March equinox explained

The March equinox or northward equinox^[1] is the equinox on the Earth when the subsolar point appears to leave the Southern Hemisphere and cross the celestial equator, heading northward as seen from Earth. The March equinox is known as the vernal equinox (spring equinox) in the Northern Hemisphere and as the autumnal equinox (autumn equinox or fall equinox) in the Southern Hemisphere.^{[2] [3] [4]}

On the Gregorian calendar, the northward equinox can occur as early as 19 March or as late as 21 March at 0° longitude. For a common year the computed time slippage is about 5 hours 49 minutes later than the previous year, and for a leap year about 18 hours 11 minutes earlier than the previous year. Balancing the increases of the common years against the losses of the leap years keeps the calendar date of the March equinox from drifting more than one day from 20 March each year.

The March equinox may be taken to mark the beginning of astronomical spring and the end of astronomical winter in the Northern Hemisphere but marks the beginning of astronomical autumn and the end of astronomical summer in the Southern Hemisphere.^[5]

In astronomy, the March equinox is the zero point of sidereal time and, consequently, the right ascension and ecliptic longitude.^[6] It also serves as a reference for calendars and celebrations in many cultures and religions.

Constellation

The point where the Sun crosses the celestial equator northwards is called the First Point of Aries. However, due to the precession of the equinoxes, this point is no longer in the constellation Aries, but rather in Pisces.^[7] By the year 2600 it will be in Aquarius. The Earth's axis causes the First Point of Aries to travel westwards across the sky at a rate of roughly one degree every 72 years. Based on the modern constellation boundaries, the northward equinox passed from Taurus into Aries in the year −1865 (1866 BC), passed into Pisces in the year −67 (68 BC), will pass into Aquarius in the year 2597, and will pass into Capricornus in the year 4312. It passed by (but not into) a 'corner' of Cetus at 0°10′ distance in the year 1489.

Apparent movement of the Sun

In its apparent motion on the day of an equinox, the Sun's disk crosses the Earth's horizon directly to the east at sunrise; and again, some 12 hours later, directly to the west at sunset. The March equinox, like all equinoxes, is characterized by having an almost exactly equal amount of daylight and night across most latitudes on Earth.^[8]

Culture

Calendars

The Babylonian calendar began with the first new moon after the March equinox, the day after the return of the Sumerian goddess Inanna (later known as Ishtar) from the underworld, in the Akitu ceremony, with parades through the Ishtar Gate to the Eanna temple and the ritual re-enactment of the marriage to Tammuz, or Sumerian Dummuzi.

The Persian calendar begins each year at the northward equinox, observationally determined at Tehran.^[9]

The Indian national calendar starts the year on the day next to the vernal equinox on 22 March (21 March in leap years) with a 30-day month (31 days in leap years), then has 5 months of 31 days followed by 6 months of 30 days.

Julian calendar

The Julian calendar reform lengthened seven months and replaced the intercalary month with an intercalary day to be added every four years to February. It was based on a length for the year of 365 days and 6 hours (365.25 d), while the mean tropical year is about 11 minutes and 15 seconds less than that. This had the effect of adding about three quarters of an hour every four years. The effect accumulated from inception in 45 BC until the 16th century, when the northern vernal equinox fell on 10 or 11 March.^[10]

The date in 1452 was 11 March, 11:52 (Julian).^[11] In 2547 it will be 20 March, 21:18 (Gregorian) and 3 March, 21:18 (Julian).^[12]

Commemorations

Abrahamic tradition

• The Jewish Passover usually falls on the first full moon after the Northern Hemisphere vernal equinox,^[13] although occasionally (currently three times every 19 years) it will occur on the second full moon.^[14]
• The Christian Churches calculate Easter as the first Sunday after the first full moon on or after the March equinox. The official church definition for the equinox is 21 March. The Eastern Orthodox Churches use the older Julian calendar, while the western churches use the Gregorian calendar, and the western full moons currently fall four, five or 34 days before the eastern ones. The result is that the two Easters generally fall on different days but they sometimes coincide. The earliest possible western Easter date in any year is 22 March on each calendar. The latest possible western Easter date in any year is 25 April.^[15]

Iranian tradition

• The northward equinox marks the first day of various calendars including the Iranian calendar. The ancient Iranian peoples' new year's festival of Nowruz can be celebrated 20 March or 21 March. According to the ancient Persian mythology Jamshid, the mythological king of Persia, ascended to the throne on this day and each year this is commemorated with festivities for two weeks. Along with Iranian peoples, it is also a holiday celebrated by Turkic people, the North Caucasus and in Albania. It is also a holiday for Zoroastrians, adherents of the Baháʼí Faith and Nizari Ismaili Muslims irrespective of ethnicity.^[16]

West Asia and North Africa

• In many Arab countries, Mother's Day is celebrated on the northward equinox.
• Sham el-Nessim is a modern celebration which is claimed by some to have been celebrated in ancient Egypt but with little evidence. It is one of the public holidays in Egypt. It is assumed by some that sometime during Egypt's Christian period (–639) the date moved to Easter Monday, but before then it coincided with the vernal equinox.

South and Southeast Asia

See main article: South and Southeast Asian New Year. According to the sidereal solar calendar, celebrations which originally coincided with the March equinox now take place throughout South Asia and parts of Southeast Asia on the day when the Sun enters the sidereal Aries, generally around 14 April.

• In Cambodia, the Angkor Wat Equinox is a solar phenomenon which dates back to the reign of Suryavarman II.

East Asia

• The traditional East Asian calendars divide a year into 24 solar terms (节气, literally "climatic segments"), and the vernal equinox (Chūnfēn,) marks the middle of the spring. In this context, the Chinese character 分 means "(equal) division" (within a season).
• In Japan, Vernal Equinox Day (春分の日 Shunbun no hi) is an official national holiday, and is spent visiting family graves and holding family reunions.^[17] Higan (お彼岸) is a Buddhist holiday exclusively celebrated by Japanese sects during both the Spring and Autumnal Equinox.^[18]

Europe

• Hilaria was an ancient Roman festival commemorating the death and resurrection of Attis.
• Lieldienas
• in Norse paganism, a Dísablót was celebrated on the vernal equinox.^[19]
• Drowning of Marzanna

The Americas

• Spring equinox in Teotihuacán
• The reconstructed Cahokia Woodhenge, a large timber circle located at the Mississippian culture Cahokia archaeological site near Collinsville, Illinois,^[20] is the site of annual equinox and solstice sunrise observances. Out of respect for Native American beliefs these events do not feature ceremonies or rituals of any kind.^{[21] [22] [23]}

Modern culture

• World Storytelling Day is a global celebration of the art of oral storytelling, celebrated every year on the day of the northward equinox.
• World Citizen Day occurs on the northward equinox.^[24]
• The Baháʼí calendar year starts at the sunset preceding the March equinox calculated for Tehran.^[25]
• In Annapolis, Maryland, United States, boatyard employees and sailboat owners celebrate the spring equinox with the "Burning of the Socks" festival. Traditionally, the boating community wears socks only during the winter. These are burned at the approach of warmer weather, which brings more customers and work to the area. Officially, nobody then wears socks until the next equinox.^{[26] [27]}
• Neopagans observe the March equinox (referred to as Ostara) as a cardinal point on the Wheel of the Year. In the northern hemisphere some varieties of paganism adapt vernal equinox celebrations, while in the southern hemisphere pagans adapt autumnal traditions.
• International Astrology Day
• On 20 March 2014 and 20 March 2018, the March equinox was commemorated by an animated Google Doodle.^[28]

See also

• June solstice
• September equinox
• December solstice

External links

• Web site: Ancient Equinox Alignment . Loughcrew, Ireland .
  • Spring Starts Today All Over America, Which Is Weird (19 March 2020)

Notes and References

1. Web site: Embracing the Equinox. 19 July 2022. Night Sky Network . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . 18 February 2022.
2. Book: United States Naval Training Command . Navigation compendium . . 1972 . 88.
3. Book: Serway . Raymond . Physics for Scientists and Engineers . Jewett . John . 8 January 2013 . Cengage Learning . 978-1-285-53187-8 . 409.
4. Book: Desonie, Dana . Polar Regions: Human Impacts . . 2008 . 978-1-4381-0569-7 . 6.
5. Web site: Defining Seasons . timeanddate.com.
6. Book: Zeilik . M. . Introductory Astronomy & Astrophysics . Gregory . S. A. . 1998 . Saunders College Publishing . 0030062284 . 4th . 36.
7. Book: Spherical Astronomy . Krishna Prakashan Media . 233ff . GGKEY:RDRHQ35FBX7.
8. Web site: The spring equinox is Thursday: 8 things to know about the first day of spring . Resnick . Brian . 19 March 2020 . Vox . en . 20 March 2020.
9. Web site: The Lengths of the Seasons . Bromberg . Irv . University of Toronto, Canada . 6 July 2013.
10. Book: Blackburn. Bonnie. Bonnie J. Blackburn. Leofranc. Holford-Strevens. Leofranc Holford-Strevens. The Oxford companion to the Year: An exploration of calendar customs and time-reckoning. Oxford University Press. 2003. 0-19-214231-3. 683. registration. Corrected reprinting of original 1999 edition.
11. Web site: Vernal Equinox, 1452–1811 . Smith . Ivan . 10 May 2002 . Ns1763.ca . 6 July 2013.
12. Web site: Vernal Equinox, 2188–2547 . Smith . Ivan . 10 May 2002 . Ns1763.ca . 6 July 2013.
13. Web site: Burnaby . Sherrard Beaumont . 1901 . Elements of the Jewish and Muhammedan calendars with rules and tables and explanatory notes on the Julian and Gregorian calendars.. 1314 . London.
14. Web site: Burnaby . Sherrard Beaumont . 1901 . Elements of the Jewish and Muhammedan calendars with rules and tables and explanatory notes on the Julian and Gregorian calendars. . 910 . London.
15. Web site: Keith's Moon Facts . Cooley . Keith . 2001 . Hiwaay.net personal pages.
16. Web site: Navroz . The Ismaili . Islamic Publications Limited . 4 July 2011.
17. Book: Yoneyuki Sugita . Social Commentary on State and Society in Modern Japan . 18 August 2016 . Springer . 978-981-10-2395-8 . 23.
18. Book: Milton Walter Meyer . Japan: A Concise History . Rowman & Littlefield . 1993 . 978-0-8226-3018-0 . 246 . registration.
19. Web site: Disablót . Nationalencyklopedin . sv.
20. Web site: Visitors Guide to the Woodhenge . 8 January 2019 . 21 December 2019.
21. Web site: Welcome the Fall Equinox at Cahokia Mounds . Iseminger, William . Illinois Department of Natural Resources . 20 December 2017.
22. Web site: Winter Solstice Sunrise Observance at Cahokia Mounds . Collinsville Chamber of Commerce . 20 December 2017.
23. News: Cahokia Mounds Mark Spring Equinox : The keepers of Cahokia Mounds will host a spring gathering to celebrate the vernal equinox . Indian Country Today . 20 December 2017 . Indian Country Media Network.
24. Web site: World Citizens Day—World Unity Day . 2007 . Consultative Assembly of the Peoples Congress.
25. Web site: With Spring comes the Baháʼí New Year . National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110928151857/http://www.bahai.us/2011/03/20/with-spring-comes-the-bahai-new-year/ . 28 September 2011 . 4 July 2011.
26. Web site: Annapolis Welcomes Spring by Burning Socks . Wyatt . Kristen . . Annapolis, Maryland. 15 February 2022.
27. Web site: Hillsmere Joins in Sock Burning Tradition . Rey . Diane . . Annapolis, Maryland . 25 April 2011.
28. News: Gander . Kashmira . Spring equinox 2014: First day of spring marked by Google Doodle . 20 March 2014 . The Independent . 20 March 2014 . London.