Nusach (Jewish custom) explained

In Judaism, Nusach (Hebrew: נוסח|translit=nusaḥ, Modern Hebrew pronunciation nusakh,^[1] plural (nusaḥim, also Yiddish: נוסחאות|nuskhóes)) is the exact text of a prayer service; sometimes the English word "rite" is used to refer to the same thing. Nusakh means "formulate" or "wording".

Texts used by different communities include Nosach Teiman, Nusach Ashkenaz, Nusach Sefard, Nusach Edot Hamizrach, and Nusach Ari.

Textual nusach is distinct from musical nusach, which refers to the musical style or tradition of a community, particularly the chant used for recitative prayers such as the Amidah.

Meanings

Nusach primarily means "text" or "version", the correct wording of a religious text or liturgy. Thus, the nusach tefillah is the text of the prayers, either generally or in a particular community.

In common use, nusach has come to signify the entire liturgical tradition of the community, including the musical rendition. It is one example of minhag, which includes traditions on Jewish customs of all types.

Varieties

Nusach Ashkenaz

See main article: article and Nusach Ashkenaz. Nusach Ashkenaz is the style of service conducted by Ashkenazi Jews, originating from central and eastern Europe. It is the shortest lengthwise except for the Yemenite Baladi-rite prayer.

It may be subdivided into the German, or western, branch ("Minhag Ashkenaz"), used in western and central Europe, and the Polish/Lithuanian branch ("Minhag Polin"), used in eastern Europe, the United States and among Ashkenazim, particularly those who identify as "Lithuanian", in Israel.

The form used in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth (except Canada, which follows the American style), known as "Minhag Anglia" ^[2] is technically a subform of "Minhag Polin" but has many similarities to the German rite. See Singer's Siddur.

Nusach Sefard

See main article: article and Nusach Sefard. Nusach Sefard is the style of service used by some Jews of central and eastern European origins, especially Hasidim, who adopted some Sephardic customs emulating the practice of the Ari's circle of kabbalists, most of whom lived in the Land of Israel. Textually speaking it is based on the Sephardic rite, but in melody and feel it is overwhelmingly Ashkenazi.

Nusach Ari

See main article: article and Nusach Ari. Nusach Ari means, in a general sense, any prayer rite following the usages of Rabbi Isaac Luria, the AriZal, in the 16th century.

Many Chabad Hasidim refer to their variant of Nusach Sefard as Nusach Ari.

Sephardi and Mizrachi nuschaot

See main article: article and Sephardic law and customs.

There is not one generally recognized uniform nusach for Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews. Instead, Sephardim and Mizrahim follow several slightly different but closely related nuschaot.

The nearest approach to a standard text is found in the siddurim printed in Livorno from the 1840s until the early 20th century. These (and later versions printed in Vienna) were widely used throughout the Sephardic and Mizrahi world. Another popular variant was the text known as Nusach ha-Hida, named after Chaim Yosef David Azulai. Both these versions were particularly influential in Greece, Iran, Turkey and North Africa. However, most communities also had unwritten customs which they would observe, rather than following the printed siddurim exactly: it is easy, from the printed materials, to get the impression that usage in the Ottoman Empire around 1900 was more uniform than it really was.

Other variants include:

• the customs of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews, based on an older form of the Castilian rite, with some influence from the customs both of Italian Jews and of Northern Morocco. This version is distinguished by the near-absence of Kabbalistic elements.
• Nusah Adot Hamizrah, originating among Iraqi Jews but now popular in many other communities. These are based on the opinions of Yosef Hayyim and have a strong Kabbalistic flavour.
• Minhag Aram Soba, as used by Syrian Musta'arabi Jews in earlier centuries (the current Syrian rite is closely based on the Livorno prints).
• the Moroccan rite, also related to the text of the Livorno prints but with a strong local flavour. This subdivides into the customs of the Spanish-speaking northern strip and the Arabic-speaking interior of the country.
• formerly, there were variants from different parts of Spain and Portugal, perpetuated in particular synagogues in Thessaloniki and elsewhere, e.g. the Lisbon and Catalan rites, and some North African rites appear to reflect Catalan as well as Castilian influence.^[3]

Under the influence of the former Sephardi Chief Rabbi, Rabbi Ovadia Yosef, many Israeli Sephardim have adopted a nusach based largely on the Nusach Edot Hamizrach but omitting some of the Kabbalistic additions.

Nosach Teman

See main article: article and Baladi-rite Prayer.

A "Temani" nosach was the standard among the Jews of Yemen. This is divided into the Baladi (purely Yemenite) and Shami (adopted from Sephardic siddurim)^[4] versions. Both rites are recited using the unique Yemenite pronunciation of Hebrew, which Yemenite Jews, and some scholars, regard as the most authentic, and most closely related to the Hebrew of Ancient Israel.

The Baladi rite is very close to that codified by Maimonides in his Mishneh Torah. One form of it is used by the Dor Daim, who attempt to safeguard the older Baladi tradition of Yemenite Jewish observance. This version used by dardaim was originally used by all Yemenite Jews near the time of Maimonides.

Nussach Eretz Yisrael

In the period of the Geonim, Jews in Israel followed the Nussach Eretz Yisrael which is based upon the Talmud Yerushalmi (Jerusalem Talmud), while the Jewish diaspora followed the customs of Babylonian Jewry.^[5]

The modern Nusach Eretz Yisrael is a recent attempt by Rabbi David Bar-Hayim at reconstructing the ancient Nussach Eretz Yisrael, based on the Jerusalem Talmud and documents discovered in the Cairo Geniza and other sources. The reconstruction is published in the form of a siddur ("prayer book"), and used by Rabbi Bar-Hayim's Jerusalem followers in public prayers held in Machon Shilo's synagogue.^[6]

Other nuschaot

In addition, there are other nuschaot.

• Nussach HaGR"A was a very brief version of Nussach Ashkenaz written by the Vilna Gaon, removing some passages which he believed had were not in the original prayer text, correcting some grammatical errors (according to him), and some additional small changes.
• The Minhag Italiani and Minhag Benè Romì are used by some Italian Jews, as well as by a small number of minyanim in Jerusalem and Netanya.
• Closely related to these was the "Romaniote" rite^[7] from Greece where have lived an ancient, pre-Diaspora Jewish community. The surviving Romaniote synagogues are in Ioannina, Chalkis, Athens, Tel Aviv, Jerusalem and New York. These now use a Sephardic rite but with Romaniote variations, selections of a few Romaniote piyyutim, combined with own melodies and customs and their special form of Byzantine-Jewish Cantillation.^[8] There were formerly Romaniote synagogues in Istanbul. (The customs of Corfu are a blend between Romaniote, Apulian and Sephardic rites.)^[9]
• There was once a French nusach, closely related to the Ashkenazi. The rite mostly died out after the expulsion of Jews from France in 1394, but certain usages survived on the High holidays only in the Appam community of Northwest Italy until shortly after WWII, and has since become extinct.^[10]
• In the Middle Ages, there was a unique Nusach Morocco, unrelated to Sephardic liturgy, this original minhag has not be practiced since shortly after the Expulsion of Jews from Spain, and it is unfortunately not well documented.^[11]
• Distinct Persian^[12] and Provençal^[13] nuschaot also existed before being gradually replaced by the Edot Hamizrach and Spanish and Portuguese nuschaot respectively.
• Until the 16th century, the Aleppo community had its unique prayer rite.^[14] After Jews expelled from Spain arrived, they managed to convince the local community to adopt their practices, and the rite died out completely.
• The Jews of Catalonia had a Nusach distinct from the "standard" Spanish rite. This rite was preserved partially until the 20th century.^[15]
• The Urfalim Jews of south eastern Anatolia follow their own prayer rite, which differs from the Syrian, Kurdish and Iraqi Jewish rites.

It is said among some mystics that an as-yet undisclosed nusach will be revealed after the coming of the Mashiach, the Jewish Messiah. Others say that the differences in nusach are derived from differences between the twelve tribes of Israel, and that in Messianic times each tribe will have its proper nusach. The concept of one nusach for each of the 12 tribes was formulated by R' Isaac Luria; at the time there were exactly 12 Jewish communities in Luria's city of Safed, and each community's nusach was meant to stand in place of that of one of the tribes.^[16]

Halakhot

Most halakhic authorities believe that one should follow the nusach of one's family, or at the very least follow one nusach consistently. Rabbi David Bar-Hayim disputes this and permits a Jew to change his nusach at any time, even on a daily basis.^{[17] [18] [19]}

See also

• Minhag
• Siddur

External links

• A Historical Map of Jewish Liturgical Influence and Variation
• Western Ashkenazi Nusach
• Audio and text from the traditional Siddur SiddurAudio.com

Notes and References

1. Nosaḥ (Hebrew:) in the Yemenite tradition.
2. [Raymond Apple (rabbi)|Apple, Raymond]
3. In 2019, Idan Peretz publish "Siddur Catalonia" based on manuscripts.
4. Note that Rabbi Shalom ben Aharon Ha-Kohen Iraqi would go to a different synagogue each Shabbath with printed Sefardic siddurim, requesting that they pray in the Sephardic rite and forcing it upon them if necessary (Rabbi Yosef Kapach, Passover Aggadta [Hebrew], p. 11).
5. Ha-Chilukim Bein Anshei Ha-Mizrach Uvne Eretz Yisrael, edition Margaliot, Jerusalem, 1928, "The differences between the people in the east and the people of Eretz Yisrael", from the early Geonic period; Nusach Eretz Yisrael .
6. Web site: Nusaḥ Ereṣ Yisrael :: Tefillat Minḥah, Birkat HaMazon, and Tefillat HaDerekh . 2020-08-02 . 2020-08-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806222447/https://opensiddur.org/compilations/liturgical/siddurim/weekday-siddur/siddur-nusah-eretz-yisrael-minha-birkat-hamazon-tefillat-haderekh/ . live .
7. https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH001163513/NLI Siddur Tefillot ha-Shanah le-minhag kehillot Romania
8. Ross, M. S., Europäisches Zentrum für Jüdische Musik, CD-Projekt: „Synagogale Musik der romaniotischen Juden Griechenlands“ -ongoing/2016-
9. Connerty, Mary C. Judeo-Greek: The Language, The Culture. Jay Street Publishing, 2003.
10. Daniel Goldschimdt, Rosh Hashanah Machzor, page 13 of introduction.
11. Moshe Amar, Ets Haim, Ramat Gan 1987.
12. Shelomo Tal, Nosaḥ ha-Tefillah shel Yehude Paras.
13. https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH001326450/NLI Seder ha-Tamid
14. There are 2 surviving copies of the first printing of this rite from 1527, both of which are missing pages. Recently, Yad HaRav Nissim produced a facsimile of a combination of the two copies, using pages from one edition where the other was is missing, see here. The copy that from the National Library of Israel is scanned and available here. It was printed once more in 1560, but the second printing was highly censored, see a reprint of Volume I and Volume II.
15. See the High Holiday Machzor according to the rite published in Salonica in 1927. The siddur of this rite was not published until Idan Peretz published it based on manuscripts in 2019, see the article on the blog of the National Library of Israel.
16. Joseph Davis, The Reception of the "Shulḥan 'Arukh" and the Formation of Ashkenazic Jewish Identity, AJS Review: Vol. 26, No. 2 (Nov., 2002), pp. 251-276 (26 pages), pages 254-256. Davis writes that the twelve communities had their origins in 'Portugal, Castile, Aragon, Seville, Cordoba, the Maghreb, "Italy," Calabria, Apulia, the Arab lands, Germany, and Hungary'.
17. Web site: Bar-Hayim. David. What is the Proper Nusach Tefillah?. Machon Shilo. Machon Shilo. 4 October 2017. 5 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171005050658/http://machonshilo.org/en/eng/list-audio-shiurim/42-nusachyisrael/432-tephillah-what-is-the-proper-nusah. live.
18. Web site: Not Changing Nusach Tefillah - An Invented Halacha- Interview with Rabbi David Bar-Hayim. supermp3song.net. mp3xyz.co. 4 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191309/http://mp3xyz.co/play/not-changing-nusach-tefillah-an-invented-halacha-interview-with-rabbi-david-barhayim/Wbg2ZnSbEic.html. 4 October 2017. dead.
19. Web site: Bar-Hayim. David. Not Changing Nusach Tefillah - An Invented Halacha. Machon Shilo. Machon Shilo. 4 October 2017. 4 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171004190454/http://machonshilo.org/en/eng/component/content/article/34-featured/787-not-changing-nusach-tefillah-an-invented-halacha. live.