| Election Name: | November 2019 Spanish general election |
| Country: | Spain |
| Type: | parliamentary |
| Ongoing: | no |
| Previous Election: | April 2019 Spanish general election |
| Previous Year: | 2019 (Apr) |
| Next Election: | 2023 Spanish general election |
| Next Year: | 2023 |
| Outgoing Members: | 13th Cortes Generales |
| Elected Members: | 14th Cortes Generales |
| Seats For Election: | All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 265) seats in the Senate 176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies |
| Opinion Polls: | Opinion polling for the November 2019 Spanish general election |
| Registered: | 37,001,379 0.3% |
| Turnout: | 24,507,715 (66.2%) 5.5 pp |
| Election Date: | 10 November 2019 |
| Leader1: | Pedro Sánchez |
| Party1: | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party |
| Leader Since1: | 18 June 2017 |
| Leaders Seat1: | Madrid |
| Last Election1: | 123 seats, 28.7% |
| Seats1: | 120 |
| Seat Change1: | 3 |
| Popular Vote1: | 6,792,199 |
| Percentage1: | 28.0% |
| Swing1: | 0.7 pp |
| Leader2: | Pablo Casado |
| Party2: | People's Party (Spain) |
| Leader Since2: | 21 July 2018 |
| Leaders Seat2: | Madrid |
| Last Election2: | 66 seats, 16.7% |
| Seats2: | 89 |
| Seat Change2: | 23 |
| Popular Vote2: | 5,047,040 |
| Percentage2: | 20.8% |
| Swing2: | 4.1 pp |
| Leader3: | Santiago Abascal |
| Party3: | Vox (political party) |
| Leader Since3: | 20 September 2014 |
| Leaders Seat3: | Madrid |
| Last Election3: | 24 seats, 10.3% |
| Seats3: | 52 |
| Seat Change3: | 28 |
| Popular Vote3: | 3,656,979 |
| Percentage3: | 15.1% |
| Swing3: | 4.8 pp |
| Leader4: | Pablo Iglesias |
| Party4: | Unidas Podemos |
| Leader Since4: | 15 November 2014 |
| Leaders Seat4: | Madrid |
| Last Election4: | 42 seats, 14.3% |
| Seats4: | 35 |
| Seat Change4: | 7 |
| Popular Vote4: | 3,119,364 |
| Percentage4: | 12.9% |
| Swing4: | 1.4 pp |
| Leader5: | Gabriel Rufián |
| Party5: | ERC–Sobiranistes |
| Leader Since5: | 14 October 2019 |
| Leaders Seat5: | Barcelona |
| Last Election5: | 15 seats, 3.9% |
| Seats5: | 13 |
| Seat Change5: | 2 |
| Popular Vote5: | 880,734 |
| Percentage5: | 3.6% |
| Swing5: | 0.3 pp |
| Leader6: | Albert Rivera |
| Party6: | Citizens (Spanish political party) |
| Leader Since6: | 9 July 2006 |
| Leaders Seat6: | Madrid |
| Last Election6: | 57 seats, 15.9% |
| Seats6: | 10 |
| Seat Change6: | 47 |
| Popular Vote6: | 1,650,318 |
| Percentage6: | 6.8% |
| Swing6: | 9.1 pp |
| Prime Minister | |
| Posttitle: | Prime Minister after election |
| Before Election: | Pedro Sánchez (acting) |
| Before Party: | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party |
| After Election: | Pedro Sánchez |
| After Party: | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party |
The November 2019 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 10 November 2019, to elect the 14th Cortes Generales of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 265 seats in the Senate.
The election was held as provided under article 99.5 of the Spanish Constitution,[1] as a result of the failure in government formation negotiations between the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and Unidas Podemos following Pedro Sánchez's failed investiture voting on 23–25 July 2019. On 17 September 2019, King Felipe VI declined to propose any candidate for investiture ahead of the 23 September deadline as a result of the lack of agreement between parties, with a new general election scheduled for 10 November.[2] [3] [4] [5] The failure in negotiations prompted Podemos founder Íñigo Errejón to turn his regional Más Madrid platform—which had obtained a remarkable result in the 26 May Madrilenian regional election—into a national alliance under the newly created brand of Más País,[6] [7] comprising a number of regional parties and former Podemos and United Left (IU) allies, such as Coalició Compromís, Equo or Chunta Aragonesista (CHA), while also seeing an exodus of a number of Podemos officials into Errejón's new party.[8] [9]
Voter turnout was the lowest since the transition to democracy in 1975, with just 66.2% of the electorate casting a ballot, which was lower than the previous negative record set in the 2016 election (66.5%), the only other occasion in Spanish democracy that an election was triggered as a result of the failure of a government formation process. The election saw a partial recovery for the People's Party (PP) and large gains for the far-right Vox party at the expense of Citizens (Cs), which suffered one of the largest electoral setbacks in the history of Spanish elections following the party scoring its best historical result in the April 2019 general election, signalling the end of Albert Rivera's active political career.[10] Both PSOE and Unidas Podemos saw slight decreases in both popular vote and seats, but were still able to outperform the combined strength of PP, Vox and Cs; consequently, both parties agreed to set aside their political feuds and successfully negotiated a government shortly after the election, to become the first governing coalition in Spain since the Second Spanish Republic.[11] [12] [13]
The tenure of the newly formed government, which was formally appointed on 13 January 2020, would be quickly overshadowed by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in March and its political and economical consequences, including the worst worldwide recession since the Great Depression resulting from the massive lockdowns enforced to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
The Spanish were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive (yet limited in number) functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which were not subject to the Congress' override.[14] [15] Voting for the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights.[16] Additionally, Spaniards abroad were required to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish; Castilian: Voto rogado).[17] [18]
For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting.[19] [20] The use of the electoral method resulted in an effective threshold based on the district magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies.[21]
As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:[22]
| Seats | Constituencies | |
|---|---|---|
| 37 | Madrid | |
| 32 | Barcelona | |
| 15 | Valencia | |
| 12 | Alicante, Seville | |
| 11 | Málaga | |
| 10 | Murcia | |
| 9 | Cádiz | |
| 8 | A Coruña, Balearic Islands, Biscay, Las Palmas | |
| 7 | Asturias, Granada, Pontevedra, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Zaragoza | |
| 6 | Almería, Badajoz, Córdoba, Gipuzkoa, Girona, Tarragona, Toledo | |
| 5 | Cantabria, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Huelva, Jaén, Navarre, Valladolid | |
| 4 | Álava, Albacete, Burgos, Cáceres, La Rioja, León, Lleida, Lugo, Ourense, Salamanca | |
| 3 | Ávila, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Teruel, Zamora | |
| 2 | Soria |
For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting system, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.[23] [24]
The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of parliament and published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication.[25] The previous election was held on 28 April 2019, which meant that the legislature's term would have expired on 28 April 2023. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 4 April 2023, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Sunday, 28 May 2023.
The prime minister had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[26] Barred this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate. Still, as of there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.
The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 24 September 2019 after the publication of the dissolution decree in the BOE, setting the election date for 10 November and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 3 December.[22]
The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.[27] [28]
| Congress of Deputies | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Groups | Parties | Deputies | |||
| Seats | Total | ||||
| Socialist Parliamentary Group | PSOE | 111 | 123 | ||
| PSC | 12 | ||||
| People's Parliamentary Group in the Congress | PP | 66 | 66 | ||
| Citizens Parliamentary Group | Cs | 57 | 57 | ||
| United We Can–In Common We Can–Galicia in Common's Confederal Parliamentary Group | Podemos | 32 | 42 | ||
| IU | 5 | ||||
| CatComú | 4 | ||||
| Equo | 1 | ||||
| Vox Parliamentary Group | Vox | 24 | 24 | ||
| Republican Parliamentary Group | ERC | 13 | 14 | ||
| Sobiranistes | 1 | ||||
| Basque Parliamentary Group (EAJ/PNV) | EAJ/PNV | 6 | 6 | ||
| Mixed Parliamentary Group | JxCat | 7 | 18 | ||
| EH Bildu | 4 | ||||
| CCa | 2 | ||||
| UPN | 2 | ||||
| ERC | 1 | ||||
| Compromís | 1 | ||||
| PRC | 1 | ||||
| Senate | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Groups | Parties | Senators | |||
| Seats | Total | ||||
| Socialist Parliamentary Group | PSOE | 136 | 139 | ||
| PSC | 3 | ||||
| People's Parliamentary Group in the Senate | PP | 69 | 69 | ||
| Republican Left–EH Bildu Parliamentary Group | ERC | 12 | 14 | ||
| EH Bildu | 2 | ||||
| Citizens Parliamentary Group | Cs | 13 | 13 | ||
| Basque Parliamentary Group in the Senate (EAJ/PNV) | EAJ/PNV | 9 | 9 | ||
| Confederal Left Parliamentary Group (Forward Andalusia, More for Majorca, Commitment, More Madrid and Catalonia in Common–We Can) | AA | 1 | 6 | ||
| Més | 1 | ||||
| Más Madrid | 1 | ||||
| Compromís | 1 | ||||
| CatComú | 1 | ||||
| GCE | 1 | ||||
| Nationalist Parliamentary Group in the Senate Together for Catalonia–Canarian Coalition/ Canarian Nationalist Party | JxCat | 4 | 6 | ||
| EAJ/PNV | 1 | ||||
| CCa | 1 | ||||
| Mixed Parliamentary Group | Vox | 1 | 9 | ||
| ERC | 1 | ||||
| UPN | 1 | ||||
| PRC | 1 | ||||
| PAR | 1 | ||||
| ASG | 1 | ||||
The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties, federations or coalitions that had not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election were required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[31] The electoral law provided for a special, simplified process for election re-runs, including a shortening of deadlines, electoral campaigning, the lifting of signature requirements if these had been already met for the immediately previous election and the possibility of maintaining lists and coalitions without needing to go through pre-election procedures again.[32]
Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:
The November 2019 Spanish general election was the first to apply the new electoral procedures introduced for election re-runs as a result of the experience of the 2015–2016 political deadlock leading to the June 2016 election. This consisted of a special, simplified process, including a shortening of deadlines, electoral campaigning, the lifting of signature requirements if these had been already met for the immediately previous election and the possibility of maintaining lists and coalitions without needing to go through the same pre-election procedures again.[32] The key dates are listed below (all times are CET. The Canary Islands used WET (UTC+0) instead):[46]
| Party or alliance | Original slogan | English translation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PSOE | « Ahora Gobierno. Ahora España » « Ahora sí » | "Government now. Spain now" "Yes now" | [47] [48] | ||
| PP | « Por todo lo que nos une » | "For everything that unites us" | [49] | ||
| Cs | « España en marcha » | "Spain underway" | [50] | ||
| Unidas Podemos | « Un Gobierno contigo » | "A Government with you" | [51] [52] [53] | ||
| Vox | « España siempre » | "Always Spain" | [54] | ||
| ERC–Sobiranistes | « Tornarem més forts » | "We shall return stronger" | [55] | ||
| JxCat–Junts | « Per la independència, ni un vot enrere » | "For independence, not a vote back" | [56] | ||
| EAJ/PNV | « Hemen, EAJ-PNV » | "Here, EAJ/PNV" | [57] | ||
| EH Bildu | « Erabaki Baietz! » | "Decide Yes!" | [58] | ||
| CCa–PNC–NC | « Hagamos más fuerte a Canarias » | "Let's make the Canaries stronger" | [59] | ||
| NA+ | « Navarra, clave en España » | "Navarra, key in Spain" | [60] | ||
| BNG | « Facer valer Galiza con voz propia » | "Enforce Galicia with our own voice" | [61] | ||
| Más País | « Desbloquear, avanzar, Más País » | "Unblock, make progress, More Country" | [62] [63] | ||
| CUP–PR | « Ingovernables » | "Ungovernable" | [64] | ||
The pre-campaign period saw the rise of a new left-wing electoral platform, Más País, founded by former Podemos co-founder Íñigo Errejón around his Más Madrid platform, following the failure of the left to agree on a government following the April election.[65] Más País was joined by several other parties, such as Coalició Compromís, Chunta Aragonesista and Equo, the latter of which voted for breaking up its coalition with Unidas Podemos in order to join Errejón's platform.[9] [66] [67] The leadership of Podemos in the Region of Murcia also went on to joint Más País.[8] The platform went on to poll at 6% as soon as it was formed.[68]
On 24 September, the Spanish Supreme Court ruled in favor of the PSOE's plan to remove the remnants of Francisco Franco from the Valle de los Caídos, a key policy of Pedro Sánchez during the previous legislature.[69] The prior of the Valle de los Caídos' abbey, Santiago Cantera, initially announced his intention to disregard the Supreme Court's ruling and not authorize Franco's exhumation;[70] however, the Spanish government closed down the monument to the public on 11 October in order to prepare for the exhumationfinally scheduled for 22 October at latest, so for the removal to be over by 25 Octoberto uphold the Supreme Court's ruling.[71] [72]
On 13 October, the leaders of the Catalan independence movement involved in the events of October 2017 were sentenced by the Supreme Court for sedition and embezzlement to convictions ranging from 9 to 13 years in jail.[73] The ruling unleashed a wave of violent protests throughout Catalonia, and particularly in Barcelona, throughout the ensuing days.[74] [75] [76]
| Date | Organisers | Moderator(s) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PSOE | PP | Cs | UP | Vox | ERC | JxCat | PNV | Audience | |||||
| 1 November | RTVE | Xabier Fortes | NI | 17.7% | [77] [78] | ||||||||
| 2 November | laSexta (La Sexta Noche) | Iñaki López | S | S | S | S | S | S | 8.5% | [79] [80] | |||
| 4 November | TV Academy | Ana Blanco Vicente Vallés | NI | NI | NI | 52.7% | [81] [82] | ||||||
| 7 November | laSexta | Ana Pastor | NI | NI | NI | 19.2% | [83] [84] | ||||||
| Debate | Polling firm/Commissioner | PSOE | PP | Cs | UP | Vox | ERC | PNV | Tie | None | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 November | SocioMétrica/El Español[85] | 14.3 | 17.6 | 19.4 | 16.6 | 18.5 | 6.0 | 3.7 | – | – | 3.9 | |
| 4 November | ElectoPanel/Electomanía[86] | 9.7 | 7.5 | 14.8 | 34.3 | 33.8 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Sigma Dos/Antena 3[87] | 20.0 | 21.5 | 10.8 | 29.5 | 18.2 | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Invymark/laSexta[88] | 32.3 | 17.4 | 12.8 | 15.5 | 13.8 | – | – | – | – | 8.2 | ||
| SocioMétrica/El Español[89] | 20.0 | 26.3 | 13.3 | 15.0 | 21.8 | – | – | – | – | 3.6 | ||
| Ipsos/Henneo[90] | 24.0 | 9.0 | 6.0 | 32.0 | 29.0 | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| NC Report/La Razón[91] | 22.8 | 25.1 | 10.1 | 24.3 | 17.7 | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| CIS[92] | 15.3 | 9.4 | 4.2 | 23.3 | 14.7 | – | – | 3.4 | 23.7 | 6.1 |
See main article: Opinion polling for the November 2019 Spanish general election.
The table below shows registered vote turnout on election day without including voters from the Census of Absent-Residents (CERA).
| Region | Time | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14:00 | 18:00 | 20:00 | ||||||||
| 28A | 10N | +/– | 28A | 10N | +/– | 28A | 10N | +/– | ||
| Andalusia | 38.94% | 35.80% | –3.14 | 57.25% | 54.85% | –2.40 | 73.31% | 68.25% | –5.06 | |
| Aragon | 44.65% | 41.18% | –3.47 | 62.32% | 57.91% | –4.41 | 77.62% | 71.50% | –6.12 | |
| Asturias | 40.15% | 34.42% | –5.73 | 58.67% | 53.50% | –5.17 | 73.35% | 65.48% | –7.87 | |
| Balearic Islands | 38.10% | 30.95% | –7.15 | 54.42% | 47.40% | –7.02 | 67.58% | 58.71% | –8.87 | |
| Basque Country | 41.75% | 40.18% | –1.57 | 60.05% | 57.60% | –2.45 | 74.52% | 68.91% | –5.61 | |
| Canary Islands | 30.72% | 27.08% | –3.64 | 51.00% | 44.36% | –6.64 | 68.14% | 60.46% | –7.68 | |
| Cantabria | 43.12% | 39.12% | –4.00 | 63.65% | 59.28% | –4.37 | 78.09% | 70.83% | –7.26 | |
| Castile and León | 41.80% | 37.29% | –4.51 | 62.00% | 56.70% | –5.30 | 78.24% | 71.37% | –6.87 | |
| Castilla–La Mancha | 42.71% | 38.07% | –4.64 | 62.35% | 57.44% | –4.91 | 78.02% | 71.36% | –6.66 | |
| Catalonia | 43.52% | 40.58% | –2.94 | 64.20% | 59.88% | –4.32 | 77.58% | 72.17% | –5.41 | |
| Extremadura | 42.87% | 37.17% | –5.70 | 60.22% | 54.41% | –5.81 | 76.31% | 69.12% | –7.19 | |
| Galicia | 36.97% | 31.96% | –5.01 | 58.93% | 53.26% | –5.67 | 73.97% | 66.62% | –7.35 | |
| La Rioja | 44.76% | 40.42% | –4.34 | 61.62% | 57.45% | –4.17 | 78.11% | 71.27% | –6.84 | |
| Madrid | 43.61% | 40.98% | –2.63 | 65.11% | 61.50% | –3.61 | 79.75% | 74.54% | –5.21 | |
| Murcia | 43.41% | 39.01% | –4.40 | 61.85% | 57.89% | –3.96 | 75.69% | 69.99% | –5.70 | |
| Navarre | 43.79% | 39.38% | –4.41 | 60.97% | 56.46% | –4.51 | 76.29% | 69.21% | –7.08 | |
| Valencian Community | 45.87% | 42.51% | –3.36 | 61.67% | 59.97% | –1.70 | 76.34% | 71.74% | –4.60 | |
| Ceuta | 30.47% | 27.27% | –3.20 | 48.84% | 43.77% | –5.07 | 63.97% | 56.16% | –7.81 | |
| Melilla | 28.14% | 24.61% | –3.53 | 45.45% | 38.98% | –6.47 | 63.05% | 57.12% | –5.93 | |
| Total | 41.49% | 37.92% | –3.57 | 60.76% | 56.85% | –3.91 | 75.75% | 69.87% | –5.88 | |
| Sources[93] | ||||||||||
| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− | |||
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 6,792,199 | 28.00 | –0.67 | 120 | –3 | ||
| People's Party (PP) | 5,047,040 | 20.81 | +4.12 | 89 | +23 | ||
| Vox (Vox) | 3,656,979 | 15.08 | +4.82 | 52 | +28 | ||
| United We Can (Unidas Podemos) | 3,119,364 | 12.86 | –1.46 | 35 | –7 | ||
| In Common–United We Can (Podemos–EU) | 188,231 | 0.78 | –0.13 | 2 | ±0 | ||
| Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) | 1,650,318 | 6.80 | –9.06 | 10 | –47 | ||
| Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes) | 880,734 | 3.63 | –0.28 | 13 | –2 | ||
| Republican Left of the Valencian Country (ERPV) | 5,875 | 0.02 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| More Country (Más País) | 582,306 | 2.40 | New | 3 | +2 | ||
| More Country–Aragonese Union–Equo (Más País–CHA–Equo) | 23,196 | 0.10 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Together for Catalonia–Together (JxCat–Junts) | 530,225 | 2.19 | +0.28 | 8 | +1 | ||
| Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 379,002 | 1.56 | +0.05 | 6 | ±0 | ||
| Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) | 277,621 | 1.14 | +0.15 | 5 | +1 | ||
| Popular Unity Candidacy–For Rupture (CUP–PR) | 246,971 | 1.02 | New | 2 | +2 | ||
| Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) | 228,856 | 0.94 | –0.31 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Canarian Coalition–New Canaries (CCa–PNC–NC)2 | 124,289 | 0.51 | –0.15 | 2 | ±0 | ||
| Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) | 120,456 | 0.50 | +0.14 | 1 | +1 | ||
| Sum Navarre (NA+) | 99,078 | 0.41 | ±0.00 | 2 | ±0 | ||
| Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) | 68,830 | 0.28 | +0.08 | 1 | ±0 | ||
| Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) | 35,042 | 0.14 | –0.04 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| For a Fairer World (PUM+J) | 27,272 | 0.11 | +0.03 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Teruel Exists (¡TE | ) | 19,761 | 0.08 | New | 1 | +1 | |
| More Left (Més–MxMe–esquerra)3 | 18,295 | 0.08 | –0.02 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Andalusia by Herself (AxSí) | 14,046 | 0.06 | +0.02 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) | 13,828 | 0.06 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) | 13,029 | 0.05 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Yes to the Future (GBai) | 12,709 | 0.05 | –0.04 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Leonese People's Union (UPL) | 10,243 | 0.04 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Spanish Communist Workers' Party (PCOE) | 9,725 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Coalition for Melilla (CpM) | 8,955 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Blank Seats (EB) | 5,970 | 0.02 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| For Ávila (XAV) | 5,416 | 0.02 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Forward–The Greens (Avant/Adelante–LV) | 5,416 | 0.02 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| The Greens (Verdes) | 3,287 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Humanist Party (PH) | 3,150 | 0.01 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Feminist Initiative (IFem) | 3,005 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| We Are Valencian in Movement (UiG–Som–CUIDES) | 2,339 | 0.01 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| We Are Region (Somos Región) | 2,328 | 0.01 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Left in Positive (IZQP) | 2,325 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Canaries Now (ANC–UP) | 2,032 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| With You, We Are Democracy (Contigo) | 2,015 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Aragonese Union (CHA) | 2,000 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Sorian People's Platform (PPSO) | 1,466 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| United Extremadura (EU) | 1,347 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| European Retirees Social Democratic Party (PDSJE) | 1,259 | 0.01 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Libertarian Party (P–LIB) | 1,171 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Social Aragonese Movement (MAS) | 1,068 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| United–Acting for Democracy (Unidos SI–ACPS–DEf) | 1,067 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) | 941 | 0.00 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Andecha Astur (Andecha) | 887 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Movement for Dignity and Citizenship (MDyC) | 819 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Puyalón (PYLN) | 630 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) | 616 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| At Once Valencian Community (aUna CV) | 585 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Regionalist Union of Castile and León (Unión Regionalista) | 530 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Andalusian Convergence (CAnda) | 520 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA) | 461 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| European Solidarity Action Party (Solidaria) | 270 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Andalusian Solidary Independent Republican Party (RISA) | 249 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Centered (centrados) | 234 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Plural Democracy (DPL) | 214 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Revolutionary Anticapitalist Left (IZAR) | 113 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| XXI Convergence (C21) | 72 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Union of Everyone (UdT) | 26 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Blank ballots | 217,227 | 0.90 | +0.14 | ||||
| Total | 24,258,228 | 350 | ±0 | ||||
| Valid votes | 24,258,228 | 98.98 | +0.03 | ||||
| Invalid votes | 249,487 | 1.02 | –0.03 | ||||
| Votes cast / turnout | 24,507,715 | 66.23 | –5.53 | ||||
| Abstentions | 12,493,664 | 33.77 | +5.53 | ||||
| Registered voters | 37,001,379 | ||||||
| Sources[94] [95] | |||||||
| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− | |||
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 19,481,846 | 30.62 | +1.29 | 93 | –30 | ||
| People's Party (PP) | 17,074,301 | 26.84 | +7.68 | 83 | +29 | ||
| United We Can (Unidas Podemos) | 7,884,444 | 12.39 | –0.38 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| In Common–United We Can (Podemos–EU) | 450,767 | 0.71 | –0.03 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) | 4,951,350 | 7.78 | –7.07 | 0 | –4 | ||
| Vox (Vox) | 3,229,631 | 5.08 | –3.27 | 2 | +2 | ||
| Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes) | 3,054,285 | 4.80 | +0.41 | 11 | ±0 | ||
| Republican Left (esquerra)1 | 1,612 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Together for Catalonia–Together (JxCat–Junts) | 1,689,482 | 2.66 | +0.53 | 3 | +1 | ||
| Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 1,152,440 | 1.81 | +0.16 | 9 | ±0 | ||
| Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) | 977,844 | 1.54 | –0.30 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| More Country (Más País) | 960,287 | 1.51 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| More Country (Más País) | 49,420 | 0.08 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) | 842,993 | 1.33 | +0.43 | 1 | ±0 | ||
| Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) | 411,948 | 0.65 | +0.18 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Sum Navarre (NA+) | 309,357 | 0.49 | +0.04 | 3 | ±0 | ||
| Canarian Coalition–New Canaries (CCa–PNC–NC)3 | 220,299 | 0.35 | –0.09 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) | 176,740 | 0.28 | +0.06 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) | 128,201 | 0.20 | –0.04 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| For a Fairer World (PUM+J) | 70,514 | 0.11 | +0.02 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) | 69,326 | 0.11 | +0.04 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Teruel Exists (¡TE | ) | 57,340 | 0.09 | New | 2 | +2 | |
| Yes to the Future (GBai)4 | 52,076 | 0.08 | n/a | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Andalusia by Herself (AxSí) | 50,663 | 0.08 | +0.02 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Leonese People's Union (UPL) | 41,773 | 0.07 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| More Left (Més–esquerra) | 37,727 | 0.06 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Humanist Party (PH) | 28,052 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Blank Seats (EB) | 26,258 | 0.04 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) | 22,767 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| For Ávila (XAV) | 21,340 | 0.03 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Coalition for Melilla (CpM) | 17,427 | 0.03 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Feminist Initiative (IFem) | 14,139 | 0.02 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Forward–The Greens (Avant/Adelante–LV) | 13,099 | 0.02 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| We Are Region (Somos Región) | 12,888 | 0.02 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Aragonese Union (CHA) | 7,622 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| We Are Valencian in Movement (UiG–Som–CUIDES) | 7,058 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| United Extremadura (EU) | 7,021 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Sorian People's Platform (PPSO) | 7,015 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) | 6,350 | 0.01 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Canaries Now (ANC–UP) | 6,196 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Left in Positive (IZQP) | 4,786 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Andecha Astur (Andecha) | 4,518 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| With You, We Are Democracy (Contigo) | 4,276 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) | 4,179 | 0.01 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Gomera Socialist Group (ASG) | 3,628 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 1 | ±0 | ||
| More for Menorca (MxMe) | 3,310 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Libertarian Party (P–LIB) | 2,331 | 0.01 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA) | 2,327 | 0.00 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Regionalist Union of Castile and León (Unión Regionalista) | 2,307 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| The Greens (Verdes) | 1,862 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| European Retirees Social Democratic Party (PDSJE) | 1,557 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Social Aragonese Movement (MAS) | 1,514 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Aragonese Land (TA) | 1,509 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Movement for Dignity and Citizenship (MDyC) | 1,439 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Puyalón (PYLN) | 1,373 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| At Once Valencian Community (aUna CV) | 1,115 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| European Solidarity Action Party (Solidaria) | 974 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Andalusian Solidary Independent Republican Party (RISA) | 855 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Centered (centrados) | 734 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Plural Democracy (DPL) | 428 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| United–Acting for Democracy (Unidos SI–ACPS–DEf) | 401 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| XXI Convergence (C21) | 257 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Union of Everyone (UdT) | 79 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Blank ballots | 451,449 | 1.89 | +0.18 | ||||
| Total | 63,619,307 | 208 | ±0 | ||||
| Valid votes | 23,825,576 | 97.70 | –0.28 | ||||
| Invalid votes | 561,601 | 2.30 | +0.28 | ||||
| Votes cast / turnout | 24,387,177 | 65.91 | –5.41 | ||||
| Abstentions | 12,614,202 | 34.09 | +5.41 | ||||
| Registered voters | 37,001,379 | ||||||
| Sources | |||||||
See main article: 14th Cortes Generales, 14th Congress of Deputies and 14th Senate of Spain.
On 11 November, the day after the election, Albert Rivera resigned as leader of Citizens (Cs)[96] after the party lost over 80% of its seats in the Congress and one-third of its seats in the Senate (mainly to Vox and the PP), and announced his intention to give up the Congress seat to which he had been elected, and retire from politics entirely.[97] The PP recovered around one-third of the seats it had lost in the Congress in the April 2019 election, and almost half of the Senate seats it had lost on that occasion. The right-wing nationalist Vox party saw its seats in the Congress more than double, and it won its first directly elected Senate seats. Más País gained two seats in the Congress from Madrid (one from the PSOE and one from Podemos), while the leftist and Catalan nationalist Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP) gained its first seats in the national legislature after choosing to participate at the national level for the first time.
On 7 January 2020, Pedro Sánchez was confirmed as prime minister by the Congress of Deputies.[98]
| Investiture Pedro Sánchez (PSOE) | ||||
| Ballot → | 5 January 2020 | 7 January 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Required majority → | 176 out of 350 | Simple | ||
| Sources[99] [100] | ||||
| Motion of no confidence Santiago Abascal (Vox) | |||
| Ballot → | 22 October 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Required majority → | 176 out of 350 | ||
| Abstentions | |||
| Absentees | |||
| Sources[101] | |||
In February 2023, Ramón Tamames, a former member of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE), aged 89 at that moment, put himself forward to be an independent candidate for prime minister if a Vox-proposed motion of no confidence were successful.[102] The motion failed on 22 March with 52 votes in favour (Vox plus one independent), 91 abstentions (People's Party plus one independent) and 201 votes against.[103]
| Motion of no confidence Ramón Tamames (Independent) | |||
| Ballot → | 22 March 2023 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Required majority → | 176 out of 350 | ||
| Sources | |||