The Nutcracker Explained

The Nutcracker (Russian: Щелкунчик{{efn|{{lang|ru|Щелкунчикъ, pronounced as /ru/), Op. 71, is an 1892 two-act classical ballet (conceived as a French: [[ballet-féerie]]; Russian: балет-феерия|balet-feyeriya|links=no) by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, set on Christmas Eve at the foot of a Christmas tree in a child's imagination. The plot is an adaptation of E. T. A. Hoffmann's 1816 short story The Nutcracker and the Mouse King. The ballet's first choreographer was Marius Petipa, with whom Tchaikovsky had worked three years earlier on The Sleeping Beauty, assisted by Lev Ivanov. Although the complete and staged The Nutcracker ballet was not initially as successful as the 20-minute Nutcracker Suite that Tchaikovsky had premiered nine months earlier, it soon became popular.

Since the late 1960s, The Nutcracker has been danced by countless ballet companies, especially in North America.[1] Major American ballet companies generate around 40% of their annual ticket revenues from performances of the ballet.[2] [3] Its score has been used in several film adaptations of Hoffmann's story.

Tchaikovsky's score has become one of his most famous compositions. Among other things, the score is noted for its use of the celesta, an instrument the composer had already employed in his much lesser known symphonic ballad The Voyevoda (1891).

Composition

After the success of The Sleeping Beauty in 1890, Ivan Vsevolozhsky, the director of the Imperial Theatres, commissioned Tchaikovsky to compose a double-bill program featuring both an opera and a ballet. The opera would be Iolanta. For the ballet, Tchaikovsky would again join forces with Marius Petipa, with whom he had collaborated on The Sleeping Beauty. The material Vsevolozhsky chose was an adaptation of E. T. A. Hoffmann's story "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King", by Alexandre Dumas called "The Story of a Nutcracker".[4] The plot of Hoffmann's story (and Dumas' adaptation) was greatly simplified for the two-act ballet. Hoffmann's tale contains a long flashback story within its main plot titled "The Tale of the Hard Nut", which explains how the Prince was turned into the Nutcracker. This had to be excised for the ballet.[5]

Petipa gave Tchaikovsky extremely detailed instructions for the composition of each number, down to the tempo and number of bars. The completion of the work was interrupted for a short time when Tchaikovsky visited the United States for twenty-five days to conduct concerts for the opening of Carnegie Hall.[6] Tchaikovsky composed parts of The Nutcracker in Rouen, France.[7]

History

Saint Petersburg premiere

The first performance of the ballet was held as a double premiere together with Tchaikovsky's last opera, Iolanta, on, at the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg, Russia.[8] Although the libretto was by Marius Petipa, who exactly choreographed the first production has been debated. Petipa began work on the choreography in August 1892; however, illness removed him from its completion and his assistant of seven years, Lev Ivanov, was brought in. Although Ivanov is often credited as the choreographer, some contemporary accounts credit Petipa. The performance was conducted by Italian composer Riccardo Drigo, with Antonietta Dell'Era as the Sugar Plum Fairy, Pavel Gerdt as Prince Coqueluche, Stanislava Belinskaya as Clara, Sergei Legat as the Nutcracker-Prince, and Timofey Stukolkin as Drosselmeyer. Unlike in many later productions, the children's roles were performed by real children – students of the Imperial Ballet School in Saint Petersburg, with Belinskaya as Clara, and Vassily Stukolkin as Fritz – rather than adults.

The first performance of The Nutcracker was not deemed a success.[9] The reaction to the dancers themselves was ambivalent. Although some critics praised Dell'Era on her pointework as the Sugar Plum Fairy (she allegedly received five curtain-calls), one critic called her "corpulent" and "podgy". Olga Preobrajenskaya as the Columbine doll was panned by one critic as "completely insipid" and praised as "charming" by another.

Alexandre Benois described the choreography of the battle scene as confusing: "One can not understand anything. Disorderly pushing about from corner to corner and running backwards and forwards – quite amateurish."

The libretto was criticized as "lopsided" and for not being faithful to the Hoffmann tale. Much of the criticism focused on the featuring of children so prominently in the ballet, and many bemoaned the fact that the ballerina did not dance until the Grand Pas de Deux near the end of the second act (which did not occur until nearly midnight during the program). Some found the transition between the mundane world of the first scene and the fantasy world of the second act too abrupt. Reception was better for Tchaikovsky's score. Some critics called it "astonishingly rich in detailed inspiration" and "from beginning to end, beautiful, melodious, original, and characteristic". But this also was not unanimous, as some critics found the party scene "ponderous" and the Grand Pas de Deux "insipid".[10]

Subsequent productions

In 1919, choreographer Alexander Gorsky staged a production which eliminated the Sugar Plum Fairy and her Cavalier and gave their dances to Clara and the Nutcracker Prince, who were played by adults instead of children. This was the first production to do so. An abridged version of the ballet was first performed outside Russia in Budapest (Royal Opera House) in 1927, with choreography by Ede Brada.[11] In 1934, choreographer Vasili Vainonen staged a version of the work that addressed many of the criticisms of the original 1892 production by casting adult dancers in the roles of Clara and the Prince, as Gorsky had. The Vainonen version influenced several later productions.

The first complete performance outside Russia took place in England in 1934,[9] staged by Nicholas Sergeyev after Petipa's original choreography. Annual performances of the ballet have been staged there since 1952.[12] Another abridged version of the ballet, performed by the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, was staged in New York City in 1940,[13] Alexandra Fedorova – again, after Petipa's version.[9] The ballet's first complete United States performance was on 24 December 1944 by the San Francisco Ballet, staged by its artistic director, Willam Christensen, and starring Gisella Caccialanza as the Sugar Plum Fairy, and Jocelyn Vollmar as the Snow Queen.[14] [9] After the enormous success of this production, San Francisco Ballet has presented Nutcracker every Christmas Eve and throughout the winter season, debuting new productions in 1944, 1954, 1967, and 2004. The original Christensen version continues in Salt Lake City, where Christensen relocated in 1948. It has been performed every year since 1963 by the Christensen-founded Ballet West.[15]

The New York City Ballet gave its first annual performance of George Balanchine's reworked staging of The Nutcracker in 1954.[9] The performance of Maria Tallchief in the role of the Sugar Plum Fairy helped elevate the work from obscurity into an annual Christmas classic and the industry's most reliable box-office draw. Critic Walter Terry remarked that "Maria Tallchief, as the Sugar Plum Fairy, is herself a creature of magic, dancing the seemingly impossible with effortless beauty of movement, electrifying us with her brilliance, enchanting us with her radiance of being. Does she have any equals anywhere, inside or outside of fairyland? While watching her in The Nutcracker, one is tempted to doubt it."[16]

Since Gorsky, Vainonen and Balanchine's productions, many other choreographers have made their own versions. Some institute the changes made by Gorsky and Vainonen while others, like Balanchine, utilize the original libretto. Some notable productions include Rudolf Nureyev's 1963 production for the Royal Ballet, Yury Grigorovich for the Bolshoi Ballet, Mikhail Baryshnikov for the American Ballet Theatre, Fernand Nault for Les Grands Ballets Canadiens starting in 1964, Kent Stowell for Pacific Northwest Ballet starting in 1983, and Peter Wright for the Royal Ballet and the Birmingham Royal Ballet. In recent years, revisionist productions, including those by Mark Morris, Matthew Bourne, and Mikhail Chemiakin have appeared; these depart radically from both the original 1892 libretto and Vainonen's revival, while Maurice Béjart's version completely discards the original plot and characters. In addition to annual live stagings of the work, many productions have also been televised or released on home video.

Roles

The following extrapolation of the characters (in order of appearance) is drawn from an examination of the stage directions in the score.[17]

Act II

Plot

Below is a synopsis based on the original 1892 libretto by Marius Petipa. The story varies from production to production, though most follow the basic outline. The names of the characters also vary. In the original Hoffmann story, the young heroine is called Marie Stahlbaum and Clara (Klärchen) is her doll's name. In the adaptation by Dumas on which Petipa based his libretto, her name is Marie Silberhaus. In still other productions, such as Balanchine's, Clara is Marie Stahlbaum rather than Clara Silberhaus.

Act I

Scene 1: The Stahlbaum Home The ballet is set in Nuremberg, Germany on Christmas Eve in the 1820s, where family and friends have gathered in the parlor to decorate the Christmas tree in preparation for the party. Once the tree is finished, the children are summoned.

When the party begins,[18] presents are given out to the children. Suddenly, as the owl-topped grandfather clock strikes eight, a mysterious figure enters the room. It is Drosselmeyer— a local councilman, magician, and Clara's godfather. He is also a talented toymaker who has brought with him gifts for the children, including four lifelike dolls who dance to the delight of all.[19] He then has them put away for safekeeping.

Clara and her brother Fritz are sad to see the dolls being taken away, but Drosselmeyer has yet another toy for them: a wooden nutcracker doll, which the other children ignore. Clara immediately takes a liking to it, but Fritz accidentally breaks it. Clara is heartbroken, but Drosselmeyer fixes the nutcracker, much to everyone's relief.

During the night, after everyone else has gone to bed, Clara returns to the parlor to check on the nutcracker. As she reaches the small bed, the clock strikes midnight and she looks up to see Drosselmeyer perched atop it. Suddenly, mice begin to fill the room and the Christmas tree begins to grow to dizzying heights. The nutcracker also grows to life size. Clara finds herself in the midst of a battle between an army of gingerbread soldiers and the mice, led by their king.

The nutcracker appears to lead the gingerbread men, who are joined by tin soldiers, and by dolls who serve as doctors to carry away the wounded. As the seven-headed Mouse King advances on the still-wounded nutcracker, Clara throws her slipper at him, distracting him long enough for the nutcracker to stab him.[20]

Scene 2: A Pine Forest

The mice retreat and the nutcracker is transformed into a human prince.[21] He leads Clara through the moonlit night to a pine forest in which the snowflakes dance around them, beckoning them on to his kingdom as the first act ends.[22] [23]

Act II

The Land of Sweets

Clara and the Prince travel to the beautiful Land of Sweets, ruled by the Sugar Plum Fairy in the Prince's place until his return. He recounts for her how he had been saved from the Mouse King by Clara and transformed back into himself.In honor of the young heroine, a celebration of sweets from around the world is produced: chocolate from Spain, coffee from Arabia,[24] [25] tea from China,[26] and candy canes from Russia[27] all dance for their amusement; Marzipan shepherdesses perform on their flutes;[28] Mother Ginger has her children, the Polichinelles, emerge from under her enormous hoop skirt to dance; a string of beautiful flowers perform a waltz.[29] [30] To conclude the night, the Sugar Plum Fairy and her Cavalier perform a dance.[31] [32]

A final waltz is performed by all the sweets, after which the Sugar Plum Fairy ushers Clara and the Prince down from their throne. He bows to her, she kisses Clara goodbye, and leads them to a reindeer-drawn sleigh. It takes off as they wave goodbye to all the subjects who wave back.

In the original libretto, the ballet's apotheosis "represents a large beehive with flying bees, closely guarding their riches". Just like Swan Lake, there have been various alternative endings created in productions subsequent to the original.

Musical sources and influences

The Nutcracker is one of the composer's most popular compositions. The music belongs to the Romantic period and contains some of his most memorable melodies, several of which are frequently used in television and film. (They are often heard in TV commercials shown during the Christmas season.[33])

Tchaikovsky is said to have argued with a friend who wagered that the composer could not write a melody based on a one-octave scale in sequence. Tchaikovsky asked if it mattered whether the notes were in ascending or descending order and was assured it did not. This resulted in the Adagio from the, which, in the ballet, nearly always immediately follows the "Waltz of the Flowers". A story is also told that Tchaikovsky's sister Alexandra (9 January 1842 — 9 April 1891[34]) had died shortly before he began composition of the ballet and that his sister's death influenced him to compose a melancholy, descending scale melody for the adagio of the Grand Pas de Deux.[35] However, it is more naturally perceived as a dreams-come-true theme because of another celebrated scale use, the ascending one in the Barcarolle from The Seasons.[36]

Tchaikovsky was less satisfied with The Nutcracker than with The Sleeping Beauty. (In the film Fantasia, commentator Deems Taylor observes that he "really detested" the score.) Tchaikovsky accepted the commission from Vsevolozhsky but did not particularly want to write the ballet[37] (though he did write to a friend while composing it, "I am daily becoming more and more attuned to my task").[38]

Instrumentation

The music is written for an orchestra with the following instrumentation.

Woodwinds

3 flutes (2nd and 3rd doubling on piccolo)

2 oboes

1 cor anglais

2 clarinets in B and A

1 bass clarinet in B

2 bassoons

Brass

4 French horns in F

2 trumpets in A and B

2 tenor trombones

1 bass trombone

1 tuba

Percussion

Timpani

Snare drum

Cymbals

Bass drum

Triangle

Tambourine

Castanets

Tam-tam

Glockenspiel

Keyboard

Celesta

Voice

Soprano and alto chorus

Strings

2 harps

Violin I

Violin II

Viola

Violoncello

Double bass

Musical scenes

From the Imperial Ballet's 1892 program

Titles of all of the numbers listed here come from Marius Petipa's original scenario as well as the original libretto and programs of the first production of 1892. All libretti and programs of works performed on the stages of the Imperial Theatres were titled in French, which was the official language of the Imperial Court, as well as the language from which balletic terminology is derived.

Casse-Noisette. Ballet-féerie in two acts and three tableaux with apotheosis.Act I

  1. Petite ouverture
  2. Scène: Une fête de Noël
  3. Marche et petit galop des enfants
  4. Danse des incroyables et merveilleuses
  5. Entrée de Drosselmeyer
  6. Danses des poupées mécaniques—
  8. Le Casse-Noisette—Polka et la berceuse
  9. Danse "Großvater"
  10. Grand scène fantastique: la métamorphose du salon
  11. La bataille de Casse-Noisette et du Roi des souris
  12. Le voyage
  13. Valse des flocons de neige

Act II

Grand divertissement—

  2. Pas de deux—
  3. Coda générale
  4. Apothéose: Une ruche

Structure

List of acts, scenes (tableaux) and musical numbers, along with tempo indications. Numbers are given according to the original Russian and French titles of the first edition score (1892), the piano reduction score by Sergei Taneyev (1892), both published by P. Jurgenson in Moscow, and the Soviet collected edition of the composer's works, as reprinted Melville, New York: Belwin Mills [n.d.][39]

SceneNo.English titleFrench titleRussian titleTempo indicationNotesListen
Act I
Miniature Overture Ouverture miniature Увертюра Allegro giusto
Tableau I 1 Scene (The Christmas Tree) Scène (L'arbre de Noël) Сцена (Сцена украшения и зажигания ёлки) Allegro non troppo – Più moderato – Allegro vivace scene of decorating and lighting the Christmas tree
2 March (also March of the Toy Soldiers) Marche Марш Tempo di marcia viva
3 Children's Gallop and Dance of the Parents Petit galop des enfants et Entrée des parents Детский галоп и вход (танец) родителей Presto – Andante – Allegro
4 Dance Scene (Arrival of Drosselmeyer) Scène dansante Сцена с танцами Andantino – Allegro vivo – Andantino sostenuto – Più andante – Allegro molto vivace – Tempo di Valse – Presto Drosselmeyer's arrival and distribution of presents
5 Scene and Grandfather Waltz Сцена и танец Гросфатер Andante – Andantino – Moderato assai – Andante – L'istesso tempo – Tempo di Gross-Vater – Allegro vivacissimo
6 Scene (Clara and the Nutcracker) Scène Сцена Allegro semplice – Moderato con moto – Allegro giusto – Più allegro – Moderato assai departure of the guests
7 Scene (The Battle) Scène Сцена Allegro vivo
Tableau II 8 Scene (A Pine Forest in Winter) Scène Сцена Andante a.k.a. "Journey through the Snow"
9 Waltz of the Snowflakes Valse des flocons de neige Вальс снежных хлопьев Tempo di Valse, ma con moto – Presto
Act II
Tableau III 10 Scene (The Magic Castle in the Land of Sweets) Scène Сцена Andante introduction
11 Scene (Clara and Nutcracker Prince) Scène Сцена Andante con moto – Moderato – Allegro agitato – Poco più allegro – Tempo precedente arrival of Clara and the Prince
12 DivertissementDivertissementДивертисмент
a. Chocolate (Spanish Dance)a. Le chocolat (Danse espagnole)a. Шоколад (Испанский танец)Allegro brillante
b. Coffee (Arabian Dance)b. Le café (Danse arabe)b. Кофе (Арабский танец)Commodo
c. Tea (Chinese Dance)c. Le thé (Danse chinoise)c. Чай (Китайский танец)Allegro moderato
d. Trepak (Russian Dance)d. Trépak (Danse russe)d. Трепак (русский танец, карамельная трость)Tempo di Trepak, Presto
e. Dance of the Reed Flutese. Les Mirlitons (Danse des Mirlitons)e. Танец пастушков (Датский марципан)[40] Andantino
f. Mother Ginger and the Polichinellesf. La mère Gigogne et les polichinellesf. ПолишинелиAllegro giocoso – Andante – Allegro vivo
13 Waltz of the Flowers Valse des fleurs Вальс цветов Tempo di Valse
14 Pas de DeuxPas de deuxПа-де-дё
a. Intrada (Sugar Plum Fairy and Her Cavalier)a. La Fée-Dragée et le Prince Orgeata. Танец принца Оршада и Феи ДражеAndante maestoso
b. Variation I: Tarantellab. Variation I: Tarantelle (Pour le danseur)b. Вариация I: ТарантеллаTempo di Tarantella
c. Variation II: Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairyc. Variation II: Danse de la Fée-Dragée (Pour la danseuse)c. Вариация II: Танец Феи ДражеAndante ma non troppo – Presto
d. Codad. Codad. КодаVivace assai
15 Final Waltz and Apotheosis Valse finale et Apothéose Финальный вальс и Апофеоз Tempo di Valse – Molto meno

Concert excerpts and arrangements

Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker Suite, Op. 71a

Tchaikovsky made a selection of eight of the numbers from the ballet before the ballet's December 1892 première, forming The Nutcracker Suite, Op. 71a, intended for concert performance. The suite was first performed, under the composer's direction, on 19 March 1892 at an assembly of the Saint Petersburg branch of the Musical Society.[41] The suite became instantly popular, with almost every number encored at its premiere,[42] while the complete ballet did not begin to achieve its great popularity until after the George Balanchine staging became a hit in New York City.[43] The suite became very popular on the concert stage, and was excerpted in Disney's Fantasia, omitting the two movements prior to the Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy. The outline below represents the selection and sequence of the Nutcracker Suite made by the composer:

Grainger: Paraphrase on Tchaikovsky's Flower Waltz, for solo piano

The Paraphrase on Tchaikovsky's Flower Waltz is a successful piano arrangement from one of the movements from The Nutcracker by the pianist and composer Percy Grainger.

Pletnev: Concert suite from The Nutcracker, for solo piano

The pianist and conductor Mikhail Pletnev adapted some of the music into a virtuosic concert suite for piano solo:

Contemporary arrangements

Selected discography

The Nutcracker Suite, made its initial appearance on disc in 1909 in an abridged performance on the Odeon label. Historically, this 4 disc set is considered to be the first record album.[59] The recording was conducted by Herman Finck and featured the London Palace Orchestra.[60] It was not until after the modern LP record appeared in 1948 that recordings of the complete ballet began to be made. Because of the ballet's approximate ninety minute length when performed without intermission, applause, or interpolated numbers, the music requires two LPs. Most CD issues of the music take up two discs, often with fillers. An exception is the 81-minute 1998 Philips recording by Valery Gergiev that fits onto one CD because of Gergiev's somewhat brisker tempi.

With the advent of the stereo LP coinciding with the growing popularity of the complete ballet, many other complete recordings have been made. Notable conductors who have done so include Maurice Abravanel, André Previn, Michael Tilson Thomas, Mariss Jansons, Seiji Ozawa, Richard Bonynge, Semyon Bychkov, Alexander Vedernikov, Ondrej Lenard, Mikhail Pletnev, and Simon Rattle.[66] [67]

There have been two major theatrical film versions of the ballet, and both have corresponding soundtrack albums.

Ormandy, Reiner and Fiedler never recorded a complete version of the ballet; however, Kunzel's album of excerpts runs 73 minutes, containing more than two-thirds of the music. Conductor Neeme Järvi has recorded act 2 of the ballet complete, along with excerpts from Swan Lake. The music is played by the Royal Scottish National Orchestra.[71]

Ethnic stereotypes and cultural misattribution

In the United States, commentary emerged in the 2010s about the Chinese and Arabian characteristic dances. In a 2014 article titled "Sorry, 'The Nutcracker' Is Racist", writer Alice Robb panned the typical choreography of the Chinese dance as white people wearing "harem pants and a straw hat, eyes painted to look slanted" and "wearing chopsticks in their black wigs"; the Arabian dance, she said, has a woman who "slinks around the stage in a belly shirt, bells attached to her ankles". Similarly, dance professor Jennifer Fisher at the University of California, Irvine, complained in 2018 about the use in the Chinese dance of "bobbing, subservient 'kowtow' steps, Fu Manchu mustaches, and, especially, the often-used saffron-tinged makeup, widely known as 'yellowface.'"In 2013, Dance Magazine printed the opinions of three directors: Ronald Alexander of Steps on Broadway and The Harlem School of the Arts said the characters in some of the dances were "borderline caricatures, if not downright demeaning", and that some productions had made changes to improve this; Stoner Winslett of the Richmond Ballet said The Nutcracker was not racist and that her productions had a "diverse cast"; and Donald Byrd of Spectrum Dance Theater saw the ballet as Eurocentric and not racist.[72] Some people who have performed in productions of the ballet do not see a problem because they are continuing what is viewed as "a tradition".[73] According to George Balanchine, the Arabian dance was a sensuous belly dance intended for the fathers, not the children.[74]

Among the attempts to change the dances in the United States were Austin McCormick making the Arabian dance into a pole dance, and San Francisco Ballet and Pittsburgh Ballet Theater changing the Chinese dance to a dragon dance. Georgina Pazcoguin of the New York City Ballet and former dancer Phil Chan started the "Final Bow for Yellowface" movement and created a web site which explained the history of the practices and suggested changes. One of their points was that only the Chinese dance made dancers look like an ethnic group other than the one they belonged to. The New York City Ballet went on to drop geisha wigs and makeup and change some dance moves. Some other ballet companies followed.[75]

The Nutcrackers "Arabian" dance is in fact an embellished, exotified version of a traditional Georgian lullaby, with no genuine connection to the Arab culture.[76] Alastair Macaulay of The New York Times defended Tchaikovsky, saying he "never intended his Chinese and Arabian music to be ethnographically correct".[77] He said, "their extraordinary color and energy are far from condescending, and they make the world of 'The Nutcracker' larger."[77] To change anything is to "unbalance The Nutcracker" with music the author did not write. If there were stereotypes, Tchaikovsky also used them in representing his own country of Russia.[77]

In popular culture

Film

Several films having little or nothing to do with the ballet or the original Hoffmann tale have used its music:

Television

Children's recordings

There have been several recorded children's adaptations of the E. T. A. Hoffmann story (the basis for the ballet) using Tchaikovsky's music, some quite faithful, some not. One that was not was a version titled The Nutcracker Suite for Children, narrated by Metropolitan Opera announcer Milton Cross, which used a two-piano arrangement of the music. It was released as a 78-RPM album set in the 1940s. A later version, titled The Nutcracker Suite, starred Denise Bryer and a full cast, was released in the 1960s on LP and made use of Tchaikovsky's music in the original orchestral arrangements. It was quite faithful to Hoffmann's story The Nutcracker and the Mouse King, on which the ballet is based, even to the point of including the section in which Clara cuts her arm on the glass toy cabinet, and also mentioning that she married the Prince at the end. It also included a less gruesome version of "The Tale of the Hard Nut", the tale-within-a-tale in Hoffmann's story. It was released as part of the Tale Spinners for Children series.[89]

Spike Jones produced a 78 rpm record set "Spike Jones presents for the kiddies The Nutcracker Suite (with Apologies to Tchaikovsky)" in 1944. It includes the tracks: "The Little Girl's Dream", "Land of the Sugar Plum Fairy", "The Fairy Ball", "The Mysterious Room", "Back to the Fairy Ball" and "End of the Little Girl's Dream". This is all done in typical Spike Jones style, with the addition of choruses and some swing music. The entire recording is available at archive.com[90]

Journalism

Popular music

Video games

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Fisher, J.. 2003. Nutcracker Nation: How an Old World Ballet Became a Christmas Tradition in the New World. New Haven. Yale University Press.
  2. News: The Nutcracker brings big bucks to ballet companies. Agovino. Theresa. 23 December 2013. Crain's New York Business. 3 November 2017.
  3. News: Daniel J.. Wakin. Coming Next Year: Nutcracker Competition. The New York Times. 30 November 2009.
  4. Anderson, J. (1958). The Nutcracker Ballet, New York: Mayflower Books.
  5. Hoffmann, E. T. A., Dumas, A., Neugroschel, J. (2007). Nutcracker and Mouse King, and the Tale of the Nutcracker, New York
  6. News: Tchaikovsky's 'Nutcracker' a rite of winter thanks to its glorious music and breathtaking dances . Cleveland.com . Cleveland . Donald . Rosenberg . 22 November 2009 . 4 November 2010.
  7. Web site: Tchaikovsky . Balletalert.com . 10 December 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120316050603/http://www.balletalert.com/ballets/19th%20century/Nuts/tchaikov.htm . 16 March 2012.
  8. Web site: History of Nutcracker. nutcracker.com. 2024-03-06.
  9. Web site: Nutcracker History . Balletmet.org . 18 December 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081210074206/http://www.balletmet.org/Notes/NutHist.html . 10 December 2008.
  10. Book: Wiley, Roland John. Roland John Wiley. 1991. Tchaikovsky's Ballets: Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker. Oxford. Oxford University Press.
  11. Web site: Ballet Talk [Powered by Invision Power Board] |publisher=Ballettalk.invisionzone.com |date=26 November 2008 |access-date=7 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917225740/http://ballettalk.invisionzone.com/index.php?act=Print&client=printer&f=18&t=28368 |archive-date=17 September 2009].
  12. News: Christmas cracker . London . The Times . Debra . Craine . 8 December 2007.
  13. Web site: Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo. Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo records, 1935–1968 (MS Thr 463): Guide.. 3 February 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001625/http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu//oasis/deliver/deepLink?_collection=oasis&uniqueId=hou00231. 4 March 2016. dead.
  14. Web site: Remembering Jocelyn Vollmar (1925-2018): SF Ballet's 1st Snow Queen sparkled on- and offstage.
  15. Web site: About : Ballet West.
  16. Web site: Maria Tallchief . The Kennedy Center . . 15 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150708024003/http://www.kennedy-center.org/explorer/artists/?entity_id=3758&source_type=A . 8 July 2015 . dead .
  17. Soviet ed., where they are printed in the original French with added Russian translation in editorial footnotes
  18. Yekaterina . Maximova . Vladimir . Vasiliev. 1967 . Nutcracker Suite Performed By The Bolshoi (1967) . Moscow, Russia. British Pathé.
  19. Dancers of the Moscow Ballet. 2017 . Doll Dance . Moscow, Russia. Moscow Ballet. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/8QIPu3fC2vU. 30 October 2021.
  20. Dancers of the Moscow Ballet. 2017 . The Rat King Appears. Moscow, Russia. Moscow Ballet. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/GfFLjXszBiQ. 30 October 2021.
  21. Dancers of the SemperOperBallett. 2016 . Snow Pas de Deux. Dresden, Germany. SemperOperBallett. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/NEo4dGZiGJQ. 30 October 2021.
  22. Bolshoi Ballet. 2015 . The Nutcracker (Casse-Noisette) – Bolshoi Ballet in Cinema (Preview 1) . Moscow, Russia. Pathé Live. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/LfWitZRppeE. 30 October 2021.
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  37. Tchaikovsky By David Brown W. W. Norton & Company, 1992 page 332
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  75. News: Op-Ed: 'Yellowface' in 'The Nutcracker' isn't a benign ballet tradition, it's racist stereotyping. Fisher. Jennifer. Los Angeles Times. 11 December 2018. 13 February 2020.
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