| Conventional Long Name: | Dependency |
| Linking Name: | Norway |
| Native Name: | Biland |
| Map Width: | 220px |
| Largest Settlement: | None (several active research stations) |
| Largest Settlement Type: | settlements |
| Leader Title1: | Monarch |
| Leader Title2: | Administrators |
| Leader Name2: | Ministry of Justice and Public Security |
| Membership Type: | Dependencies |
| Population Estimate: | Around 40 scientists |
| Area Km2: | 2700203 |
Norway has three dependent territories (Norwegian: biland), all uninhabited and located in the Southern Hemisphere. Bouvet Island (Bouvetøya) is a sub-Antarctic island in the South Atlantic Ocean.[1] Queen Maud Land is the sector of Antarctica between the 20th meridian west and the 45th meridian east.[2] Peter I Island is a volcanic island located off the coast of Ellsworth Land of continental Antarctica.[3] Despite being unincorporated areas, neither Svalbard nor Jan Mayen is formally considered a dependency. While the Svalbard Treaty regulates some aspects of that Arctic territory, it acknowledges that the islands are part of Norway. Similarly, Jan Mayen is recognized as an integral part of Norway.
Both Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land are south of 60°S and are thus part of the Antarctic Treaty System. While the treaty does not affect these claims, the only states that recognize Norwegian sovereignty also have Antarctic claims.[4] The dependencies are administered by the Polar Affairs Department of the Ministry of Justice and Public Security in Oslo, Norway's capital.[5] Norwegian criminal law, private law and procedural law apply to the dependencies, as do other laws that explicitly state they are valid on the dependencies.[6]
The dependency status entails that each is not part of the Kingdom of Norway but still under Norwegian sovereignty. Specifically, this implies that a dependency can be ceded without violating the first article of the Constitution of Norway.[7] Norwegian administration is handled by the Polar Affairs Department of the Ministry of Justice and the Police, located in Oslo.[5]
The Dependency Act of 24 March 1933 establishes that Norwegian criminal law, private law and procedural law apply to the dependencies, as do other laws that explicitly state they are valid in each dependency. The act further establishes that all land in the dependencies belongs to the state, and prohibits the storage and detonation of nuclear products.[8] Since 5 May 1995, Norwegian law has required all Norwegian activity in Antarctica, including Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land, follow international environmental law for Antarctica. All Norwegian citizens who plan activities must therefore report them the Norwegian Polar Institute, which may deny any non-conforming activity. All people visiting the area must follow laws regarding protection of nature, treatment of waste, pollution and insurance for search and rescue operations.[9]
Bouvetøya has been designated with the ISO 3166-2 code BV[10] and was subsequently awarded the country code top-level domain on 21 August 1997.[11]
See main article: article and Bouvet Island.
Bouvetøya (Bouvet Island) is an uninhabited subantarctic volcanic island located in the southern end of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, either in the South Atlantic Ocean or the Southern Ocean, depending on definition.[12] It is the most remote island in the world, approximately south-southwest off the coast of South Africa and approximately north of the Princess Astrid Coast of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. The island has an area of, of which 93 percent is covered by a glacier. The center of the island is an ice-filled crater of an inactive volcano.[13]
Some skerries and one smaller island, Larsøya, lie along the coast.[14] Nyrøysa, created by a rock slide in the late 1950s, is the only easy place to land and is the location of a weather station.[15] Landing on the island is very difficult, as it normally experiences high seas and features a steep coast.[16] During the winter, it is surrounded by pack ice. The exclusive economic zone surrounding the island covers an area of .[17]
See main article: article and Peter I Island.
Peter I Island is a volcanic island located off the coast of Ellsworth Land of continental Antarctica. It has an area of . The island is almost entirely covered by glacier,[3] with about 95% of the surface covered by ice.[18] Surrounding the island is a 40m (130feet) tall ice front and vertical cliffs.[19] The long stretches of ice caps are supplemented with rock outcrops.[18] Landing is only possible at three points, and only during the short period of the year in which the island is not surrounded by pack ice.[19] The island is a shield volcano, although it is not known if it is still active.[20] An ultra prominent peak at elevation, it is named for Lars Christensen.[21] Peter I Island is the only claim between 90°W and 150°W and is also the only claim that is not a sector.[22]
See main article: article and Queen Maud Land.
Queen Maud Land is a 2.7 million km2 (1.7 million sq mi) sector of Antarctica.[23] The territory lies between 20° west and 45° east, between the British Antarctic Territory to the west and the Australian Antarctic Territory to the east. The latitudinal limits of the territory are not officially defined.[24] Positioned in East Antarctica, the territory comprises one-sixth of the total area of Antarctica.[25]
Most of the territory is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, and a tall ice wall stretches throughout its coast. In some areas further within the ice sheet, mountain ranges breach through the ice, allowing for birds to breed and the growth of a limited flora. The region is divided into the Princess Martha Coast, Princess Astrid Coast, Princess Ragnhild Coast, Prince Harald Coast and Prince Olav Coast.[26] Off the coast is King Haakon VII Sea.[27] There is no ice-free land at the coast; the coast consists of a 20to wall of ice throughout almost the entire territory.[28]
There is no permanent population, although there are 12 active research stations housing a maximum average of 40 scientists, the numbers fluctuating depending on the season. Six are occupied year-round, while the remainder are seasonal summer stations. The main aerodromes for intercontinental flights, corresponding with Cape Town, South Africa, are Troll Airfield, near the Norwegian Troll research station, and a runway at the Russian Novolazarevskaya Station.[29]