| Selkup | |
| States: | Russia |
| Region: | Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug |
| Ethnicity: | Selkup people |
| Date: | 2020 census |
| Ref: | [1] |
| Familycolor: | Uralic |
| Fam2: | Samoyedic |
| Fam3: | (core) |
| Fam4: | Kamas–Selkup |
| Iso2: | sel |
| Iso3: | sel |
| Glotto: | selk1253 |
| Glottorefname: | Selkup |
| Notice: | IPA |
| Map: | Selkup distribution.png |
| Mapcaption: | Traditional (a) and current (b) distribution of Selkup[2] [3] |
| Map2: | Lang Status 40-SE.svg |
| Nativename: | Selkup: чу́мэл шэ, тюйкуй келл, шё̄шӄуй шэ̄, сӱ̄ссыӷӯй сэ̄, шöйӄумый эты |
Selkup is the language of the Selkups, belonging to the Samoyedic group of the Uralic language family. It is spoken by some 1,570 people (1994 est.) in the region between the Ob and Yenisei Rivers (in Siberia). The language name Selkup comes from the Russian Russian: селькуп, based on the native name used in the Taz dialect, Selkup: шӧльӄумыт әты Selkup: šöľqumyt əty, lit. 'forest-man language'. Different dialects use different names.
Selkup is fractured in an extensive dialect continuum whose ends are no longer mutually intelligible. The three main varieties are the Taz (Northern) dialect (Russian: тазовский диалект, Russian: tazovsky dialekt), which became the basis of the Selkup written language in the 1930s, Tym (Central) dialect (Russian: тымский диалект, Russian: tymsky dialekt), and Ket dialect (Russian: кетский диалект, Russian: ketsky dialekt). It is not related to the Ket language.
There are 25 vowel and 16 consonant phonemes in the Taz dialect.
| Palatal(ized) | Uvular | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| Plosives | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |
| Fricatives | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||
| Trills | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| Laterals | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ |
| Back | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | |||
| Tense | Close | pronounced as /ink/, pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/, pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/, pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/, | pronounced as /ink/ |
| Mid | pronounced as /ink/, pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/, pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/, pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/, pronounced as /ink/ | ||
| Open | pronounced as /ink/, pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/, pronounced as /ink/ | ||||
| Lax | Close | pronounced as /ink/, pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /[{{IPAlink|ɪ̈}} ~ {{IPAlink|ə}}]/ | |||
| Mid | pronounced as /ink/, pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||
Selkup has a syllable structure (C)V(C). Word-initial pronounced as //ŋ// and word-final pronounced as //tʲ// or pronounced as //w// do not occur. Various consonant clusters and geminate consonants such as pronounced as //nt/, /rm/, /ʃʲʃʲ// may occur, though many potential combinations occurring morphologically are simplified.
Stress in Selkup is marginally phonemic. Generally the rightmost long vowel in a word is stressed, or otherwise the first syllable, but certain suffixes with short vowels may acquire stress, leading to minimal pairs such as pronounced as /[ˈtɕɛlʲtɕalqo]/ 'to stamp down' vs. pronounced as /[tɕɛlʲˈtɕalqo]/ 'to stamp once'.
| Case name | Ending | Meaning | Example | Meaning of the example | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative case | pronounced as /∅/ | subject | Selkup: маҗь | forest (as a subject) | |
| Accusative case | Selkup: -п, Selkup: -м (rare) | direct object | Selkup: ма́җ'''еп''' | forest (as an object) | |
| Genitive case | Selkup: -т, Selkup: -н (rare) | possession | Selkup: ма́җ'''ет''' | of a forest | |
| Dative case | animate | Selkup: -н | indirect object (animate) | Selkup: ӄу'''н''', Selkup: ӄум'''н''' | to the person |
| inanimate | Selkup: -нд | indirect object (inanimate) | Selkup: маҗ'''ӧ́нд''' | to the forest | |
| Inessive case | animate | Selkup: -нан | the X has | Selkup: ӄу́'''нан''' | the person has |
| inanimate | Selkup: -ӷэт/-ӄэт | in | Selkup: маҗ'''ӧ́ӷэт''' | in the forest | |
| Elative case | Selkup: -эутэ/-утэ | out of, from, along | Selkup: маҗ'''ӧ́утэ''' | out of the forest | |
| Instrumental-comitative case | Selkup: -ӽе/-хе, Selkup: -э́ (with nouns denoting means of transport, always stressed) | with | Selkup: маҗь'''ӽе́''' | with the forest | |
| Abessive case | Selkup: -галк/-калк | without | Selkup: маҗь'''га́лк''' | without the forest | |
| Translative case | Selkup: -тӄо | into | Selkup: маҗ'''етӄо́''' | [turn] into a forest | |
| Exessive case | animate | Selkup: -ндо/-эндо | from | Selkup: ку́'''ндо''' | from the person |
| inanimate | Selkup: -ӷэндо/-ӄэндо | from | Selkup: маҗ'''ӧ́ӷэндо''' | from the forest | |