Nuclear spectroscopy explained

Nuclear spectroscopy is a superordinate concept of methods that uses properties of a nucleus to probe material properties.^{[1] [2]} By emission or absorption of radiation from the nucleus information of the local structure is obtained, as an interaction of an atom with its closest neighbours. Or a radiation spectrum of the nucleus is detected. Most methods base on hyperfine interactions, which are the interaction of the nucleus with its interaction of its atom's electrons and their interaction with the nearest neighbor atoms as well as external fields. Nuclear spectroscopy is mainly applied to solids and liquids, rarely in gases. Its methods are important tools in condensed matter physics,^{[3] [4]} solid state chemistry.^[5], and analysis of chemical composition (analytical chemistry).

Methods

In nuclear physics these methods are used to study properties of the nucleus itself.

Methods for studies of the nucleus:

• Gamma spectroscopy
• Hypernuclear spectroscopy^[6]

Methods for condensed matter studies:

• Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
• Mössbauer spectroscopy
• Perturbed angular correlation (PAC, TDPAC, PAC spectroscopy)
• Muon spin spectroscopy
• Nuclear orientation
• Channeling
• Nuclear reaction analysis
• Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR)

Methods for trace element analysis:

• Neutron activation analysis (NAA)
• Associated particle imaging (API)

Notes and References

1. Book: Glascock, Michael . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288157310 . Nuclear Spectroscopy . Treatise on Geochemistry . 2013-11-01 . Treatise on Geochemistry: Second Edition . 273–290 . 10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.01419-4 . 9780080983004 . 2019-12-08.
2. Synopsis: Nuclear Spectroscopy Reveals New Shapes of Excited Nuclei . 2019-10-03 . . U.S. . 10.1103/physrevlett.123.142502 . 31702191. Garrett. P. E.. Rodríguez. T. R.. Varela. A. D.. Green. K. L.. Bangay. J.. Finlay. A.. Austin RAE. Ball. G. C.. Bandyopadhyay. D. S.. Bildstein. V.. Colosimo. S.. Cross. D. S.. Demand. G. A.. Finlay. P.. Garnsworthy. A. B.. Grinyer. G. F.. Hackman. G.. Jigmeddorj. B.. Jolie. J.. Kulp. W. D.. Leach. K. G.. Morton. A. C.. Orce. J. N.. Pearson. C. J.. Phillips. A. A.. Radich. A. J.. Rand. E. T.. Schumaker. M. A.. Svensson. C. E.. Sumithrarachchi. C.. Physical Review Letters. 123. 14. 142502. 207934601 . 29.
3. Nuclear condensed matter physics, Günter Schatz and Alois Weidinger,
4. Th. Wichert, N. Achtziger, H. Metzner, R. Sielemann: Perturbed angular correlation. In: G. Langouche (Hrsg.): Hyperfine Interactions of Defects in Semiconductors. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1992,, S. 77.
5. Methods in Physical Chemistry, Rolf Schäfer, Peter C. Schmidt, Print, Online,
6. 10.1088/1742-6596/299/1/012013 . 299 . 1 . Hypernuclear Spectroscopy . Journal of Physics: Conference Series . 012013. 2011. Garibaldi. F.. Hashimoto . O. . Lerose . J. J. . Markowitz . P. . Nakamura . S. N. . Reinhold . J. . Tang . L. . 2011JPhCS.299a2013G . free .