Nuclear density explained

Nuclear density is the density of the nucleus of an atom. For heavy nuclei, it is close to the nuclear saturation density

n _{0=0.15\pm0.01} nucleons/fm³, which minimizes the energy density of an infinite nuclear matter.^[1] The nuclear saturation mass density is thus \rho _{0=n} _{0} m _{\rm} ≈ 2 . 5 x 10 ^{17} kg/m³, where m_u is the atomic mass constant. The descriptive term nuclear density is also applied to situations where similarly high densities occur, such as within neutron stars.

Evaluation

The nuclear density of a typical nucleus can be approximately calculated from the size of the nucleus, which itself can be approximated based on the number of protons and neutrons in it. The radius of a typical nucleus, in terms of number of nucleons, is

R = A ^{1/3} R _{0} where A is the mass number and R _{0} is 1.25 fm, with typical deviations of up to 0.2 fm from this value. The number density of the nucleus is thus:n = (A)/({ 4 \over 3) \pi R ^{3}} The density for any typical nucleus, in terms of mass number, is thus constant, not dependent on A or R, theoretically:n ^{theor} _{0} = (A)/({ 4 \over 3) \pi (A ^{1/3} R ^{3 }} _{0 )} = (3)/(4 \pi ( 1 . 25 fm ) ^{3}) = 0 . 122 fm ^{-3} = 1 . 22 x 10 ^{44} m ^{-3}

The experimentally determined value for the nuclear saturation density is

n ^{exp =0 . 15 \pm 0 . 01 fm} _{0} ^{-3} = ( 1 . 5 \pm 0 . 1 ) x 10 ^{44} m ^{-3} .

The mass density ρ is the product of the number density n by the particle's mass. The calculated mass density, using a nucleon mass of m_n=1.67×10⁻²⁷ kg, is thus:

\rho ^{theor = m} _{n n} ^{theor} ^{0} ≈ 2 x 10 ^{17} kg m ^{-3} (using the theoretical estimate)

or

\rho ^{exp = m} _{n n} ^{exp} ^{0} ≈ 2 . 5 x 10 ^{17} kg m ^{-3} (using the experimental value).

Applications and extensions

The components of an atom and of a nucleus have varying densities. The proton is not a fundamental particle, being composed of quark–gluon matter. Its size is approximately 10⁻¹⁵ meters and its density 10¹⁸ kg/m³. The descriptive term nuclear density is also applied to situations where similarly high densities occur, such as within neutron stars.

Using deep inelastic scattering, it has been estimated that the "size" of an electron, if it is not a point particle, must be less than 10⁻¹⁷ meters. This would correspond to a density of roughly 10²¹ kg/m³.

There are possibilities for still-higher densities when it comes to quark matter. In the near future, the highest experimentally measurable densities will likely be limited to leptons and quarks.

See also

• Electron degeneracy pressure
• Nuclear matter
• Quark–gluon plasma

External links

• Web site: The Atomic Nucleus . 2014-11-18. (derivation of equations and other mathematical descriptions)

Notes and References

1. Horowitz . C. J. . Piekarewicz . J. . Reed . Brendan . Insights into nuclear saturation density from parity-violating electron scattering . . 2020 . 102 . 4. 044321 . 10.1103/PhysRevC.102.044321 . 2007.07117 . 2020PhRvC.102d4321H . 222080305 . September 7, 2022.