North Hudson, New Jersey Explained

North Hudson is the area in the northern part of Hudson County, New Jersey, situated on the west bank of the Hudson River, mostly atop the Hudson Palisades. It comprises Weehawken, Union City, West New York, Guttenberg, and North Bergen.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

With a combined population of approximately 206,000 according to 2022 estimates, the municipalities are among the most densely populated in the United States. Some have large proportions of foreign-born residents[6] [7] and majority Hispanic populations.[8] In four of the five towns, large percentages of the population speak another language other than English.[9]

The towns and adjacent areas have been known as the "Home of the American Embroidery Industry",[10] [11] the silk center of the nation,[12] and "Havana on the Hudson".

Use of the name

The collective name for the municipalities of North Hudson has been used for various agencies, institutions, and organizations.

Area authorities that serve its transportation, health, and recreational needs include the North Hudson County Railway (c. 1865),[13] North Hudson Hospital (c. 1900),[14] and North Hudson Park (c.1908) and the Hoboken-North Hudson YMCA (c. 1929).[15]

Public services in the region include the North Hudson Regional Fire and Rescue,[1] founded in 1998 when municipal services were merged,[16] [17] and the North Hudson Sewerage Authority, which serves Hoboken, Union City, Weehawken, and West New York.[18]

Hudson County Community College offers some classes on its North Hudson Campus,[19] Other educational facilities bearing the name include the North Hudson Islamic Educational Center[20] and the North Hudson Academy.[21]

The North Hudson Community Action Corporation (1965)[22] and the North Hudson Regional Council of Mayors are organizations offering social services to the area.[23] [24] [25]

In the late 2000s, North Hudson came to be dubbed "NoHu" within certain communities[26] [27] [28] [29] a name used for a film festival founded in 2008.[30] [31]

Geography and demographics

Population

By 1947, one estimate put the population of North Hudson at 175,000.[32]

According to the United States Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program, as of July 2022, Hudson County had a population of 703,366,[33] of which 206,243 were in North Hudson: Guttenberg (11,446), North Bergen (60,235), Union City (65,366), Weehawken (17,215) and West New York (51,981).[34]

The municipalities are among the most densely populated in the United States. Gutenberg the most densely populated incorporated municipality in the United States, as well as one of the most densely populated municipalities worldwide, with 57116/mi2 of land area.[35] Of municipalities with over 50,000 people, Union City is the most densely city in the United States.[36] North Hudson municipalities have one of the nation's largest proportions of foreign-born residents,[37] and some also have a majority Hispanic population.[38]

Description

Mostly situated atop the Palisades on the Hudson Waterfront on the west bank of the Hudson River, the area is directly across from Midtown Manhattan and the Upper West Side in New York City, north of Hoboken and Jersey City (the county seat), and east of the New Jersey Meadowlands. Its high elevation allows North Hudson expansive views of the Manhattan skyline, the Meadowlands, and the Watchung Mountains. The cuesta, or slope, on the west side of area makes North Bergen the city with the second most hills per square mile in the United States after San Francisco.[39]

The Hudson River Waterfront Walkway is a promenade and park along the river.[40]

Boundaries

North Hudson lies north of Bergen, one of earliest settlements in New Jersey, founded in 1660. During the British and colonial it was known as Bergen Woods and was in the southeastern part of Bergen County. On February 22, 1838, Jersey City was incorporated as a separate municipality,[41] In 1840 Hudson County, comprising Jersey City and Bergen Township, was created from the southern portion of Bergen County.[41] [42] North Bergen was incorporated as a township on April 10, 1843, by an act of the New Jersey Legislature, from the northern portion of Bergen Township. At the time, the town included everything east of the Hackensack River and north of and including what is now Jersey City Heights.[43] [44]

North Hudson experienced massive immigration and urbanization during the latter half of the 19th century, and led to the creation of various new towns. Portions of the North Bergen were taken to form Hoboken Township (April 9, 1849, now the City of Hoboken), Hudson Town (April 12, 1852, later part of Hudson City), Hudson City (April 11, 1855, later merged with Jersey City), Guttenberg (formed within the township on March 9, 1859, and set off as an independent municipality on April 1, 1878), Weehawken (March 15, 1859), Union Township and West Hoboken Township (both created on February 28, 1861), Union Hill town (March 29, 1864) and Secaucus (March 12, 1900).[45]

In the early 1900s the idea of the all towns consolidating emerged and subsided,[46] [47] [48] Eventually West Hoboken and Union Hill merged in 1925. Though each municipality has an independent local government and school district, they collaborate (sometimes with Hoboken) on certain services including fire-fighting, water supply, sewage treatment[49] emergency medical services, and vocational education. Some are members of the Bergen County Cooperative Library System.[50] [51]

North Hudson is part of New Jersey's 32nd 33rd legislative districts.[52] Most of North Hudson falls within New Jersey's 8th congressional district.

History

The area of what is today North Hudson County was originally inhabited by the Munsee-speaking branch of Lenape Native Americans,[53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] who wandered into the vast woodland area encountered by Henry Hudson during the voyages he conducted from 1609 to 1610 for the Dutch, who later claimed the area (which included the future New York City) and named it New Netherland. The portion of that land that included the future Hudson County was purchased from members of the Hackensack tribe of the Lenni-Lenape and became part of Pavonia, New Netherland.[59]

The relationship between the early Dutch settlers and Native Americans was marked by frequent armed conflict over land claims. In 1658 by New Netherland colony Director-General Peter Stuyvesant re-purchased the territory.[60] [61] The boundaries of the purchase are described in the deed preserved in the New York State Archives, as well as the medium of exchange: "80 fathoms of wampum, 20 fathoms of cloth, 12 brass kettles, 6 guns, one double brass kettle, 2 blankets, and one half barrel of strong beer."[62] In 1660, he ordered the building of a fortified village at Bergen to protect the area.[63] It was the first permanent European settlement in New Jersey, located in what is now the Journal Square area of Jersey City near Academy Street.[61] [64] In 1664, the British captured New Netherland from the Dutch, at which point the boundaries of Bergen Township encompassed what is now known as Hudson County. North of this was the unpopulated Bergen Woods, which would later be claimed by settlers, after whom a number of Union City streets today are named,[61]

Like most of the New York metropolitan area, North Hudson experienced waves of immigration, specifically: settlers from the Netherlands, British colonialists, German-speaking farmers and entrepreneurs, Irish fleeing the famine, "Ellis Islanders", World Wars refugees, the "Spanish" (initially Cuban immigrants, and later other South and Central Americans),[65] and most recently, so-called "cosmopolitans" including individuals and childless families, yuppies, retirees, gay men and women, newlyweds, house-sharers, and rent refugees from less gentrified areas.[66]

In the mid-19th century and early 20th century German Americans dominated the area.[67] They, along with Swiss and Austrian immigrants, imported machines and founded the Schiffli lace making industries, for which they were famous, and the region became the "embroidery capitol of the United States",[10] [11] as well as the silk center of the nation.[12]

Many of the factory buildings still house clothing manufacturers, while others have been converted to art studios or housing. It was this community who (in 1915) established what has become longest running passion play in the U.S., creating America's Oberammergau.[68] [69] The German-American Volksfest has taken place annually since 1874 at Schuetzen Park.[70] [71]

In the 1960s and 1970s the some residents left for the suburbs. Simultaneously middle-class and professional Cubans, fleeing the revolution in their home country, re-located to the area[72] [73] and are generally considered to have "saved" it from a devastating downward spiral, leading to the nickname "Havana on the Hudson".[74] [75] North Hudson has the second largest Cuban American population in the United States behind Miami.[39] Since its inception in 2000 the Cuban Day Parade of New Jersey has become a major annual event in North Hudson, beginning in North Bergen and traveling south to its end in Union City.[76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81]

Once home to a large Jewish community that declined, the area's Jewish population has been on the rise since the turn of the current millennium.[82] [83] [84]

Transportation

The narrow waterfront at the base of the Palisades (along with Hoboken, Jersey City, Bayonne, and Edgewater) was an integral part of Port of New York and New Jersey's shipping industry. Rail lines under and on both sides of the Palisades were laid. From its terminal in Weehawken the West Shore Railroad operated long-distance and commuter passenger train and ferry service (used by travellers and locals alike),[85] from 1884 to 1959.

North Hudson County Railway developed an extensive network of horse-drawn railroads and later, streetcars.[86]

NY Waterway re-instituted ferry service in the late 1980s, and in 2006 opened a state-of-art terminal on the Waterfront for boats traversing the Hudson to Lower and Midtown Manhattan. The Hudson-Bergen Light Rail opened in the early 2000s connecting to south Hudson, has stations at Tonnelle Avenue, Bergenline Avenue, Port Imperial and Lincoln Harbor.[87]

New Jersey Transit, since its opening, has promoted Bergenline Station as a hub/transfer between the light rail and buses: 22, 84, 86, 89, 156, 159, 181 and (one block west on JFK Boulevard) 88, 154. Nungessers at the Bergen County line is a major origination and transfer point. Transfer Station, Hudson County is also a transit hub. Manhattan and suburban-bound bus service is provided along Boulevard East, Bergenline Avenue, Kennedy Boulevard, and 32nd Street. Additionally there are many privately operated licensed mini-buses locally known as immi-vans, gua-guas, carritos, or dollar buses along Bergenline to Journal Square, Downtown Jersey City, 42nd Street in Manhattan, and south east Bergen County, and Paterson.

See also

External links

40.7827°N -74.015°W

Notes and References

  1. Web site: North Hudson Regional Fire and Rescue. June 25, 2019 . Covering the North Hudson towns of Guttenberg, North Bergen, Union City, Weehawken and West New York.
  2. Web site: NJ Employment Discrimination in Hiring North Hudson County Firefighters . Castronovo & McKinney. 2011 . June 24, 2019. ... five towns in northern Hudson County – Guttenberg, North Bergen, Union City, Weehawken, and West New York.
  3. Web site: Court rules North Hudson Regional Fire and Rescue residency policy discriminates against blacks. John. Heinis. December 15, 2011. NJ.com. June 26, 2019 . ...as of 2000, the population of North Hudson’s member municipalities North Bergen, Weehawken, West New York, Guttenberg and Union City....
  4. Web site: Disparate Impact Case Turns On Battle Of The Experts. 15 December 2011. Workplace Class Action Blog. June 26, 2019. North Hudson fire department was formed in 1998, and it was firefighters from five New Jersey municipalities, including Guttenberg, North Bergen, Union City, Weehawken, and West New York. North Hudson maintained a requirement that all firefighter candidates must live within the five North Hudson towns to be eligible for hire....
  5. Web site: Jersey City, Hudson River Waterfront Transportation Corridor Improvements, Hudson-Bergen Light Rail Transit System (HBLRTS), Hudson County, Bergen County: Environmental Impact Statement . Federal Transit Administration. 1996. Waterfront Study Area Districts Figure 4.5 (map) . June 30, 2019.
  6. Web site: Roberts. Sam. Region Reshaped as Immigrants Move to Suburbs. The New York Times. en-US. live. December 14, 2010. January 12, 2023. May 22, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220522155234/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/15/nyregion/15nycensus.html.
  7. Web site: NAACP v. North Hudson Regional Fire & Rescue, 665 F.3d 464 – CourtListener.com. CourtListener. 26 June 2019.
  8. Web site: Race and Ethnicity in Hudson County, New Jersey. en-US. live. Statistical Atlas. January 12, 2023. June 23, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170623081235/http://statisticalatlas.com/county/New-Jersey/Hudson-County/Race-and-Ethnicity.
  9. Web site: Report: Hudson County prominent on list of N.J. towns where English isn't 1st language. John. Heinis. July 9, 2018. Hudson County View.
  10. Book: Cunningham, John. This is New Jersey. registration. 4. 2004. Rutgers University Press/Hudson River Museum. Yonkers, New York. 0-8135-2141-6. 100.
  12. Galland (1947); p 67.
  13. Book: Streetcars of New Jersey: Metropolitan Northeast. Joseph F. Jr.. Eid. Barker. Gummere. 1 November 2007. Lulu.com . June 25, 2019. Google Books. 9780980102628.
  14. News: Site of New Hospital Disputed. Joseph F.. Sullivan. The New York Times. 22 September 1974.
  15. Web site: Hoboken-North Hudson YMCA goes broke. Mark. Maurer. March 29, 2010. NJ.com.
  16. News: 4 Hudson Towns Agree to Unite Their Fire Departments. Ronald. Smothers. The New York Times. October 1, 1998. June 24, 2019.
  17. Web site: Want to be a firefighter in North Hudson? Here's where to start. Patrick. Villanova. August 14, 2018. NJ.com.
  18. Web site: Serving the Communities OF HOBOKEN, UNION CITY, WEEHAWKEN, AND WEST NEW YORK. North Hudson Sewerage Authority. January 9, 2023. January 9, 2023. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230109180100/https://www.nhudsonsa.com/. live.
  19. Web site: Smith, Byron. Hudson County Community College's building spree continues with North Campus in Union City. NJ.com. February 18, 2009. March 19, 2022. March 19, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220319192510/https://www.nj.com/hudson/2009/02/hudson_county_community_colleg.html.
  20. Web site: North Hudson Islamic Educational Center. www.nhiec.com. 24 June 2019.
  21. Web site: North Hudson Academy. 24 June 2019.
  22. Web site: North Hudson Community Action Corporation - nhcac. nhcac.org. 24 June 2019.
  23. https://www.guidestar.org/profile/22-2083720 North Hudson Regional Council of Mayors
  24. Web site: Meals on Wheels administered by the North Hudson Regional Council of Mayors.
  25. Web site: Audit North Hudson Regional Council of Mayors.
  26. Web site: Why we call ourselves Nohu. 16 May 2018. Nohu Collctive. July 18, 2019 . Note: NoHu consists of the towns North Bergen, Guttenberg, West New York, Union City & Weehawken in New Jersey.
  27. Mary Paul and Caren Matzner. "Scores of artists find a place in N. Hudson" The Union City Reporter, April 17, 2008, pages 1, 6 and 19
  28. Web site: Meet neighbors in North Hudson. Hannington. Dia. Staff. Writer. 13 May 2018. 23 June 2019 . “Only in NoHu,” a group for people in North Bergen, Weehawken, West New York, Guttenberg, and Union City – all in northern Hudson County..
  29. Web site: NoHu Collective. NoHu Collective.
  30. Web site: Tinseltown graces North Jersey. Hannington. Dia. Staff. Writer. November 12, 2017.
  31. Web site: NoHu International Short Film Festival. nohufilmfestival.blogspot.com.
  32. Book: North Hudson Kiwanis Club: History and Directory: Silver Anniversary: 1922 — 1947. Galland, Frank. North Hudson Kiwanis Club. 1947. Hudson County, New Jersey. 50.
  33. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/counties/totals/co-est2022-pop-34.xlsx Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties in New Jersey: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022
  34. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/mcds/totals/SUB-MCD-EST2022-POP-34.xlsx Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in New Jersey: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022
  35. https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/reference/guidestloc/All_GSLCG.pdf Guide to State and Local Census Geography
  36. http://www.demographia.com/db-2000city50kdens.htm 2000 Census: US Municipalities Over 50,000: Ranked by 2000 Density
  37. Web site: Only 2 NJ Towns Don't Have Any Immigrants — See The 'Melting Pot' Map. New Jersey 101.5. Matthau, David. 26 June 2017 . en-US. live. July 23, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200723001103/https://nj1015.com/trying-to-make-a-better-life.
  38. Web site: Diversity, density and change in Hoboken and other Hudson County municipalities. Fund a Better Waterfront. en-US. live. September 7, 2021. January 12, 2023. July 6, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220706201509/https://betterwaterfront.org/diversity-density-and-change-in-hoboken-and-other-hudson-county-municipalities/.
  39. http://www.hudsonreporter.com/site/news.cfm?BRD=1291&dept_id=523585&newsid=17118972&PAG=461&rfi=9 Most liquor licenses? Bumpiest town? Local municipalities hold unusual distinctions
  40. Web site: Hortillosa, Summer Dawn. PHOTOS: Hudson River Walkway tour to showcase waterfront's beauty, history. NJ.com. September 13, 2011. March 19, 2022. October 18, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121018131010/http://www.nj.com/hobokennow/index.ssf/2011/09/photos_hudson_river_walkway_to.html.
  41. Winfield, Charles Hardenburg. "History of the county of Hudson, New Jersey: from its earliest settlement", p. 289. Kennard & Hay Stationery M'fg and Print. Co., 1874. Accessed December 22, 2011.
  42. Book: Barber . John W. . John Warner Barber . Howe . Henry . Henry Howe . Hudson County Historical Collections of the State of New Jersey . New York . S. Tuttle . 1844 . Hudson County . http://history.rays-place.com/nj/hudson-cty.htm .
  43. Web site: Lang, Arnold . Bergen County's Townships and Municipalities, Part 3 1836 to 1893 . The Archivist . https://web.archive.org/web/20080915120203/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~njgsbc/gsbcArch03.html . September 15, 2008 . December 22, 2011.
  44. Barber, John W. . Howe, Henry . North Bergen, NJ from Historical Collections Of The State Of New Jersey . New York . S. Tuttle . 1844 . May 10, 2011 . July 10, 2012 . https://archive.today/20120710001752/http://history.rays-place.com/nj/n-bergen-nj.htm . dead .
  45. Snyder, John P. The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606-1968, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 145. Accessed November 13, 2012.
  46. News: BEAR OF ECLIPSE STIRS WEEHAWKEN; Residents Oppose Plan to Consolidate Neighboring Towns Into Hudson City. SATISFIED TO STAND ALONE As for Its Rivals, Look at Their Debts  - And Then Think of Guttenberg's Reputation!. The New York Times. November 13, 1909.
  47. News: NEW JERSEY TOWNS MAY CONSOLIDATE; Weehawken, West Hoboken, and Union Hill Discussing a Municipal Merger. The New York Times. June 18, 1911.
  48. News: HOBOKEN TAKES STEPS TO MAKE A 150,000 CITY; Bill to Consolidate Outlying Suburbs to be Sent to Trenton. MUCH SPECULATIVE BUYING Recent Purchases, Supposed to be for Railroads, Now Attributed to Prospective Home Development . The New York Times. November 12, 1905.
  49. http://www.nhudsonsa.com North Hudson Sewerage Authority
  50. Web site: BCCLS. www.bccls.org. 22 April 2018.
  51. https://hudsoncountyview.com/norpth-hudson-officials-cut-the-ribbon-on-new-guttenberg-resource-center/
  52. News: Cubans Alter Hudson Politics. Joseph. Laura. The New York Times. November 22, 1981. 26 June 2019.
  53. Karabin, Gerard. "Brief History of Union City". Union City, New Jersey. Accessed August 28, 2017. "Eighty-five years ago on June 1, 1925, the Town of Union (colloquially known as Union Hill) and the Township of West Hoboken joined together and became one, the city of Union City."
  54. Trigger, Bruce G. Delaware languages: Handbook of North American Indians Vol. 15: Northeast, page 215. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. 1978. .
  55. Day, Gordon M. "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forests." Ecology, Vol. 34, No. 2 (April): 329-346. New England and New York areas 1580–1800. Notes that the Lenni Lenape (Delaware) tribe in New Jersey and the Massachuset tribe in Massachusetts used fire in ecosystems.1953
  56. Russell, Emily W.B. "Vegetational Change in Northern New Jersey Since 1500 A.D.: A Palynological, Vegetational and Historical Synthesis." PhD dissertation. New Brunswick, PA: Rutgers University. Author notes on page 8 that Indians often augmented lightning fires. 1979
  57. Russell, Emily W.B. "Indian Set Fires in the Forests of the Northeastern United States." Ecology, Vol. 64, No. 1 (Feb): 78 88. 1983a Author found no strong evidence that Indians purposely burned large areas, but they did burn small areas near their habitation sites. Noted that the Lenna Lenape Tribe used fire.
  58. A Brief Description of New York, Formerly Called New Netherlands with the Places Thereunto Adjoining, Likewise a Brief Relation of the Customs of the Indians There. New York, NY: William Gowans. 1670. Reprinted in 1937 by the Facsimile Text Society, Columbia University Press, New York. Notes that the Lenni Lenape (Delaware) tribe in New Jersey used fire in ecosystems.
  59. Karnoutsos, Carmela. Pavonia, Lower Jersey City New Jersey City University. Accessed October 14, 2015.
  60. Robinson, Dr. Walter F. (1964). New Jersey Tercentenary: 1664–1964. Hudson County Tercentenary Committee for this information, p. 190
  61. [Fernandez, Lucio]
  62. 50th Anniversary of the Incorporation of the Town of West Hoboken, N.J. (1911). Datz Co.
  63. Karnoutsos, Carmela. 350th Anniversary of the Dutch Settlement of Bergen; Colonial Jersey City, New Jersey City University. Accessed August 28, 2017.
  64. Kaulessar, Ricardo. "350 years of history; Fair commemorates founding of Jersey City, will honor the oldest families in Hudson County", The Hudson Reporter, October 3, 2010. Accessed November 14, 2019. "Before there was a Jersey City or a Hudson County, the village of Bergen – the first European settlement in New Jersey, founded in 1660 by Dutch settler Peter Stuyvesant – had its origins in what is now the Journal Square area of Jersey City near Academy Street."
  65. Web site: Foreign Assistance and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1974, Hearings..., 93-1, Subcommittee on Foreign Operations and Related Agencies.... United States Congress House Committee on. Appropriations. November 15, 1973. Google Books.
  66. Web site: UC History. ucnj.com. 22 April 2018.
  67. Book: Cunningham, John T.. This is New Jersey. registration. 100. north hudson townships.. 18 June 1994. Rutgers University Press. Internet Archive. 9780813521411.
  68. Web site: Park Performing Arts Center Passion Play . 2010-01-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110727164656/http://www.parkpac.org/pp_pas.html . 2011-07-27 . dead .
  69. Web site: Trade Agreements Extension: Hearings Before the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, Eighty-fourth Congress, First Session, on H.R. 1, a Bill to Extend the Authority of the President to Enter Into Trade Agreements Under Section 350 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as Amended, and for Other Purposes .... United States Congress House Committee on Ways and. Means. June 4, 1955. U.S. Government Printing Office. Google Books.
  70. Web site: お問い合わせ. https://web.archive.org/web/20101123001636/http://germanyinnyc.org/index.php?section=catlocation&cat_loc_id=351&cat_id=6. dead. November 23, 2010.
  71. News: At Schuetzen Park, a Bit of Germany and a Tradition of Charity. Susan Jo. Keller. The New York Times. October 6, 1996.
  72. Book: Latino Urbanism: The Politics of Planning, Policy, and Redevelopment. David R.. Diaz. Rodolfo D.. Torres. January 1, 2012. NYU Press. Google Books. 9780814784051.
  73. Web site: West New York Public Library. www.wnypl.org. 22 April 2018.
  74. Book: Ph.D, Reed Ueda. America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places [3 volumes]]. 21 September 2017. ABC-CLIO. Google Books. 9781440828652.
  75. News: Union City and Miami: A Sisterhood Born of Cuban Roots. Evelyn . Nieves. 1992-11-30. The New York Times. April 22, 2018.
  76. Rosero. Jessica. Celebrating Cuba Pride: Fifth annual Cuban Day Parade draws residents and honored guest. Hudson Reporter. June 11, 2004. 2010-06-15.
  77. Miller. Jonathon. Judge Decides Against a Mayor Who Banned Cuban Parade. New York Times. May 31, 2007. 2010-06-15.
  78. http://www.desfilecubanodenj.com/eventspage.htm Website Cuban Day Parade and Festival of New Jersey
  79. Schmidt. Margaret. Cuban Parade of New Jersey. Jersey Journal. May 30, 2009. June 15, 2010.
  80. Rosero. Jessica. The parade marches on: Eighth annual Cuban Day Parade of New Jersey keeps traditional route. The Hudson Reporter. June 17, 2007. June 17, 2010.
  81. Book: Ph.D, Reed Ueda. America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places [3 volumes]]. September 21, 2017. ABC-Clio. 25 June 2019. Google Books. 9781440828652.
  82. Web site: Hudson County's Jewish community enjoys a growth spurt. Charles. Zusman. Jewish Standard. en-US. live. May 20, 2011. January 9, 2023. May 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210505123855/https://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/hudson-countys-jewish-community-enjoys-a-growth-spurt/.
  83. Web site: Jews in North Bergen get a Shab-Bus to shul. Rev. Alexander. November 19, 2014. NJ.com.
  84. Web site: New Jersey: Hudson County. Jewish Virtual Library. en-US. live. January 9, 2023. May 29, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170529230926/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/hudson-county.
  85. Book: New Jersey's Multiple Municipal Madness. 9780813525662. Karcher. Alan J.. 1998. Rutgers University Press .
  86. News: Hudson County Is Awake; Vast Improvements Are Under Way And In Prospect. Evidences Of A Realization That She Has Not Kept Up With The Procession  - Parks, A Fine Driveway, And Rapid Transit. The New York Times. en-US. live. March 29, 1891. January 9, 2023. November 20, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221120044718/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1891/03/29/106048569.pdf.
  87. Web site: NEW LIGHT RAIL STATIONS OPEN IN UNION CITY AND NORTH BERGEN: Grand opening ceremony for Bergenline Avenue and Tonnelle Avenue stations, start of 7-day service at Port Imperial. Stessel, Dan. NJ Transit. en-US. live. February 25, 2006. January 9, 2023. January 9, 2023. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230109180127/https://www.njtransit.com/press-releases/new-light-rail-stations-open-union-city-and-north-bergen. The light rail station opening is a tremendous success...become a higher education and commuter destination in the North Hudson area.

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