Nortel Explained

Nortel Networks Corporation
Type:Public
Traded As:formerly
Foundation:
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Fate:Bankruptcy
Location City:Ottawa, Ontario
Location Country:Canada
Parent:AT&T / Bell Canada
(1895–1956)
Bell Canada (1956–1983)[1]
BCE Inc. (1983–2000)

Nortel Networks Corporation (Nortel), formerly Northern Telecom Limited, was a Canadian multinational telecommunications and data networking equipment manufacturer headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in Montreal, Quebec in 1895 as the Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company. Until an antitrust settlement in 1949, Northern Electric was owned mostly by Bell Canada and the Western Electric Company of the Bell System, producing large volumes of telecommunications equipment based on licensed Western Electric designs.[2]

At its height, Nortel accounted for more than a third of the total valuation of all companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), employing 94,500 people worldwide.[3] In 2009, Nortel filed for bankruptcy protection in Canada and the United States, triggering a 79% decline in its corporate stock price. The bankruptcy case was the largest in Canadian history and left pensioners, shareholders, and former employees with enormous losses. By 2016, Nortel had sold billions of dollars in assets.[4] Courts in the U.S. and Canada approved a negotiated settlement of bankruptcy proceedings in 2017.[5] [6]

History

Origins

Alexander Graham Bell conceived the technical aspects of the telephone in July 1874, while residing with his parents at their farm in Tutela Heights, on the outskirts of Brantford, Ontario.[7] [8] He later refined its design at Brantford after producing his first working prototype in Boston.[9] Canada's first telephone factory, created by James Cowherd of Brantford, was a three-story brick building that soon started manufacturing telephones for the Bell System, leading to the city's style as The Telephone City.[10]

After Cowherd's death in 1881 which resulted in the closure of his Brantford factory, a mechanical production department was created within the Bell Telephone Company of Canada and production of Canadian telephone equipment was transferred to Montreal in 1882 to compensate for the restrictions on importing telephone equipment from the United States. [11] In addition to telephones, four years later, the department started manufacturing switchboards, at first the 50-line Standard Magneto Switchboard. The small manufacturing department expanded yearly with the growth and popularity of the telephone to 50 employees in 1888. By 1890 it had been transformed into its own branch of operations with 200 employees, and a new factory was under construction.

As the manufacturing branch expanded, its production ability increased beyond the demand for telephones, and it faced closure for several months a year without manufacturing other products. The Bell Telephone Company of Canada's (later renamed to Bell Canada) charter prohibited the company to build other products. In 1895, the Bell Telephone of Canada spun off its manufacturing arm to build telephones for sale to other companies, as well as other products, such as fire alarm boxes, police street call boxes, and fire department call equipment. This company was incorporated as the Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company Limited.

Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company

Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company Limited was incorporated on December 7, 1895. The initial stock capital was $50,000 at $100 per share, with 93% held by the Bell Telephone Company of Canada and the remainder held by seven corporate directors.[12] The first general stockholders meeting was held on March 24, 1896.

In December 1899, The Bell Telephone Company of Canada bought a cabling company for $500,000; a Canadian charter named it The Wire and Cable Company.[13] Northern Electric and Manufacturing further expanded its product line in 1900, manufacturing the first Canadian wind-up gramophones that played flat discs.[14] In 1911 the Wire and Cable Company changed its name to the Imperial Wire and Cable Company.

Northern Electric Company

The construction of a new manufacturing plant started in 1913 at Shearer Street in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, as preparations began for the two manufacturing companies' integration. Then, in January 1914, the Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company and the Imperial Wire and Cable Company merged into the Northern Electric Company, commonly known simply as Northern Electric. The new company opened the doors on a new manufacturing plant in January 1915. This facility, located on Shearer Street, was the primary manufacturing centre until the mid-1950s.[14] Edward Fleetford Sise was the president and his brother Paul Fleetford Sise was the vice-president and general manager.

During the First World War Northern Electric manufactured the Portable Commutator, a one-wire telegraphic switchboard for military operations in the field.[15] [16] In 1922, Northern started to produce, for $5, the "Peanut" vacuum tube, which required only a single dry-cell battery. The use of alternating current was still under development during this time. The "Northern Electric Peanut tube was the smallest tube made, and drew only one-tenth of an ampere and was the most remarkable radio frequency amplifier ever made."[17] During the 1920s Northern Electric made kettles, toasters, cigar lighters, electric stoves, and washing machines. In January 1923, Northern Electric started to operate an AM radio station with call letters CHYC, in the Shearer Street plant, and much of the programming was religious services for the Northern Electric employees and families in the community. In July 1923, CHYC-AM was the first radio station to provide entertainment to the riders of the transcontinental train, in a parlor car fitted with a radio set to receive the broadcast as it left Montreal and traveled west. Later in the 1920s, Northern created the first talking movie sound system in the British Empire for a theater in Montreal.[18]

During the Great Depression in the 1930s, Northern Electric was affected, like most other companies. From the beginning of 1930 through the end of 1933, sales dropped from $34 million to $8.2 million, with employees dropping from 6,100 to 2,400.[19]

Independence from Western Electric

In 1949, an antitrust suit in the U.S. forced AT&T/Western Electric to sell its stake in Northern Electric to Bell Canada. AT&T spun off Northern Electric in 1956. Deprived of its Western Electric tie, Northern began developing its own products. In 1953, Northern Electric produced its first television sets using tubes made by RCA.[20] Bell Canada acquired 100 percent of Northern Electric in 1964; through public stock offerings starting in 1973, Bell's ownership of Northern Electric and its successors would be reduced, though it continued to have majority control.[21]

In 1966, the Northern Electric research lab, Northern Electric Laboratories (the predecessor to Bell-Northern Research), started looking into the possibilities of fiber optic cable, and in 1969, began work on digitizing telephone communications. Also in 1969, Northern began making inroads into the U.S. market with its switching systems. In 1972, it opened its first factory in the U.S. in Michigan. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Northern began shipping its first digital switching systems, one of the earliest such systems to be sold.[22]

Northern Telecom was, with Bell-Northern Research, in the early 1970s a part owner of MicroSystems International, a semiconductor manufacturer based in Nepean, outside Ottawa.[23] [24]

Northern Telecom and "Digital World"

In March 1976, the company name was changed to Northern Telecom Limited, and management announced its intention to concentrate the company's efforts on digital technology.[25] Northern Telecom was the first company in its industry to announce and deliver a complete line of fully digital telecommunications products. The product line was branded "Digital World" and included the DMS-100, a fully digital central office switch serving as many as 100,000 lines, which was a key contributor to the company's revenue for close to 15 years.[26]

Starting in 1977, Nortel grew rapidly after the introduction of its DMS line of digital central office telephone switches, especially after the AT&T breakup in 1984. Northern Telecom became a significant supplier in Europe and China[27] and was the first non-Japanese supplier to Nippon Telegraph and Telephone.

Deregulation

In 1983, due to deregulation, Bell Canada Enterprises (later shortened to BCE) was formed as the parent company to Bell Canada and Northern Telecom. Bell-Northern Research was jointly owned 50–50 by Bell Canada and Northern Telecom. The combined three companies were referred to as the tricorporate.[28] [29] [30]

As Nortel, the streamlined identity it adopted for its 100th anniversary in 1995, the company set out to dominate the burgeoning global market for public and private networks.

Optical boom and bust

In 1998, with the acquisition of Bay Networks, the company's name was changed to Nortel Networks to emphasize its ability to provide complete solutions for multiprotocol, multiservice, global networking over the Internet and other communications networks. As a consequence of the stock transaction used to purchase Bay Networks, BCE ceased to be the majority shareholder of Nortel.

In 1999, Nortel outsourced several of its manufacturing operations to North American contractors.[31]

In 2000, BCE spun out Nortel, distributing its holdings of Nortel to its shareholders. Bell-Northern Research was gradually absorbed into Nortel, as it first acquired a majority share in BNR, and eventually acquired the entire company.

In the late 1990s, stock market speculators, hoping that Nortel would reap increasingly lucrative profits from the sale of fibre optic network gear, began pushing up the company's share price to unheard-of levels despite the company's repeated failure to turn a profit.[32] Under the leadership of chief executive officer (CEO) John Roth, sales of optical equipment had been robust in the late 1990s, but the market was soon saturated. When the speculative telecom bubble of the late 1990s reached its pinnacle late in the year 2000, Nortel was to become one of the most major casualties.[33] Nortel's revenues would be dented by a saturated market and the failure of WorldCom, which was a major customer.[34] [35] [36]

At its height, Nortel accounted for more than a third of the total valuation of all the companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), employing 94,500 worldwide, with 25,900 in Canada alone.[37] Nortel's market capitalization fell from C$398 billion in September 2000 to less than C$5 billion in August 2002, as Nortel's stock price plunged from C$124 to C$0.47. When Nortel's stock crashed, it took with it a wide swath of Canadian investors and pension funds and left 60,000 Nortel employees unemployed. Roth was criticized after it was revealed that he cashed in his own stock options for a personal gain of C$135 million in 2000 alone.[38]

CEO John Roth retired in 2001. His planned successor and chief operating officer (COO), Clarence Chandran, already on sick leave due to complications following his 1997 stabbing in Singapore,[39] decided to quit, however.[40] Chief financial officer (CFO) Frank Dunn was eventually chosen as Roth's permanent replacement.[41]

After the Internet bubble

Accounting restatements

Frank Dunn presided over a dramatic restructuring of Nortel, which included laying off two-thirds of its workforce (60,000 staff)[42] and writedowns of nearly US$16 billion in 2001 alone.This had some initial perceived success in turning the company around, with an unexpected return to profitability reported in the first quarter of 2003. The black ink triggered a total of $70 million in bonuses to the top 43 managers,[43] with $7.8 million going to Dunn alone,[44] $3 million to chief financial officer Douglas Beatty, and $2 million to controller Michael Gollogly.[45] Independent auditor Deloitte & Touche advised audit committee chairman John Cleghorn and board chairman "Red" Wilson to look into the suspicious results, who promptly hired the law firm WilmerHale to vet the financial statements.[46] In late October 2003, Nortel announced that it intended to restate approximately $900 million of liabilities carried on its previously reported balance sheet as of June 30, 2003, following a comprehensive internal review of these liabilities. The company stated that the restatement's principal effects would be a reduction in previously reported net losses for 2000, 2001, and 2002 and an increase in shareholders' equity and net assets previously reported on its balance sheet. A dozen of the company's most senior executives returned $8.6 million of bonuses they were paid based on the erroneous accounting. Investigators ultimately found about $3 billion in revenue had been booked improperly in 1998, 1999, and 2000. More than $2 billion was moved into later years, about $750 million was pushed forward beyond 2003 and about $250 million was wiped away completely. The accounting scandal hurt both Nortel's reputation and finances, as Nortel spent an estimated US$400 million on outside auditors and management consultants to retrain staff.[46]

To improve its liquidity, in 2003 Nortel arranged a US$750 million credit support facility with Export Development Canada.[47] Walter Robinson of the Canadian Taxpayers Federation denounced the line of credit, calling it "corporate welfare at its worst."[48]

On April 28, 2004 amidst the accounting scandal, three of Nortel's top lieutenants—Douglas Beatty, CEO Frank Dunn and Michael Gollogly—were fired for financial mismanagement. They were later charged with fraud by the RCMP.[49] [50] The trial began on January 16, 2012,[51] ending with acquittals for all three.[52] [53]

The United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) also filed charges against them and four vice-presidents for civil fraud.[50] On December 19, 2014, remaining civil charges from the Ontario Securities Commission and SEC were simultaneously dropped.[54]

Owens and Zafirovski

After Dunn's firing, retired United States Admiral Bill Owens – at the time a member of the board of directors – was appointed interim CEO.[55] Nortel Networks subsequently returned to using the Nortel name for branding purposes only (the official company name was not changed). Nortel acquired PEC Solutions, a provider of information technology and telecommunications services to various government agencies and departments, in June 2005 and renamed it Nortel Government Solutions Incorporated (NGS).[56] [57] LG Electronics and Nortel formed a joint venture in August 2005, with Nortel owning 51%, to offer telecom and networking solutions in the wireline, optical, wireless and enterprise areas for South Korean and global customers.[58]

Peter W. Currie, previously the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of the Royal Bank of Canada, was named CFO of Nortel in 2005, having previously served as Northern Telecom's CFO in the 1990s. Gary Daichendt, the former Chief Operating Officer of Cisco Systems, was hired as president and COO, and was expected to succeed Owens as CEO. Shortly afterward, Daichendt appointed ex-Cisco Chief Science Officer Gary Kunis as Chief Technology Officer (CTO). Both Garys were concerned about the overall direction of Nortel, especially when compared to Cisco, their previous employer. Just three months later, Daichendt resigned after both his restructuring plan and his suggestion that Owens and Currie leave the company immediately were rejected by the board of directors. Kunis quit shortly thereafter.[59] At the year's end, directors Lynton "Red" Wilson and John Cleghorn retired from the board.

Mike S. Zafirovski, who had served as president and CEO of GE Lighting and then as Motorola President and COO, succeeded Owens as president and CEO on November 15, 2005.[60] Motorola filed a suit against Zafirovski's hiring, alleging that his new position would break the terms of the non-disclosure agreement he had signed. Nortel agreed to pay $11.5 million on his behalf to settle the lawsuit.[61] Nortel also paid out US$575 million and 629 million common shares in 2006 to settle a class-action lawsuit that accused the company of misleading investors about the company's health.

Currie stepped down as Executive Vice President and CFO in early 2007.[62] In February 2007, Nortel announced its plans to reduce its workforce by 2,000 employees, and to transfer an additional 1,000 jobs to lower-cost job sites.[63] The Securities and Exchange Commission filed civil fraud charges against Nortel for accounting fraud from 2000 to 2003; the fraud was allegedly to close gaps between its true performance, its internal targets and Wall Street expectations. Nortel settled the case, paying $35 million, which the Commission distributed to affected shareholders, and reported periodically to the commission on remedial measures to improve its financial accounting.[64]

Nortel announced plans in February 2008 to eliminate 2,100 jobs, and to transfer another 1,000 jobs to lower-cost centres.[65] As part of the reductions, Nortel shut down its Calgary campus in 2009.[66]

During its reporting of third quarter 2008 results, Nortel announced it would restructure into three vertically-integrated business units: Enterprise, Carrier Networks, and Metro Ethernet Networks. As part of the decentralization of its organization, four executive positions were eliminated, effective January 1, 2009: Chief Marketing Officer - Lauren Flaherty; Chief Technology Officer - John Roese; Global Services President - Dietmar Wendt; and Executive Vice President Global Sales - Bill Nelson. A net reduction of 1,300 jobs was also announced.[67] As its stock price dropped below $1, the New York Stock Exchange notified Nortel that it would be delisted if its common shares failed to rise above $1 per share within 6 months.[68] Rumours continued to persist of Nortel's poor financial health, amid the late 2000s recession, and its bids for government funds were turned down.[69]

There is suspicion that industrial espionage and knockoff Asian products brought down Nortel or at least accelerated its demise. An extensive analysis by University of Ottawa professor Jonathan Calof and recollections of former Nortel executive Tim Dempsey have placed the blame mostly on strategic mistakes and poor management at the company.[70]

Liquidation

Protection from creditors

On January 14, 2009, Nortel filed for protection from creditors, in the United States under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code, in Canada under the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act, and in the United Kingdom under the Insolvency Act 1986.[5] [71] [72] Nortel was the first major technology company to seek bankruptcy protection in this global downturn.[73] Nortel had an interest payment of $107 million due the next day, approximately 4.6% of its cash reserves of approximately $2.3 billion.[74] After the announcement, the share price fell more than 79% on the Toronto Stock Exchange. Export Development Canada agreed to provide up to C$30 million in short-term financing through its existing credit support facility with Nortel. The Canadian government resisted characterizing its position on Nortel as a bailout.[75]

Nortel initially hoped to re-emerge from bankruptcy, implementing a retention bonus plan in an effort to retain its top executives during the restructuring period. These bonuses, totaling US$45 million, were targeted at 1,000 executive positions.[76] At the end of January 2009, Nortel announced that it would be discontinuing its WiMAX business and its agreement with Alvarion.[77] [78] Nortel subsequently sold its Layer 4–7 application delivery business to Israeli technology firm Radware for $18 million, after Radware had initially placed a stalking horse bid.[79] [80] Nortel had acquired the application switch product line in October 2000 when it purchased Alteon WebSystems.[81]

Wind-up

With the worsening recession and stock market decline deterring potential companies from bidding for Nortel's assets, and many of Nortel's major customers reconsidering their relationships with the restructuring company,[82] in June Nortel announced that it no longer planned to emerge from bankruptcy protection, and would seek buyers for all of its business units.[83] After announcing it planned to sell off all of its assets, Nortel shares were delisted from the Toronto Stock Exchange on June 26, 2009 at a price of $0.185 per share, down from its high in 2000 when it comprised a third of the S&P/TSX composite index.[83] [84] [85] Mike Zafirovski subsequently resigned in August, and Nortel's board of directors was reorganized with three members instead of nine.[86] Nortel handed out $14.2 million in cash compensation to seven executives in 2009. Nortel also paid out $1.4 million to 10 former and current directors, and paid $140 million to lawyers, pension, human resources and financial experts helping to oversee the company's bankruptcy proceedings.[87]

Nokia Siemens Networks made a stalking horse bid to purchase Nortel's CDMA and LTE assets for $650 million.[83] By the July 21 deadline for additional bids, MatlinPatterson and Ericsson had made offers,[88] and Ericsson emerged as the victor in the following auction, with a purchase price of $1.13 billion.[89] [90] Avaya won an auction for Nortel's Enterprise Solutions business, including Nortel's stake in Nortel Government Solutions and DiamondWare, for $900 million,[91] after having placed a stalking horse bid of $475 million.[92] In November, Nortel sold its MEN (Metro Ethernet Networks) unit to Ciena Corporation for US$530 million in cash and US$239 million in convertible notes,[93] [94] and its GSM business at auction to Ericsson and Kapsch for US$103 million.[95] [96] [97] [98] Hitachi purchased the Next Generation Packet Core assets.[99] As insurance against judgments in class action lawsuits filed by former employees, John Roth filed in December 2009 for a US$1 billion indemnification from Nortel, joining the list of U.S. creditors.[100]

In February 2010, Ernst & Young, the court-appointed monitor of Nortel's Canadian bankruptcy proceedings, reported that the assets of Nortel's Health and Welfare Trust had a shortfall of $37 million in its net assets as of December 31, 2008. The trust supports pensioners' medical, dental and life insurance benefits, as well as income support for some groups such as long-term disability recipients.[101] Also in February, Nortel negotiated a $57 million deal to wind up the health care and other benefits provided to former Canadian employees. Shortly afterwards, Nortel proposed spending $92.3M on retention bonuses for 1,475 employees in its Nortel Business Services and Corporate groups, with $2.5 million in incentives going to Christopher Ricaute, president of Nortel Business Services; $27 million allocated for Canadian employees; and $55 million allocated for U.S. employees.[102] The proposed plan was later extended by an additional $27 million.[103] Claiming that the retention bonuses proposal was extraordinary, acting US trustee Roberta DeAngelis objected to the payment of $55.6 million to 866 employees.[104] However, court-appointed representatives for Nortel's former employees, who are creditors in the Ontario bankruptcy court, have signed an agreement to not oppose any employee incentive program.

GENBAND purchased the Carrier VoIP and Application Solutions (CVAS) unit in May 2010, as Nortel accepted its stalking horse bid of $282 million, with adjustments that decreased the net sale price to about $100 million, without a formal bidding process.[105] [106] [107] Ericsson purchased Nortel's share in its joint venture with LG Electronics for US$242 million, forming LG-Ericsson, in June 2010.[108] [109] Ericsson also purchased Nortel's final operating unit, the Multi-Service Switch division, in September 2010 for US$65 million.[110] [111] [112] Nortel's Ottawa campus on Carling Avenue was purchased by Public Works and Government Services Canada (PWGSC) in October 2010 for a cash purchase price of CDN$208 million,[113] to serve as the new home of Canada's National Defence Headquarters.[114]

Nortel's 53.13% stake in Turkish company Nortel Netaş was acquired by One Equity Partners (OEP) and Rhea Investments for $68 million in December 2010.[115] [116]

The last major asset of Nortel, approximately 6,000 patents and patent applications encompassing technologies such as wireless, wireless 4G, data networking, optical, voice, Internet, and semiconductors, was sold for $4.5 billion to a consortium including Apple, EMC, Ericsson, Microsoft, BlackBerry Limited, and Sony, pending American and Canadian court approval.[117] [118] (Google had placed the initial stalking horse bid of $900 million[119] and later upped the bid to $1,902,160,540, then $2,614,972,128, and eventually $3.14159 billion, which are references to Brun's constant, Meissel–Mertens constant, and pi.)[120] Bankruptcy filings state that Nortel owed former Canadian engineers $285,000 for patent awards that were not paid.[121]

In October 2011, the administrators of Nortel's British subsidiary lost their appeal to overturn a court order requiring them to pay £2.1 billion into Nortel's underfunded pension plan.[122] Nortel's U.S. retirement income plan is now managed by PBGC Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation.[123]

In January 2014, a pact between the U.S. and European divisions of Nortel was approved by a U.S. court.[124] However, litigation continued. In April 2016, Nortel went back to court for a fresh round of legal arguments in a seven-year-old bankruptcy which cost creditors about $2 billion including attorney fees.[125] Courts in the U.S. and Canada approved a negotiated settlement among competing creditors in January 2017.[126]

Products

See also: List of Microsoft–Nortel Innovative Communications Alliance products.

Nortel made telecommunications, computer network equipment and software. It served both general businesses and communications carriers (landline telephone, mobile phone, and cable TV carriers). Technologies included telephonic (voice) equipment, fiber optics, local wireless, and multimedia.

Past products included:

Telephone SystemsTelephone sets and terminalsLAN and MAN equipment
Application Server 5200 and Application Server 5300 (AS5300)Nortel business phones, digital sets for Meridian and NorstarBaystack and ERS (Ethernet Routing Switch), managed network switches for Ethernet; ERS-8600, ERS-8300, ERS-5600, ERS-5500, ERS-4500, ERS-2500
Digital Multiplex System (DMS and SL-100 families) large-scale digital carrier phone switchNorthern Electric home phonesMultiservice Switch (MSS) (formerly Passport); MSS20000, MSS15000, MSS7400, MSS6400
Meridian 1 (SL-1) medium-to-large-scale PBXNorthern Telecom home phonesMetro Ethernet Routing Switch 8600
Meridian Norstar small-to-medium-scale digital key telephone systemNortel payphonesNortel Secure Network Access (switch and software)
Nortel Communication Servers, medium-to-large-scale VoIP PBX Systems; CS2100, CS2000, CS1500, CS1000Nortel IP Phone 1120E
Meridian Data Networking System (DV-1)Meridian M4020
SG-1 analog wired logic control PBX
SP-1 analog stored program control carrier switch
RoutersSoftwareOther WAN equipment
Secure Router 1000 Systems; SR1004, SR1002, SR1001S, SR1001Visualization Performance & Fault Manager (VPFM)1 Mbit/s modem
Secure Router 3120Nortel Enterprise Switch ManagerS/DMS SONET
Secure Router 4134Nortel File and Inventory ManagerOPTera Long Haul
Secure Router 8000 Systems; SR8002, SR8004, SR8008, SR8012Nortel Multi-link Trunking Manager
VPN Routers; 1750, 2700, 2750, 5000Nortel Multicast Manager
Nortel Speech Server
Passport Carrier Release
Nortel Routing Manager
Nortel Security Manager
Nortel VLAN manager
DiamondWare 3D Voice Platform
Unified Communications Management
Agile Communication Environment

Criticism and controversy

Payments to lawyers and accountants

In 2016, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation reported that lawyers and accountants received billion from Nortel's estate.[127]

Kathleen Peterson Case

In 2001 Nortel's director of information services Kathleen Peterson was found dead at the bottom of a staircase in her home in Durham, NC. Nortel had been enduring heavy layoffs during this time, and family members report that Kathleen was worried she may too be laid off at Nortel.[128] This was used by the prosecution as motive for Kathleen's husband, Michael Peterson, to murder Kathleen due to her 1.3 million-dollar life insurance policy (partly provided by Nortel) and the couple's $143,000 in credit card debt. [129]

Environmental damage

After bankruptcy, Nortel's estate faced million in claims to pay for environmental damage at various sites, including Belleville, Brockville, Kingston and London.[130]

Hacks

In September 1991, Julian Assange was discovered in the act of hacking into the Melbourne master terminal of Nortel.[131]

In 2001 Nortel identified knockoff products circulating in the Chinese market, where they did not compete.[132] The management chose not to press the issue.[133] Brian Shields, former chief security officer at Nortel, said his company was compromised in 2004 by China-based hackers; executive credentials were accessed remotely, and entire computers were taken over.[134] Nortel's own specialist did not find any abnormality. In 2008, Shields decided to approach an outside expert, who reported finding sophisticated malware in the company's machines and activities traced to Chinese IP addresses and discussions on a Mandarin Internet forum. Shields had tried to escalate the issue within the company, but senior staff members did not take any action. Mike Zafirovski, one of Nortel's top executives at the time, was skeptical, citing Shields' reputation for exaggeration.[135]

Nortel sought for but failed to receive help from the RCMP. A former CSIS official said the agency approached the company but was rebuffed.[136]

Nortel allegedly failed to disclose the problem to potential buyers of its business, a "despicable" omission according to Shields. Avaya and Genband both acquired parts of Nortel, and some employees used old Nortel machines connected to the new companies' networks. Avaya says it has dealt with the issue after Shields informed the new companies of his investigation.[137] [138] [139] [140] [141]

Cybersecurity experts have some doubts about a hack of such magnitude as described by Shields, calling it "unlikely". Shields does not think Huawei was directly involved, but industry insiders, including him, believe that Huawei and ZTE were beneficiaries of the hack.[142] [143] [144]

Government bailouts

2003

On February 16, 2003, the Winnipeg Sun published an article criticising the Canadian Federal government for propping up "mega-loser Nortel" through Export Development Canada (EDC). The article interviewed Walter Robinson of the Canadian Taxpayers Federation who termed this EDC support as "corporate welfare at its worst". Mr. Robinson was appalled that Canadians who already lost billions on Nortel on the stock market would be asked for even more money through their taxes to support Nortel.[48]

2009

The EDC had agreed to provide up to million in short-term financing through an existing bonding facility. This money was previously available to Nortel, and no special funding was made available. The Canadian government resisted characterizing its position on Nortel as a bailout.[145]

Illegal breach of trust in Nortel's Health and Welfare Trust

There have been reports of financial irregularities at Nortel's Health and Welfare Trust. Diane Urquhart, a financial analyst, testified before a parliamentary committee that $100 million is missing from the HWT and that a $37 million loan to the corporation has not been paid back.[146] The HWT was an unregistered trust maintained by Nortel to provide medical, dental, life insurance, long-term disability and survivor income and pension transition benefits.[147] [148] Until 2005 Nortel fully funded the disability insurance in its HWT. However, it is alleged that since then, the HWT Governance Committees and third party trustee, Northern Trust, breached their fiduciary duties to protect Nortel's disabled employees and survivors of deceased employees by allowing Nortel to misdirect over million from the HWT for purposes inconsistent with the terms of the HWT.[149] As of March 1, 2012, Northern Trust continues to act as the paying agent for Canadian Nortel pensioners.[150]

Bookkeeping irregularities

In 2007, both the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the Ontario Securities Commission laid charges against former senior financial officials from Nortel including Frank Dunn who was fired from Nortel in 2004. Frank Dunn was promoted from chief financial officer to replace John A. Roth as CEO in November 2001. According to the SEC, Dunn and three other financial officers began to fudge revenue by misusing "bill and hold" transactions starting "no later than September, 2000". The SEC said that at least a year's worth of the alleged misconduct took place while John Roth was still CEO of Nortel, though no charges were laid against him.[151] [152]

Treatment of Nortel pensioners

On June 23, 2010, the News and Observer published a story criticizing treatment pensioners have been receiving from their former employer, Nortel. According to the article, Nortel has asked a federal court to terminate medical coverage, prescription drug coverage, long-term disability, and life insurance of 4,000 retirees and dependents, claiming the benefits are costing the company $2 million per month. Nortel blamed the company's creditors for this decision.[153]

Ex-CEO as creditor

In the middle of the decade several class-action lawsuits were filed against John Roth and others, by former employees who felt that their 401K company plans were depleted due to misrepresentation by the defendants. They claimed they were duped into investing in Nortel stock, when those who encouraged them to do so allegedly knew that the company was ailing. John Roth left Nortel in 2001 with more than million.

In 2009, Roth filed a claim for billion, aiming to become a creditor to the assets of Nortel along with all other Nortel employees, in case the class action lawsuits against him succeeded.[154] [155]

Conflicts of interest

During Nortel's 2002 annual shareholders' meeting held in Halifax, Nova Scotia, several shareholders (including Robert Verdun) complained about non-arms-length relationships with service providers such as director Yves Fortier, who provided legal services to Nortel while sitting on its board, and Nortel's auditors, Deloitte & Touche LLP, who were paid $15 million for non-auditing services.[156]

Headquarters bugging

In 2013 workers preparing the former Nortel headquarters for the Department of National Defence discovered electronic eavesdropping devices.[157] The bugs found were older and non-operational leading Canadian intelligence to draw the conclusion that the former tenant Nortel and not the future tenant MND was the target.[158]

Corporate information

Headquarters

During Nortel's dissolution the headquarters was relocated to 5945 Airport Road in Mississauga, Ontario.[159] Previous locations of its head offices included 60 Moodie Drive in Ottawa (now headquarters of Department of National Defence), 8200 Dixie Road[160] in Brampton, Ontario (sold to Rogers Communications in 2006 and now known as Rogers Park, Brampton) and 195 The West Mall in Toronto (now used by SNC-Lavalin).[161]

Global worksites, partners, and customers

Nortel expanded into the U.S. in 1971. The company eventually had employees in over 100 locations in the U.S. with R&D, software engineering, and sales centres in many states including California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Texas, and Virginia. Nortel's full-service R&D centres were located in Ottawa (its R&D headquarters), Beijing, and Guangzhou.[162] In Canada, Nortel also had R&D sites in Montreal, Belleville, and Calgary. In the United States, Nortel's major R&D sites were in Research Triangle Park (North Carolina), Richardson (Texas), Billerica (Massachusetts), and Santa Clara.

Nortel had a significant presence in Europe, Middle East, Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America. Nortel delivered network infrastructure and communication services to customers across Asia in (mainland) China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, and Turkey (Nortel owned 53.17% of Nortel Netaş, originally established as a joint venture with Turkish PTT in 1967).[163] In addition, the company had three joint ventures in the People's Republic of China, including Guangdong Nortel Telecommunications Equipment (GDNT), which operated Nortel's full service R&D centres in China.

Business structure

At the start of 2010, based on membership in Nortel's benefit plan, there were 1,637 employees working for Nortel Networks and 982 working for Nortel Technology in Canada.[164] In February 2008, Nortel employed approximately 32,550 people worldwide, including 6,800 employees in Canada and 11,900 in the United States.[65] Nortel operations were divided into the following segments:[165] [166]

Corporate governance

Nortel's board of directors resigned and the board disbanded effective October 3, 2012. All remaining executive officers also resigned effective this date. As part of the wind-down process, a court order was issued providing Ernst & Young Inc., the court-appointed monitor in Nortel's creditor protection proceedings, the ability to exercise any powers which may be properly exercised by a board of directors of Nortel.[167]

Former members of the board of directors

[168]

Past leadership

[170]

See also

References

Sources

External links

Notes and References

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  5. Nortel Obtains Court Orders for Creditor Protection . Nortel Networks Corporation . January 14, 2009 . January 14, 2009 .
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  38. News: New board 'is an improvement by a mile' . Globe and Advisor . January 12, 2005 . March 12, 2011 . May 27, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110527044259/https://secure.globeadvisor.com/servlet/ArticleNews/story/gam/20050112/RNORTBOARD12 . live .
  39. News: CBC News . . Nortel COO takes medical leave . March 13, 2001 . December 15, 2011 . March 2, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120302180030/http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/2001/03/13/ott_nortelleave010313.html . live .
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  77. Nortel Refines Focus of Carrier Business: Ends Joint Agreement with Alvarion for Mobile WiMAX . Nortel Networks . January 29, 2009 . January 31, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110714195211/http://www2.nortel.com/go/news_detail.jsp?cat_id=-8055&oid=100251997&locale=en-US . July 14, 2011.
  78. News: Drew . Jeff . Nortel getting out of WiMAX . Triangle Business Journal . American City Business Journals . January 30, 2009 . January 31, 2009 . April 16, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120416020937/http://www.bizjournals.com/triangle/stories/2009/01/26/daily68.html?ana=from_rss . live .
  79. Web site: Radware buys Nortel product line . Globes [online] . February 22, 2009 . February 21, 2009 . March 5, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120305235033/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000427704&nl=1380 . live .
  80. Nortel Completes Divestiture of Certain L4-7 Data Assets to Radware . Nortel Networks . March 31, 2009 . July 25, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091224073612/http://www2.nortel.com/go/news_detail.jsp?cat_id=-8055&oid=100252878&locale=en-US . December 24, 2009.
  81. Nortel to Divest Layer 4–7 Data Portfolio: Enters into Asset Purchase Agreement with Radware . Nortel Networks . February 19, 2009 . February 22, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091224073612/http://www2.nortel.com/go/news_detail.jsp?cat_id=-8055&oid=100252878&locale=en-US . December 24, 2009.
  82. News: NP Story . National Post . August 14, 2010.
  83. Nortel To Sell CDMA Business and LTE Assets; Company Advancing in Its Discussions With External Parties To Sell Other Businesses . Nortel Networks . June 19, 2009 . June 19, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091224073239/http://www2.nortel.com/go/news_detail.jsp?cat_id=-8055&oid=100257883&locale=en-US . December 24, 2009.
  84. News: It's official: Nortel shares are worthless . The Globe and Mail . June 22, 2009 . November 22, 2012 . Toronto . December 18, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131218212530/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/streetwise/its-official-nortel-shares-are-worthless/article786961/ . live .
  85. News: Tedesco . Theresa . Jamie . Sturgeon . Nortel: Cautionary tale of a former Canadian titan . Canada.com . Canwest Publishing . June 27, 2009 . July 25, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121107054212/http://www.canada.com/business/fp/NORTEL%2BCautionary%2Btale%2Bformer%2BCanadian%2Btitan/1739799/story.html . November 7, 2012 .
  86. Nortel Announces Board of Directors, Management Team and Organizational Changes . Nortel Networks Corporation . August 10, 2009 . August 10, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091224073428/http://www2.nortel.com/go/news_detail.jsp?cat_id=-8055&oid=100260088&locale=en-US . December 24, 2009 .
  87. News: Bankrupt Telecom Company Doled Out $8.6M in Bonuses Last Year . Phone Plus Magazine . March 19, 2010 . March 12, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100326134422/http://www.phoneplusmag.com/hotnews/nortel-paid-mike-zafirovski-2-3m-resigned.html . March 26, 2010 . dead .
  88. News: Bagnall . James . Moment of truth for Nortel's wireless unit . Ottawa Citizen . July 24, 2009 . July 25, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090828171859/http://www.canada.com/technology/Moment+truth+Nortel+wireless+unit/1822699/story.html . August 28, 2009 . dead.
  89. Nortel Selects Ericsson as Successful Bidder For CDMA Business and LTE Access Assets . Nortel Networks . July 25, 2009 . July 25, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091224073253/http://www2.nortel.com/go/news_detail.jsp?cat_id=-8055&oid=100259793&locale=en-US . December 24, 2009.
  90. News: Bagnall . James . Ericsson prevails in fight for Nortel's wireless business with $1.13B bid . Ottawa Citizen . July 25, 2009 . July 25, 2009 .
  91. Nortel selects Avaya as successful bidder for Enterprise Solutions Business. . Nortel Networks Corporation . September 14, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121107010953/http://www2.nortel.com/go/news_detail.jsp?cat_id=-8055&oid=100261422&locale=en-US . November 7, 2012.
  92. Nortel To Sell Enterprise Solutions Business . Nortel Networks Corporation . July 20, 2009 . July 21, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091224073412/http://www2.nortel.com/go/news_detail.jsp?cat_id=-8055&oid=100259133&locale=en-US . December 24, 2009.
  93. Nortel Selects Ciena as Successful Bidder for Optical Networking and Carrier Ethernet Businesses . Nortel Networks Corporation . November 23, 2009 . December 20, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091224193431/http://www2.nortel.com/go/news_detail.jsp?cat_id=-8055&oid=100263404&locale=en-US&lcid=-1 . December 24, 2009.
  94. News: Musgrove . Mike . November 24, 2009 . Ciena buys Nortel unit to expand footprint . The Washington Post . WashTech . https://web.archive.org/web/20121109090038/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/23/AR2009112303889.html?wpisrc=newsletter&wpisrc=newsletter&wpisrc=newsletter . November 9, 2012 . November 24, 2009 . subtitle: $769 million deal to triple Maryland tech firm's market share . dead .
  95. Nortel Selects Ericsson and Kapsch as Successful Bidders for GSM/GSM-R Business . Nortel Networks Corporation . November 25, 2009 . December 20, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110714195328/http://www2.nortel.com/go/news_detail.jsp?cat_id=-8055&oid=100263526 . July 14, 2011.
  96. Nortel Announces Plans to Sell its GSM/GSM-R Business . Nortel Networks Corporation . September 30, 2009 . October 1, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110714195252/http://www2.nortel.com/go/news_detail.jsp?cat_id=-8055&oid=100262122&locale=en-US . July 14, 2011.
  97. News: Nortel to sell Entire GSM Business . Business2press . March 12, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110518190305/http://business2press.com/2009/10/01/nortel-to-sell-gsm-business-assets/ . May 18, 2011 . dead.
  98. Nortel Provides Update on Auction Date for the Sale of its GSM/GSM-R Business; Obtains Further Extension of Stay Period Under CCAA; and Obtains Canadian and U.S. Court Approval for Sale of Packet Core Assets . Nortel Networks Corporation . October 28, 2009 . November 14, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091224073510/http://www2.nortel.com/go/news_detail.jsp?cat_id=-8055&oid=100262713&locale=en-US . December 24, 2009.
  99. Web site: Nortel Completes Sale of Assets of Next Generation Packet Core Network Components to Hitachi . Nortel Networks Corporation . August 10, 2009 . March 12, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110714195404/http://www2.nortel.com/go/news_detail.jsp?cat_id=-8055&oid=100263758&locale=en-US&lcid=-1 . July 14, 2011 .
  100. News: John Roth seeks $1B protection from lawsuits . CBC News . Canadian Broadcast Corporation . December 17, 2009 . July 3, 2011 . June 26, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120626215833/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/story/2009/12/17/nortel-john-roth-lawsuits.html . live .
  101. News: Hill . Bert . Nortel leaves $37M health-fund gap . Ottawa Citizen . February 23, 2010 . January 3, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100308055344/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/life/Nortel%2Bleaves%2Bhealth%2Bfund/2600350/story.html . March 8, 2010 .
  102. News: Hill . Bert . Nortel allots $92.3M for top staff; Retention bonuses 'standard procedure' for key workers in bankruptcy proceedings . Ottawa Citizen . F.1 . February 12, 2010 .
  103. News: Hill . Bert . Retention plan gives Nortel added flexibility . Ottawa Citizen . C.1 . February 24, 2010 .
  104. News: Nortel's Proposed Incentive Payments Opposed by U.S. Trustee . Business Week . March 3, 2010 . March 12, 2011 . April 9, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100409031428/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-03-02/nortel-s-proposed-incentive-payments-opposed-by-u-s-trustee.html . dead .
  105. Nortel Completes Sale of Carrier VoIP and Application Solutions Business to GENBAND . Nortel Networks Corporation . May 28, 2010 . October 20, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110714195455/http://www2.nortel.com/go/news_detail.jsp?cat_id=-8055&oid=100267654&locale=en-US&lcid=-1 . July 14, 2011.
  106. Nortel to Sell Carrier VoIP and Application Solutions Business . Nortel Networks Corporation . December 23, 2009 . January 5, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100106064119/http://www2.nortel.com/go/news_detail.jsp?cat_id=-8055&oid=100264793&locale=en-US . January 6, 2010.
  107. Web site: Le Maistre . Ray . Genband Bids $282M for Nortel's VoIP Unit . Light Reading . December 23, 2009 . January 5, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100110195254/http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=186124 . January 10, 2010 . dead .
  108. Acquisition of Nortel's stake of LG-Nortel completed . Ericsson . June 30, 2010 . October 20, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101025030407/http://www.ericsson.com/news/1428285 . October 25, 2010 . dead .
  109. Nortel Completes Sale of Shares in LG-Nortel to Ericsson . Nortel Networks Corporation . June 29, 2010 . October 20, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110714195608/http://www2.nortel.com/go/news_detail.jsp?cat_id=-8055&oid=100268778&locale=en-US . July 14, 2011.
  110. Acquisition of Nortel's Multi-Service Switch business . Ericsson . September 25, 2010 . October 20, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100928091813/http://www.ericsson.com/news/1446864 . September 28, 2010 . dead .
  111. Nortel Announces Ericsson as Successful Acquirer of Its Multi Service Switch Business . Nortel Networks Corporation . September 25, 2010 . October 20, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110714195617/http://www2.nortel.com/go/news_detail.jsp?cat_id=-8055&oid=100269667&locale=en-US . July 14, 2011.
  112. News: Hill . Bert . Ericsson beats Ottawa bidders for last big Nortel division . Ottawa Citizen . September 26, 2010 . October 20, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100930150528/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/Ericsson+beats+Ottawa+bidders+last+Nortel+division/3582155/story.html . September 30, 2010 . dead .
  113. Nortel To Sell Ottawa Carling Campus To Public Works and Government Services Canada . Nortel Networks Corporation . October 19, 2010 . December 31, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110714195650/http://www2.nortel.com/go/news_detail.jsp?cat_id=-8055&oid=100269828&locale=en-US . July 14, 2011.
  114. News: DND employees to begin moving into former Nortel campus in January . . December 17, 2016 . December 17, 2016 . December 17, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161217183719/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/dnd-nortel-campus-january-2017-photos-1.3899871 . live .
  115. Web site: One Equity continues pursuit of liquidated Nortel assets . privateequityconnect.com . April 21, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131106010658/http://www.privateequityconnect.com/NewsContent.aspx?iid=56807 . November 6, 2013 . dead.
  116. Nortel Networks (Netas) Acquisition by OEP . Paksoy . April 21, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121107011038/http://www.legal500.com/firms/14006-paksoy/press_releases/12513 . November 7, 2012 . dead .
  117. News: Musil . Steven . Apple, RIM in group buying Nortel patents for $4.5B . CNET . CBS Interactive . June 30, 2011 . October 7, 2011 . February 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210221015529/https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-rim-in-group-buying-nortel-patents-for-4-5b/ . live .
  118. News: Nortel sells patents to consortium for $4.5B . Associated Press . July 1, 2011 . November 11, 2016 . July 4, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110704010044/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hy96xdAe1B7P0qvWlFBC-C7hwzvg?docId=03166dd1084a4fb8a9c099a14cc6c346 . dead .
  119. News: Bid for Nortel patents marks Google's new push into mobile world . Toronto . The Globe and Mail . Iain . Marlow . April 4, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110407100606/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/google-bids-900-million-for-nortel-patents/article1969788/ . April 7, 2011 .
  120. News: Dealtalk: Google bid "pi" for Nortel patents and lost . Reuters . July 1, 2011 . July 2, 2011 . Damouni, Nadia . July 3, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110703071724/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/02/us-dealtalk-nortel-google-idUSTRE76104L20110702 . live .
  121. News: Hill . Bert . In patent wars, the casualty is progress . Ottawa Citizen . October 5, 2011 . October 20, 2011 .
  122. News: Chellel . Kit . Lehman, Nortel lose $3.5B pension appeal . Ottawa Citizen . October 15, 2011 . October 20, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120207202542/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/business/Lehman%2BNortel%2Blose%2Bpension%2Bappeal/5554405/story.html . February 7, 2012 .
  123. Web site: Nortel Networks, a PBGC trusteed pension plan . Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation: A US Government Agency . July 18, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140704051624/http://www.pbgc.gov/wr/trusteed/plans/plan-21391900.html . July 4, 2014 . dead .
  124. News: Brickley. Peg. U.S. Court Approves Claims Settlement Between Nortel's U.S., European Units. Wall Street Journal. January 7, 2014. February 24, 2014. February 26, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140226173643/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303933104579306633855379004. live.
  125. News: Nortel Bankruptcy Fight Resumes with $2 Billion Spent on Fees . Bloomberg.com . April 5, 2016 . March 10, 2017 . October 9, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161009024101/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-05/nortel-bankruptcy-fight-resumes-with-2-billion-spent-on-fees . live .
  126. News: Nortel cleared to end bankruptcy, distribute $7 billion to creditors . . January 24, 2017 . August 30, 2017 . August 31, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170831083040/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-nortelnetworks-bankruptcy-idUSKBN1582TO . live .
  127. News: Former Nortel workers look to Liberals to restore disability benefits. CBC News. October 11, 2016. Julie. Ireton. October 12, 2016. October 12, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161012045252/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/nortel-bankruptcy-disability-benefits-1.3796332. live.
  128. Web site: CATAUDELLA . KIMBERLY . May 10, 2022 . HBO's 'The Staircase': Who was Kathleen Peterson and where did she work? . 6 Nov 2023 . The News and Observer.
  129. Web site: DALESIO . EMERY P. . 2003-07-01 . Prosecutors: Money Was Motive in Killing . 2023-11-06 . Midland Daily News . en-US . November 6, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231106152035/https://www.ourmidland.com/news/article/Prosecutors-Money-Was-Motive-in-Killing-7207032.php . dead .
  130. News: Nortel's toxic legacy: Cleaning up former sites to cost millions . 20 May 2020 . CBC News . April 12, 2017 . October 1, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201001054259/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/nortel-toxic-cleanup-ontario-belleville-1.4065596 . live .
  131. Khatchadourian . Raffi . WikiLeaks and Julian Paul Assange . The New Yorker . June 7, 2010 . May 26, 2012 . May 27, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120527001503/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/06/07/100607fa_fact_khatchadourian?currentPage=all . bot: unknown .
  132. News: Obiko Pearson. Natalie. July 1, 2020. Did a Chinese Hack Kill Canada's Greatest Tech Company? Nortel was once a world leader in wireless technology. Then came a hack and the rise of Huawei.. Bloomberg Businessweek. July 2, 2020. July 1, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200701193336/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-07-01/did-china-steal-canada-s-edge-in-5g-from-nortel. live.
  133. Web site: V. Hulme . George . Why our lack of understanding on China may be the biggest risk . https://web.archive.org/web/20200804140718/https://www.csoonline.com/article/2597397/why-our-lack-of-understanding-on-china-may-be-the-biggest-risk.html . dead . August 4, 2020 . csoonline.com . IOG Communications inc . 14 June 2019 . August 25, 2014 .
  134. Web site: Kehoe . John . 26 May 2014 . How Chinese hacking felled telecommunication giant Nortel . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190607204151/https://www.afr.com/technology/web/security/how-chinese-hacking-felled-telecommunication-giant-nortel-20140526-iux6a . 7 June 2019 . 7 June 2019 . Australian Financial Review.
  135. Web site: Berkow . Jameson . Nortel hacked to pieces . financialpost.com . Financial Post . 7 June 2019 . 2012-02-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190607204136/https://business.financialpost.com/technology/nortel-hacked-to-pieces . 7 June 2019 . dead .
  136. News: Marlow . Iain . 15 February 2012 . Nortel turned to RCMP about cyber hacking in 2004, ex-employee says . The Globe and Mail . 7 June 2019 . August 4, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190804003449/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/tech-news/nortel-turned-to-rcmp-about-cyber-hacking-in-2004-ex-employee-says/article534295/ . live .
  137. News: Gorman . Siobhan . Chinese Hackers Suspected In Long-Term Nortel Breach . The Wall Street Journal . February 14, 2012 . February 14, 2012 . August 9, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180809111844/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203363504577187502201577054?_nocache=1329206812142&user=welcome&mg=id-wsj . live .
  138. News: Tom . Warren . Hackers roamed Nortel's network for years without detection . The Verge . February 14, 2012 . February 14, 2012 . February 15, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120215223049/http://www.theverge.com/2012/2/14/2797047/nortel-undetected-hacking-breach . live .
  139. Report: Nortel Breached by Hackers for Almost 10 Years . PC Magazine . Chloe . Albanesius . February 14, 2012 . September 6, 2017 . June 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170617192407/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2400242,00.asp . live .
  140. News: Stechyson . Natalie . Nortel hacked for a decade, according to report . Ottawa Citizen . February 15, 2012 . May 26, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120428224649/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Nortel+hacked+decade+according+report/6154044/story.html . April 28, 2012 . dead .
  141. News: Nortel collapse linked to Chinese hackers . CBC News . February 16, 2012 . February 16, 2012 . February 16, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120216131258/http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/story/2012/02/15/nortel-hacking-shields-as-it-happens.html . live .
  142. Web site: Waddell . Nick . Will allegations against Huawei forever change Nortel's legacy? . cantechletter.com . . 7 June 2019 . 2012-10-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190607221327/https://www.cantechletter.com/2012/10/will-allegations-against-huawei-forever-change-nortels-legacy/ . 7 June 2019 . live .
  143. Web site: Payton . Laura . Former Nortel exec warns against working with Huawei . www.cbc.ca . CBC . 24 June 2019 . June 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190611211113/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/former-nortel-exec-warns-against-working-with-huawei-1.1137006 . live .
  144. News: Obiko Pearson . Natalie . Did a Chinese Hack Kill Canada's Greatest Tech Company? . 1 July 2020 . Bloomberg News . 1 July 2020 . July 1, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200701193336/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-07-01/did-china-steal-canada-s-edge-in-5g-from-nortel . live .
  145. News: Update 2-Canada government pledges to help Nortel . Reuters . Randall . Palmer . January 14, 2009 . July 1, 2017 . November 24, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201124050912/https://www.reuters.com/article/idCAN1446286920090114 . live .
  146. http://parlvuvod.parl.gc.ca/StreamLogger/2010/2010-03/000178b2.wmv Standing committee on Finance hearings
  147. http://documentcentre.eycan.com/eycm_library/Project%20Copperhead/English/Court%20Orders/77.%20Settlement%20Agreement%20Order/EndorsementSettlement.pdf Superior Court of Justice – Ontario Endorsement
  148. News: Senate kills bill that would help disabled Nortel workers . https://web.archive.org/web/20121022025450/http://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/senate-kills-bill-that-would-help-disabled-nortel-workers-1.583953 . bot: unknown . October 22, 2012 . CTV News . December 9, 2010 . March 12, 2011 .
  149. Web site: Systemic Failure of Employer Sponsored Disability Insurance . February 5, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000105/http://ismymoneysafe.org/pdf/SystemicFailureofEmployerSponsoredDisabilityInsurance.pdf . March 4, 2016 . dead .
  150. Web site: Nortel Networks Corporation – Developments . Koskie . Minsky LLP . Kmlaw.ca . May 26, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111205225957/http://www.kmlaw.ca/Case-Central/Overview/Status-Of-Case/?rid=107 . December 5, 2011 . dead .
  151. News: Ex-Nortel CEO John Roth says he's cleared – The Globe and Mail . Toronto . The Globe and Mail . Boyd . Erman . March 13, 2007 . August 22, 2017 . August 28, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160828203836/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/ex-nortel-ceo-john-roth-says-hes-cleared/article87339/ . live .
  152. News: Unknown . The Globe and Mail . March 12, 2007 . March 12, 2011 . Toronto .
  153. News: Nortel wants to dump retirees . News and Observer . June 23, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100626042359/http://www.newsobserver.com/2010/06/23/546757/nortel-wants-to-dump-retirees.html . June 26, 2010.
  154. News: Former Nortel exec seeks $1B protection from lawsuits. December 17, 2009. CBC News Ottawa. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100317143902/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/ottawa/story/2009/12/17/nortel-john-roth-lawsuits.html. March 17, 2010.
  155. Web site: John Roth Wants Nortel's Help! . Mark . Evans . December 18, 2009 . December 6, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110707113446/http://www.allaboutnortel.com/2009/12/18/john-roth-wants-nortels-help/ . July 7, 2011 .
  156. Web site: Shareholders Blast Nortel – Telecom News Analysis . Light Reading . May 26, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120619051841/http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=14491 . June 19, 2012 . dead .
  157. Web site: Was Nortel's Ottawa Campus bugged? . https://web.archive.org/web/20200804185734/https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/was-nortels-ottawa-campus-bugged/ . dead . August 4, 2020 . infosecurity-magazine.com . Infosecurity Magazine . 14 June 2019 . October 3, 2013 .
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  159. Web site: Nortel Networks Corporation . Nortel in Canada – Local Offices . Nortel Networks Corporation . 2009 . December 10, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20020703022408/http://www.nortel.com/corporate/global/namerica/canada/offices.html . July 3, 2002.
  160. Web site: Nortel Brampton Headquarters . Gettyimages.ca . Gettyimages . 7 December 2022 . 2010-01-01 . December 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221207040142/https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/nortel-plant-at-8200-dixie-rd-in-brampton-news-photo/165274997 . live .
  161. Nortel Selects Toronto Location for New Global Headquarters . Nortel Networks . December 20, 2005 . September 12, 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060104210854/http://www2.nortel.com/go/news_detail.jsp?cat_id=-8055&oid=100192603&locale=en-US . January 4, 2006.
  162. Web site: Nortel Networks . Nortel's Major Research & Development Locations . 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070505053450/http://www.nortel.com/corporate/technology_new/r_and_d_locations.html . dead . May 5, 2007 . September 4, 2008.
  163. Web site: Nortel Networks . Nortel Netaş . 2007 . August 8, 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070903172122/http://www.nortel.com/corporate/global/emea/turkey/about_en.html . September 3, 2007.
  164. Web site: Ernst & Young . Supplement to the Thirty-Ninth Report of the Monitor . February 23, 2010 . 28 . February 25, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110128164241/http://documentcentre.eycan.com/eycm_library/Project%20Copperhead/English/Monitor%27s%20Reports/SupplementtoThirty-NinthRedatedFeb232010.pdf . January 28, 2011 . dead .
  165. Web site: Former Nortel exec seeks $1B protection from lawsuits. Nortel Networks. September 30, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20061122164426/http://www.nortel.com/corporate/investor/reports/collateral/nnc_10q3_2006.pdf. November 22, 2006. dead. November 12, 2006.
  166. Web site: Nortel Networks . United States SEC filing, 2007 First Quarter Form 10-Q . March 31, 2007 . June 26, 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070628112539/http://www.nortel.com/corporate/investor/reports/collateral/nnc_10q_q107.pdf . June 28, 2007.
  167. Web site: Nortel Networks . Nortel Announces Expanded Powers of Monitor under CCAA; Boards of Directors and Executive Officers Resign . October 22, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121018065028/http://www.nortel-canada.com/2012/10/nortel-announces-expanded-powers-of-monitor-under-ccaa-boards-of-directors-and-executive-officers-resign/ . October 18, 2012 . dead .
  168. Web site: Nortel Networks . Board of Directors . October 23, 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060412171658/http://www.nortel.com/corporate/exec/board.html . April 12, 2006.
  169. News: Investors Are Taking Long, Hard Look at Nortel's Board. New York Times. May 13, 2004. Ken. Belson. Bernard. Simon. February 19, 2017. May 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180523091720/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/13/business/investors-are-taking-long-hard-look-at-nortel-s-board.html. live.
  170. Web site: Nortel's Past Leadership. Nortel. February 5, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160101083924/http://www.nortel-canada.com/about/history/past-leadership/. January 1, 2016. dead.
  171. News: Profile: Jean C. Monty . Forbes . September 6, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120523152609/http://people.forbes.com/profile/jean-c-monty/131208 . May 23, 2012 . dead .

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