Northern Russian dialects explained
The northern Russian dialects make up one of the main groups of the Russian dialects.
Territory
Russian dialects and territorial varieties are divided in two conceptual chronological and geographic categories:[1]
- The territory of the primary formation (e.g. that consist of "Old" Russia of the 16th century before Eastern conquests by Ivan IV) is fully or partially modern regions (oblasts): Vologda, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Novgorod, Leningrad, Nizhny Novgorod, Arkhangelsk.
- The territory of the second formation (e.g. where Russians settled after the 16th century) consist of most of the land to the North and North-East of Central Russia, that is Karelia, Murmansk, Vyatka, Perm, Komi, Udmurtia, and as well as Siberia and Far East.
List of sub-dialects
Phonology
- Lack of vowel reduction: unstressed pronounced as //ɔ// does not merge with pronounced as //a// (okanye). Unstressed pronounced as //ɔ//, pronounced as //a// and pronounced as //ɛ// after soft consonants also do not typically merge.
- Some dialects have high or diphthongal pronounced as //e̝~i̯ɛ// (in the Novgorod subgroup even pronounced as //i//) as a reflex of .
- In the eastern part of the group the change of every to pronounced as //ɔ// before hard (unpalatalized) consonants occurs (in Standard Russian only in stressed syllables). also changes to pronounced as //ɔ// in these positions but only in stressed syllables.
- Also in the eastern part of the dialect group there is pronounced as //o̝~u̯ɔ// in certain positions instead of Standard Russian pronounced as //ɔ//.
- Tsokanye: the merger of Standard Russian pronounced as //t͡ɕ// and pronounced as //t͡s// into one consonant whether pronounced as //t͡s//, pronounced as //t͡sʲ// or pronounced as //t͡ɕ// (like in Pskov and Ryazan Southern Russian dialects).
- In the Vologda region, final hard pronounced as //ɫ// is replaced by a semivowel pronounced as //w~u̯//.
- pronounced as //ɡ//, pronounced as //v//, pronounced as //f// are like in Standard Russian (differs from Southern Russian). Nevertheless, in some sub-dialects pronounced as //v//, pronounced as //f// can also be replaced with semivowel pronounced as //w~u̯// like in Southern Russian.
- In some dialects traces of unreduced, which normally reduced to pronounced as //ɫ// in all of East Slavic: Russian: Жерегло pronounced as //ʐɛrɛˈɡɫɔ// "the sound between Lake Pskov and Lake Chud" (instead of expected Russian: жерело pronounced as //ʐɛrɛˈɫɔ//), Russian: перецок pronounced as //pʲɛrʲɛˈt͡sɔk// from earlier Russian: перецокл pronounced as //pʲɛrʲɛˈt͡sɔkɫ// "reread (past tense)" (instead of standard Russian: перечёл pronounced as //pʲɛrʲɛˈt͡ɕɔɫ//). In these examples the groups *tl, dl dissimilated to pronounced as //kɫ//, pronounced as //ɡɫ// instead of reducing to pronounced as //ɫ//. Some (Shakhmatov, Durnovo) see this as an indication of possible West Slavic admixture in those areas, while others (Trubetzkoy, Lehr-Spławiński[2]) treat it as an archaism from Proto-Slavic times.
Morphology
- A suffixed definite article -to, -ta, -te similarly existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian.
- 3rd person verbal ending with non-palatalized -t as in Standard Russian.
Vocabulary
Northern dialects are characterized by a number of words like, Russian: изба ('log hut'), Russian: квашня, Russian: озимь ('winter crop'), Russian: лаять ('to bark'), Russian: ухват, Russian: орать ('to plough'), Russian: жито ('rye'), Russian: беседки ('gathering'), Russian: шибко ('very much'), Russian: баской ('beautiful') and others. They also have about 200 words of Uralic origin.
References
- Book: Kuraszkiewicz, Władysław . 1963 . Zarys dialektologii wschodniosłowiańskiej z wyborem tekstów gwarowych . pl . Warszawa . .
- Book: Roland Sussex
. Sussex. Roland . Roland Sussex. Cubberley . Paul. The Slavic languages. Dialects of Russian. Cambridge University Press. 2006. Cambridge. 521–526. 978-0-521-22315-7.
External links
See also
Notes and References
- [Tomasz Kamusella|Kamusella, Tomasz]
- Lehr-Spławiński . Tadeusz . Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński . O dialektach prasłowiańskich . Sbornik prací Sjezdu slovanských filologů v Praze 1929 . Praha . 1932 . 577–585.
