")Early records include a song from 1930 and a novel in 1951. The word has a high-low tone. Also used in a reduplicated form.
Korean오케이 /okʰei/Occurs in newspapers, magazines and novels from the 1920s. The word is found in a 1937 loanword dictionary.
Latvianokejok also used, but considered to be a part of more colloquial internet language.
Macedonianokej
MalayOKFrequently used with the emphatic suffix "lah": OK-lah.
MaldivianOkay Used in different ways, often used to agree with something, more often used while departing from a gathering "Okay Dahnee/Kendee."
MalteseowkejPronounced as the English OK.
NorwegianOK, ok [okeɪ] or [o ko]Okei and oukei are also commonly used written or spoken.[37]
PolishokejThe most frequent form is okej, but others are oki, oka, okidok, okejka and okejos.
PortugueseOK, oquei
Russianokey, окей, океюшки, ок, окейноUsed for conversation closure.
Serbo-Croatianokej
SinglishOKOK is often used with suffixes used such as OK lor, OK lah, OK meh, OK leh, which are used in different occasions.
Slovakoukej, okej, OK [oʊkeɪ] [o:ka:][38] [39]
Sloveneokej, okay[40]
SpanishokeyUsed in Spain in the 1980s. Also part of the phrase .[41]
Swedishokej[42]
ThaiโอเคPronounced "o khe".[43]
TurkishokeyHas a secondary meaning referring to the game okey, from a company that used the word as its name in the 1960s.[44]
UrduOK
Vietnameseô-kêUsed in Vietnam; okey also used, but ok more commonly.[45]

Gesture

See main article: OK gesture. In the United States and much of Europe a related gesture is made by touching the index finger with the thumb (forming a rough circle) and raising of the remaining fingers.[46] It is not known whether the gesture is derived from the expression, or if the gesture appeared first. The gesture was popularized in the United States in 1840 as a symbol to support then-presidential candidate and incumbent vice president Martin Van Buren. This was because Van Buren's nickname, Old Kinderhook, derived from his hometown of Kinderhook, NY, had the initials O.K.[46] Similar gestures have different meanings in other cultures, some offensive, others devotional.[47] [48]

Computers

OK is used to label buttons in modal dialog boxes such as error messages or print dialogs, indicating that the user can press the button to accept the contents of the dialog box and continue. When the dialog box contains only one button, it is almost always labeled OK. When there are two buttons, they are most commonly labeled OK and Cancel. OK is commonly rendered in upper case and without punctuation: OK, rather than O.K. or Okay. The OK button can probably be traced to user interface research done for the Apple Lisa.[49]

The Forth programming language prints ok when ready to accept input from the keyboard. This prompt is used on Sun, Apple, and other computers with the Forth-based Open Firmware (OpenBoot). The appearance of ok in inappropriate contexts is the subject of some humor.[50]

In the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), upon which the World Wide Web is based, a successful response from the server is defined as OK (with the numerical code 200 as specified in RFC 2616). The Session Initiation Protocol also defines a response, 200 OK, which conveys success for most requests (RFC 3261).

Some Linux distributions, including those based on Red Hat Linux, display boot progress on successive lines on-screen, which include [ OK ].

In Unicode

Several Unicode characters are related to visual renderings of OK:

References

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: OK, 'most spoken word on the planet', marks its 175th anniversary. South China Morning Post. 23 March 2014. 12 June 2022.
  2. Yngve, Victor. "On getting a word in edgewise," page 568. Papers from the Sixth Regional Meeting [of the] Chicago Linguistic Society, 1970.
  3. YouTube. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/1UnIDL-eHOs. 2021-12-11 . live.
  4. Book: Read, Allen W. . Richard W. . Bailey . Allen Walker Read, American Scholar . Bailey . Richard W. . Milestones in the History of English in America . American Dialect Society, Duke University Press . Durham, NC . 2002.
    Richard W. . Bailey . December 2004 . Allen Walker Read, American Scholar . 433–437 . ETC: A Review of General Semantics . 6 February 2015 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924021442/http://www.generalsemantics.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/61-4-bailey.pdf . dead .
    • Read . Allen W . 1963 . The first stage in the history of "O.K" . American Speech . 38 . 1. 5–27 . 453580 . 10.2307/453580.
    • Read . Allen W . 1963 . The second stage in the history of "O.K" . American Speech . 38 . 2. 83–102 . 453285 . 10.2307/453285.
    • Read . Allen W . 1963 . Could Andrew Jackson spell? . American Speech . 38 . 3. 188–195 . 454098 . 10.2307/454098.
    • Read . Allen W . 1964 . The folklore of "O.K." . American Speech . 39 . 1. 5–25 . 453922 . 10.2307/453922.
    • Read . Allen W . 1964 . Later stages in the history of "O.K." . American Speech . 39 . 2. 83–101 . 453111 . 10.2307/453111.
    • Read . Allen W . 1964 . Successive revisions in the explanation of "O.K." . American Speech . 39 . 4. 243–267 . 454321 . 10.2307/454321.
  5. Web site: OK or o·kay . American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language . Houghton Mifflin. (good summary of the results of Read's six articles)
  6. Web site: okeh . Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary . 1913 . 29 December 2014 . The Free Dictionary by Farlex . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141229203357/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/okeh . 2014-12-29.
  7. Book: Flickinger, Robert Elliot . 1911 . The Choctaw Freedmen and The Story of Oak Hill Industrial Academy. gutenberg.org.
  8. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVQvhgEuKZMC&pg=PA170 Tiya Miles, Ties that Bind: The Story of an Afro-Cherokee Family in Slavery and Freedom
  9. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/S/SL003.html "SLAVERY"
  10. DeRosier . Arthur Jr. . 1967 . Andrew Jackson and Negotiations for The Removal of the Choctaw Indians . The Historian . 29 . 3. 343–362. 10.1111/j.1540-6563.1967.tb01782.x .
  11. Web site: Online Etymology Dictionary.
  12. Lighter, Jonathon, (1994). The Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang, 708.
  13. https://linguistlist.org/issues/4/4-705/ LINGUIST List 4.705
  14. Read . Allen W . 1964 . The folklore of "O.K." . American Speech . 39 . 1. 5–25 . 453922 . 10.2307/453922.
  15. https://jacksonianamerica.com/2010/12/09/ok-o-k-or-okay/ Jacksonian America: "OK, O.K. or Okay?"
  16. News: David . Dalby . 8 January 1971 . O.K., A.O.K and O KE; The Remarkable Career Of an Americanism That Began in Africa . 10 September 2013 . . 31.
    News: David . Dalby . The Etymology of O.K. . The Times . 14 January 1971.
  17. Web site: I'm OK, you're okay . Grammarphobia . 11 September 2008 . 12 June 2011.
  18. Jennewein, Paul. "Okay is Okeh: Along the Cape Fear". Wilmington Morning Star (Wilmington, N.C.), 10 June 1977, p. 1-D. Retrieved on 27 July 2015.
  19. Yeep! Yeep! Amerikansk Yeep! . . 13 September 2021 . 62 . 23 July 1945.
  20. Web site: Is the origin of the phrase "Okie Dokie Smokie" Racist? . Wordwizard . 2019-05-29.
  21. Web site: Overview – Okie-Dokie, Artichokie! . Grace Lin . 2019-05-29 . 10 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190210021800/http://www.gracelin.com/content.php?page=book_okie . dead .
  22. Calm Voice from Space . Time . 2024-06-04 . 1962-03-02 . Time Inc..
  23. Book: Wolfe . Tom . Tom Wolfe . The Right Stuff . 1988 . Bantam Books . Toronto . 9780553275568 . 227 . 17th . June 28, 2015 . Google Books.
  24. Marais . Salome . Coetzee . Anna . Tienerafrikaans . Journal for Language Teaching . 18 May 2006 . 39 . 2 . 10.4314/jlt.v39i2.6060 . 2 June 2024.
  25. Web site: oukej . Kartotéka lexikálního archivu . 2 June 2024.
  26. Taaladvies.net
  27. Web site: Wennergren . Bertilo . Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko . bertilow.com . 22 June 2024.
  28. Book: Jóansson . Tórður . English loanwords in Faroese . 1997 . 978-99918-49-14-0 . 22 June 2024.
  29. Web site: Alfonso-Gregorio . Nikki . Why the phrases 'okay lang yan' and 'push mo lang' won't help you cope with the stresses of the pandemic . SBS Language . 2022-01-07 . 2024-06-02.
  30. Web site: Kielitoimiston sanakirja . Kielitoimiston sanakirja . fi . 2024-06-08.
  31. Web site: Kielitoimiston sanakirja . Kielitoimiston sanakirja . fi . 2024-06-08.
  32. Web site: Duden o. k. Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft. www.duden.de. 2019-05-29.
  33. Spilioti . Tereza . Graphemic representation of text-messaging: Alphabet-choice and code-switches in Greek SMS . Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) . 2009 . 19 . 3 . 393–412 . 10.1075/prag.19.3.05spi.
  34. Web site: Hungarian-English dictionary . Hungarian Academy of Sciences . SZTAKI Szótár . 2024-06-02.
  35. Web site: ISLEX-orðabókin . ISLEX . 2024-06-02.
  36. Ordbok.uib.no
  37. Web site: Slovenské slovníky . Slovenské slovníky . sk . 2024-06-02.
  38. Web site: Slovenské slovníky . Slovenské slovníky . sk . 2024-06-02.
  39. Web site: Fran/iskanje/okej . Fran . sl . 2024-06-02.
  40. News: Fernández . Dámaris . Del "alucina vecina" al "chachi piruli, Juan Pelotilla": las 30 expresiones de los millennials que son todo un descubrimiento para la generación Z . 14 May 2024 . La Razón . 28 May 2023 . es-ES.
  41. Web site: Nationalencyklopedin . NE.se . 2024-06-02 . sv . 2024-06-02.
  42. Web site: โอเค . Thai-language.com . 11 September 2020.
  43. Web site: okey . Nişanyan Sözlük . tr . 2024-06-02.
  44. Luong, Ngoc. Personal interview by Nu Alpha Pi. 13 April 2010.
  45. Armstrong, Nancy & Melissa Wagner. (2003) Field Guide to Gestures: How to Identify and Interpret Virtually Every Gesture Known to Man. Philadelphia: Quirk Books.
  46. https://www.aol.com/article/2010/07/26/dangerous-body-language-abroad/19554303/ Dangerous Body Language Abroad
  47. http://www.maria-brazil.org/brazilian_body_language_obscene.htm Body Language. Obscene, to be used with extreme moderation!
  48. Web site: Apple user interface designers pick OK . Folklore.org . 17 July 1980 . 12 June 2011.
  49. [LISA '99] . The C Days of Y2K . . 23 November 1999 . 21 February 2011.