| Northwest Arabian Arabic | |
| Also Known As: | Levantine Bedawi Arabic Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic |
| States: | Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Syria |
| Speakers: | million |
| Date: | 2021–2023 |
| Ref: | e27 |
| Familycolor: | Afro-Asiatic |
| Fam2: | Semitic |
| Fam3: | West Semitic |
| Fam4: | Central Semitic |
| Fam5: | Arabic |
| Script: | Arabic alphabet |
| Iso3: | avl |
| Glotto: | east2690 |
| Glottorefname: | Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic |
Northwest Arabian Arabic (also called Levantine Bedawi Arabic or Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic) is a proposed[1] subfamily of Arabic encompassing the traditional Bedouin dialects of the Sinai Peninsula, the Negev, Gaza Strip, southern Jordan, and the northwestern corner of Saudi Arabia.
The dialect of the Maʿāzah in the Egyptian Eastern Desert borders the dialect of the ʿAbābdah, who speak a dialect more closely related to Sudanese Arabic. Research is needed to establish whether the Maʿāzah dialect is the southwestern extremity of Northwest Arabian on the Egyptian mainland.
In Saudi Arabia, the dialects of the eastern coast of the Gulf of Aqaba, the Hisma, and the Harrat al-Riha belong to the Northwest Arabian type, but the dialect of the Bili to the south is not closely related.[2]
The Northwest Arabian Arabic dialects display several innovations from Proto-Arabic:
Northwest Arabian Arabic can be divided into a western branch spoken in Sinai and the Negev, and an eastern branch spoken to the east of the Wadi Araba. Several dialects of the eastern branch, such as that of the Zalabiah and Zawaidih of Wadi Ramm,[3] and that of the Bdul, have been argued to be closely related to the western branch.
| b- imperfect | in regular use | does not occur in plain colloquial | |
| analytic genitive | šuġl, šuġlah, šuġlīn, šuġlāt as genitive markers | ||
| Form I imperfect performative | vowel harmony | generalized /a/ | |
| reflexes of *aw and *ay | partially monophthongized; monophthongs fluctuate with long phonemes /ō/ ~ /ū/, /ē/ ~/ī/. | well-established monophthongs /ō/ and /ē/ | |
| gahawa syndrome | gaháwa only | ghawa ~ gaháwa | |
| I-w imperfect | yawṣal ~ yōṣal | yāṣal | |
| object suffix | -ha/-hiy in Negev | -ha | |
| object suffix | phonetically conditioned C-ih/-ah, C-u(h) in southern Sinai | C-ah | |
| subject pronoun | iḥna, aḥna | ḥinna, iḥna | |
| reflex of -ā(ʾ) in neutral environments | -iy | -a |
| Labial | Interdental | Dental/Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | emph. | plain | emph. | plain | emph. | ||||||||
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | (pronounced as /link/) | (pronounced as /link/) | ||||||
| voiced | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||||
| Affricate | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| voiced | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | (pronounced as /link/) | (pronounced as /link/) | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
| Trill | pronounced as /link/ | (pronounced as /link/) | |||||||||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||||
Vowels occur in both long and short positions:
| Front | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | |
| Mid | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| Open | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
Vowels are recognized as allophones in the following positions:[4]
| Phoneme/Sound | Allophone | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| i pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | in lax position |
| u pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | in lax position |
| pronounced as /link/ | when preceding emphatic sounds | |
| a pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | in lax position |
| pronounced as /link/ | when preceding or following emphatics | |
| eː pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | when following emphatic or back fricatives |
| oː pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | when preceding velar consonants |
| aː pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | in velarized environments |
| pronounced as /link/ | when following pharyngeal consonants | |
| pronounced as /[{{IPAlink|ɛː}} ~ {{IPAlink|æː}}]/ | in neutral position in the Tarabin dialect |
Some varieties of Negev Arabic are characterized by word-internal imala of *-ā- to /ē/ in patterns where /i/ historically occurred in an adjacent syllable. It does not occur when one of the adjacent consonants is emphatic or a back consonant. Some of the patterns where it is found include the following:[5]
Similar raising is found in the Bdul dialect of Jordan: minǣsif “mansaf (pl.)”, hǣḏi “this (f.)”, ḏ̣aygǣt “narrow (pl.)”, iblǣdna “our land”.[6]
Some of the western dialects of Northwest Arabian Arabic (Central Sinai and Negev in particular) are characterized by an Imala of Old Arabic word-final *-ā(ʾ) to /iy/ in certain patterns of nouns and adjectives. Emphatics seem to block the shift. The following examples are from Negev Arabic:
In the dialects of southern Sinai, word-final imala typically results in /iʾ/. Some examples are íštiʾ “winter”, ǧiʾ “he came”, ḏiʾ “this, these”, tižibhiʾ “you get it”, ifṭarniʾ “we had breakfast”. In some, but not all groups, /a/ in a previous syllable blocks this imala. Like the dialects of central Sinai and Negev, the imala of feminine adjectives of color and defect on the pattern CaCCāʾ results in stressed /íy/: sōdíy “black; bad”.
The following are some archaic features retained from Proto-Arabic: