| Nyctimene | |
| Gender: | Female |
| Princess | |
| Alias: | Nyctaea |
| Species: | Human, then owl |
| Relatives: | Epopeus (father) |
| Lbl21: | Birthplace |
Nyctimene (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Νυκτιμένη|Nuktiménē|she who stays up at night) was, according to Greek and Roman mythology, a princess and a rape victim, the daughter of Epopeus, a king of Lesbos. She was transformed into an owl by the goddess Athena, who took pity on her for her gruesome fate.[1] The owl was one of Athena's most prominent and important symbols.
Nyctimene's name is derived from the Greek words Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: νύξ (genitive Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: νυκτός) meaning "night" and Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: μένω meaning "I stay", that is, she who stays up at night (the owl). Both compound words are of Proto-Indo-European origin; Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: νύξ from the PIE root *nókʷts, and Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: μένω from *men-.
In order for the name to translate to "moon of the night", as suggested by another proposed etymology,[2] it would have to be spelled Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Νυκτιμήνη with two etas instead of Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Νυκτιμένη with one.
According to Hyginus, her father Epopeus desired her and raped her. Out of shame or guilt, she fled to the forest and refused to show her face in daylight.[3] Taking pity on her, the goddess Athena transformed her into the nocturnal owl which, in time, became a widespread symbol of the goddess.[4] In Ovid's Metamorphoses, the transformation was a punishment for "desecrating her father's bed" (patrium temerasse cubile), which insinuates that she had sexual intercourse with her own father, but no further explanation is given of whether she was raped, seduced or herself the seducer.[5] In the Metamorphoses, Nyctimene's story is narrated by Corone (the crow), who also complains that her place as Minerva's sacred bird is now being usurped by Nyctimene, who is so ashamed of herself that she will not be seen by daylight.
Servius says that Nyctimene was filled with shame after realizing she had slept with her father, implying some sort of trickery to have occurred.[6] Another scholiast says that Nyctimene was raped not by Epopeus but rather a visiting guest named Corymbus. An anonymous Greek paradoxographer writes that she fled her father, who is here named Clymenus.[7]
A variation of her story about Nyctaea is found in pseudo-Lactantius Placidus's commentary on the Thebaid.
Her name has been given to a genus of bats and an asteroid.