Nova virus explained

Nova virus is a single-stranded, negative-sense, enveloped RNA virus with a trisegmented genome. It belongs to one of the most divergent lineages of the hantavirus group, which consists of zoonotic viruses belonging to the family Bunyaviridae. As of now, no human cases of infection have been reported.[1]

Natural reservoir

It was previously believed that hantaviruses were primarily rodent-borne. However, over the last two decades, multiple species have also been detected in shrews, moles and bats.[2] [3] [4] [5] In 2009, Nova virus was first isolated from the archival liver tissue of the European mole (Talpa europaea) captured in Hungary in 1999. The first complete genome characterization was published in 2015 and it was obtained from a European mole originating from Belgium. It has been concluded that the virus shows a close phylogenetic relationship with bat- and shrew-borne hantaviruses.[6] Furthermore, there is a chance that the early or original hosts of primordial hantaviruses may have been ancestral soricomorphs, rather than rodents. Studies have been conducted to explore the prevalence of Nova virus infection in European moles – in a region of France, almost 65% of captured moles were positive, and a similarly high prevalence has been found in Poland. Those results suggest an efficient enzootic transmission, a well-established host-pathogen relationship, and also that the fact that the Nova virus might be widespread throughout the distribution range of the European mole,[7] which extends from Great Britain and Spain to the Asian part of Russia, through most of continental Europe.[8]

Zoonotic potential

Not all hantaviruses are pathogenic but several species are able to cause rapidly progressive and often fatal zoonotic diseases, such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) carried by murine and arvicoline rodents in Eurasia, and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) harbored by neotomine and sigmodontine rodents in the Americas.[9] [10] [11] [12] Not a lot is known about the pathogenicity of the insectivore-borne hantaviruses, even though the number of identified species is constantly increasing. Neither one of them, including the Nova virus, has yet been connected to a disease in humans. Considering the fact that the viral sequences have been detected in kidney tissue, it is possible that viruses could be present in urine, and that the mode of transmission could be through virus shedding in secretions and excretions. Certain professions or individuals might be at risk of infection – those who might be exposed to shrews, moles and their presumably infectious excretions or secretions, for example mammalogists, field biologists, forestry workers and outdoor cat owners.[13]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Kang HJ, Bennett SN, Sumibcay L, Arai S, Hope AG, Mocz G, Song JW, Cook JA, Yanagihara R . 6 . Evolutionary insights from a genetically divergent hantavirus harbored by the European common mole (Talpa europaea) . PLOS ONE . 4 . 7 . e6149 . July 2009 . 19582155 . 2702001 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0006149 . 2009PLoSO...4.6149K . free .
  2. Klempa B, Fichet-Calvet E, Lecompte E, Auste B, Aniskin V, Meisel H, Barrière P, Koivogui L, ter Meulen J, Krüger DH . 6 . Novel hantavirus sequences in Shrew, Guinea . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 13 . 3 . 520–522 . March 2007 . 17554814 . 2725914 . 10.3201/eid1303.061198 .
  3. Arai S, Ohdachi SD, Asakawa M, Kang HJ, Mocz G, Arikawa J, Okabe N, Yanagihara R . 6 . Molecular phylogeny of a newfound hantavirus in the Japanese shrew mole (Urotrichus talpoides) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 105 . 42 . 16296–16301 . October 2008 . 18854415 . 2567236 . 10.1073/pnas.0808942105 . 2008PNAS..10516296A . free .
  4. Sumibcay L, Kadjo B, Gu SH, Kang HJ, Lim BK, Cook JA, Song JW, Yanagihara R . 6 . Divergent lineage of a novel hantavirus in the banana pipistrelle (Neoromicia nanus) in Côte d'Ivoire . Virology Journal . 9 . 1 . 34 . January 2012 . 22281072 . 3331809 . 10.1186/1743-422X-9-34 . free .
  5. Weiss S, Witkowski PT, Auste B, Nowak K, Weber N, Fahr J, Mombouli JV, Wolfe ND, Drexler JF, Drosten C, Klempa B, Leendertz FH, Kruger DH . 6 . Hantavirus in bat, Sierra Leone . en-us . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 18 . 1 . 159–161 . January 2012 . 22261176 . 3310113 . 10.3201/eid1801.111026 .
  6. Laenen L, Vergote V, Nauwelaers I, Verbeeck I, Kafetzopoulou LE, Van Ranst M, Maes P . Complete Genome Sequence of Nova Virus, a Hantavirus Circulating in the European Mole in Belgium . Genome Announcements . 3 . 4 . e00770–15 . August 2015 . 26251483 . 4541267 . 10.1128/genomeA.00770-15 .
  7. Gu SH, Dormion J, Hugot JP, Yanagihara R . High prevalence of Nova hantavirus infection in the European mole (Talpa europaea) in France . Epidemiology and Infection . 142 . 6 . 1167–1171 . June 2014 . 24044372 . 4082828 . 10.1017/S0950268813002197 .
  8. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. . January 2017 . Talpa europaea . Amori G, Hutterer R, Mitsainas G, Yigit N, Kryštufek B, Palomo L . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T41481A22320754 . en . 10.2305/iucn.uk.2017-2.rlts.t41481a22320754.en. free .
  9. Yanagihara R . Hantavirus infection in the United States: epizootiology and epidemiology . Reviews of Infectious Diseases . 12 . 3 . 449–457 . May 1990 . 1972804 . 10.1093/clinids/12.3.449 .
  10. Book: Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome: A Historical Perspective and Review of Recent Advances . June 2019 . 10.1201/9780429276736-13 . CRC Handbook of Viral and Rickettsial Hemorrhagic Fevers . 155–182 . Yanagihara R, Gajdusek DC . CRC Press . 978-0-429-27673-6 . 240594840 .
  11. Duchin JS, Koster FT, Peters CJ, Simpson GL, Tempest B, Zaki SR, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Nichol S, Umland ET . 6 . Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: a clinical description of 17 patients with a newly recognized disease. The Hantavirus Study Group . The New England Journal of Medicine . 330 . 14 . 949–955 . April 1994 . 8121458 . 10.1056/NEJM199404073301401 . free .
  12. Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF, Morzunov S, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Feldmann H, Sanchez A, Childs J, Zaki S, Peters CJ . 6 . Genetic identification of a hantavirus associated with an outbreak of acute respiratory illness . Science . 262 . 5135 . 914–917 . November 1993 . 8235615 . 10.1126/science.8235615 . 1993Sci...262..914N .
  13. Zhang YZ . Discovery of hantaviruses in bats and insectivores and the evolution of the genus Hantavirus . Virus Research . 187 . 15–21 . July 2014 . 24509342 . 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.035 .

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