Nothonotus Explained

Nothonotus is a genus or subgenus of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the southeastern United States. First proposed as a sub-genus of Etheostoma in 1988, there is still debate regarding the appropriate taxonomic rank of Nothonotus in the literature .[1] [2] Darter species comprise more than 180 of the Percidae taxa.[3]

Nothonotus species

Phylogenetics

Members of the Nothonotus subspecies last shared a common ancestor approximately 18.5 MYA. Frequent hybridization, the rich diversity of the subgenus, and the limitations of the fossil record complicate phylogenetic assessments, which have not been fully resolved. Various conflicting relationships have been proposed using morphological characters, allozyme analysis, microsatellites, and mtDNA sequencing.[5] [6] [7]

Life history

Nothonotus darters are native to the riffle domains of highly graded drainages in North America.[8] [9] Nothonotus species vary in locality preference, but are known to cooccur in several drainages in the Eastern United States.[10] Nothonotus darters engage in three reproductive strategies: egg burial, egg guarding, and egg tending, strategies hypothesized to have evolved multiple times.[11] Most species have limited mobility, moving approximately 33–100 meters per year.[12] They are restricted to suitable breeding and feeding grounds, making novel niche exploration rare, particularly in fast flowing drainages.[13] Low mobility is hypothesized to have facilitated speciation in regions where multiple species appear to have historical sympatric distributions.[14] Various life history traits like body size determine the niche range available to a particular species (Knouft, 2004)The biogeographic dispersal model has been proposed as the most likely explanation of diversification and speciation of the subgenera.[15] It has also been postulated that speciation occurred following niche partitioning, in response to competition where distributions overlap.[16]

Anthropogenic influences and conservation implications

The low mobility and habitat specialization associated with the subgenus make Nothonotus species particularly sensitive to habitat degradation.[17] Darter populations are frequently assessed as a proxy for stream habitat quality. In a comparative species richness survey, museum specimen from 1948-1955 contained approximately 33% more diversity than samples collected from 2005-2006 in the same localities despite more intensive sampling efforts in contemporary populations.[17] The following Nothonotus species have been designated conservation statuses by IUCN redlist: Vulnerable : N. maculatum, N. acuticeps, N. denoncourti, N. etowahae, N. wapiti; Near threatened: N. aquali, N. tippecanoe; Endangered: N. moorei, N. rubrum.[18] Impoundment by dams and siltation restrict gene flow between previously continuous populations, threatening the genetic diversity of various Nothonotus species.[19] Siltation has been cited as the most concerning mode of habitat destruction in aquatic habitats.[20] Sediment issues occur when anthropogenic activities like mining, deforestation, urbanization, and road construction alter flow regimes and erosion rates. Genetic diversity assessments of Nothonotus populations are often conducted to determine the consequences of siltation on aquatic communities.[21] Coloration, particularly conspicuous in males, is hypothesized to have evolved in response to sexual selection and habitat preference. Species residing higher in the water column, in clear water, and in habitats with low predation typically express stronger nuptial coloration patterns.[22] Sedimentation may also interfere with mate identification due to reduced water clarity.

Notes and References

  1. Ruble . Crystal L. . Rakes . Patrick L. . Shute . John R. . Welsh . Stuart A. . Captive propagation, reproductive biology, and early life history of Etheostoma wapiti (boulder darter), E. vulneratum (wounded darter), and E. maculatum (spotted darter) . Southeastern Naturalist . March 2016 . 15 . 1 . 115–126 . 10.1656/058.015.0109 . 88307222 .
  2. Bailey . R. M. . Etnier . D. A. . Comments on the subgenera of darters (Percidae) with descriptions of two new species of Etheostoma (Ulocentra) from southeastern United States . Miscellaneous Publications . Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan . 175 . 1–47 . 1988 . 2027.42/56419 . free .
  3. Book: Page and Burr . A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin. 1991. Boston.
  4. Near . Thomas J. . Bossu . Christen M. . Bradburd . Gideon S. . Carlson . Rose L. . Harrington . Richard C. . Hollingsworth . Phillip R. . Keck . Benjamin P. . Etnier . David A. . Phylogeny and temporal diversification of darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae) . Systematic Biology . 1 October 2011 . 60 . 5 . 565–595 . 10.1093/sysbio/syr052 . 21775340 .
  5. Keck. Benjamin P.. Near. Thomas J.. 2008-02-01. Assessing phylogenetic resolution among mitochondrial, nuclear, and morphological datasets in Nothonotus darters (Teleostei: Percidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 46. 2. 708–720. 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.08.015. 17920301.
  6. Wood. Robert M.. 1996-01-01. Phylogenetic systematics of the darter subgenus Nothonotus (Teleostei: Percidae). 1446846. Copeia. 1996. 2. 300–318. 10.2307/1446846.
  7. Etnier . D. A . Williams . J. D. . Etheostoma (Nothonotus) wapiti (Osteichthyes: Percidae), a new darter from the southern bend of the Tennessee River system in Alabama and Tennessee . Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . 1989 . 102 . 4 . 987–1000 . .
  8. Zorach. Timothy. 1970-01-01. The systematics of the percid fish Etheostoma rufilineatum (Cope). 2423737. The American Midland Naturalist. 84. 1. 208–225. 10.2307/2423737.
  9. Eisenhour. David J.. 1995-01-01. Systematics of Etheostoma camurum and E. chlorobranchium (Osteichthyes: Percidae) in the Tennessee and Cumberland River drainages with analysis of hybridization in the Nolichucky River system. 1446900. Copeia. 1995. 2. 368–379. 10.2307/1446900.
  10. A young clade repeating an old pattern: Diversity in Nothonotus darters (Teleostei: Percidae) endemic to the Cumberland River. Keck and Near. Molecular Ecology. 19. 22. 5030–5042. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04866.x. 20946590. 2016-02-28. 2010. 44967411.
  11. Kelly . N. B. . Near . T. J. . Alonzo . S. H. . Diversification of egg-deposition behaviours and the evolution of male parental care in darters (Teleostei: Percidae: Etheostomatinae): Evolution of egg deposition in darters . Journal of Evolutionary Biology . May 2012 . 25 . 5 . 836–846 . 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02473.x . 22356511 . free .
  12. Freeman. Mary C.. 1995-01-01. Movements by two small fishes in a large stream . 1446899. Copeia. 1995. 2. 361–367. 10.2307/1446899.
  13. Web site: darter fish. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2016-04-30.
  14. Fluker . Brook L. . Kuhajda . Bernard R. . Harris . Phillip M. . The influence of life-history strategy on genetic differentiation and lineage divergence in darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae) . Evolution . November 2014 . 68 . 11 . 3199–3216 . 10.1111/evo.12505 . 25130551 . free .
  15. Near . Thomas J. . Keck . Benjamin P. . Dispersal, vicariance, and timing of diversification in Nothonotus darters . Molecular Ecology . October 2005 . 14 . 11 . 3485–3496 . 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02671.x . 16156817 . 6319671 .
  16. Page. Lawrence M.. Schemske. Douglas W.. 1978-01-01. The effect of interspecific competition on the distribution and size of darters of the subgenus Catonotus (Percidae: Etheostoma). 1443603. Copeia. 1978. 3. 406–412. 10.2307/1443603.
  17. Gillette . David P. . Fortner . Allison M. . Franssen . Nathan R. . Cartwright . Sara . Tobler . Courtney M. . Wesner . Jeff S. . Reneau . Paulette C. . Reneau . Franz H. . Schlupp . Ingo . Marsh-Matthews . Edie C. . Matthews . William J. . Broughton . Richard E. . Lee . Corey W. . Patterns of change over time in darter (Teleostei: Percidae) assemblages of the Arkansas River basin, northeastern Oklahoma, USA . Ecography . September 2012 . 35 . 9 . 855–864 . 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2011.06560.x .
  18. Web site: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org. 2016-04-01.
  19. Jenkins. Robert E.. Burkhead. Noel M.. 1975-01-01. Recent capture and analysis of the sharphead darter, Etheostoma acuticeps, an endangered percid fish of the upper Tennessee River drainage. 1443325. Copeia. 1975. 4. 731–740. 10.2307/1443325.
  20. Chapman. Jacqueline M.. Proulx. Catherine L.. Veilleux. Maxime A. N.. Levert. Caroline. Bliss. Shireen. André. Marie-Ève. Lapointe. Nicolas W. R.. Cooke. Steven J.. 2014-06-01. Clear as mud: A meta-analysis on the effects of sedimentation on freshwater fish and the effectiveness of sediment-control measures. Water Research. 56. 190–202. 10.1016/j.watres.2014.02.047. 24681235.
  21. Ross . Stephen T. . O'Connell . Martin T. . Patrick . David M. . Latorre . Carlos A. . Slack . William T. . Knight . Jeremy G. . Wilkins . S. David . Stream erosion and densities of Etheostoma rubrum (Percidae) and associated riffle-inhabiting fishes: biotic stability in a variable habitat . Copeia . December 2001 . 2001 . 4 . 916–927 . 1448381 . 10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0916:SEADOE]2.0.CO;2 .
  22. Bossu . Christen M. . Near . Thomas J. . Ecological constraint and the evolution of sexual dichromatism in darters . Evolution . May 2015 . 69 . 5 . 1219–1231 . 10.1111/evo.12655 . 25824960 . 5391630 . free .

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