The Novgorod cross is a type of cross which combines two geometric shapes - cross and circle. It is sometimes considered a variation of the Cross pattée. Often the ends of the cross are completely inscribed in a circle.[1] It is visually similar to the Celtic cross but originated in Eastern Europe rather than the British Isles
This form of cross was common in Novgorod land. In the process of development, by the 15th century, the form of Novgorod crosses changes to a form of "round cross", resembling not so much a cross as a disc with four slits. In other lands and among other traditions this form of cross is rarely used.
There is a variety that combines a circle and a cross, the ends of which, projecting beyond the circle, also have cross-shaped ends.[2]
One of the most famous crosses belonging to the Novgorod type is Alexius' cross of the XIV century - a stone, inlay, bowed cross, erected by Archbishop of Novgorod Alexius (hence its name) on the western wall of the Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod. Presumably dates from the time after 1380 and is considered a monument in honor of Kulikovo Battle.[3]