| North Saskatchewan River | |
| Map: | North Saskatchewan basin map.png |
| Map Size: | 250 |
| Pushpin Map: | Saskatchewan#Canada |
| Pushpin Map Size: | 250 |
| Pushpin Map Caption: | River's mouth in Saskatchewan |
| Subdivision Type1: | Country |
| Subdivision Name1: | Canada |
| Subdivision Type2: | Provinces |
| Subdivision Type5: | Cities |
| Discharge1 Location: | Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, from the mouth |
| Source1: | Rocky Mountains |
| Source1 Location: | Saskatchewan Glacier, Alberta |
| Source1 Coordinates: | 52.1561°N -117.1817°W |
| Mouth: | Saskatchewan River |
| Mouth Location: | Saskatchewan River Forks, Saskatchewan |
| Mouth Coordinates: | 53.2353°N -105.0828°W |
| River System: | Nelson River |
The North Saskatchewan River is a glacier-fed river that flows from the Canadian Rockies continental divide east to central Saskatchewan, where it joins with the South Saskatchewan River to make up the Saskatchewan River. Its water flows eventually into the Hudson Bay.
The Saskatchewan River system is the largest shared between the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.[1] Its watershed includes most of southern and central Alberta and Saskatchewan.
The North Saskatchewan River has a length of 1287km (800miles), and a drainage area of 122800km2.[2] At its end point at Saskatchewan River Forks it has a mean discharge of 245m3/s. The yearly discharge at the Alberta–Saskatchewan border is more than 7km3.[3]
The river begins above 1800m (5,900feet) at the toe of the Saskatchewan Glacier in the Columbia Icefield, and flows southeast through Banff National Park alongside the Icefields Parkway. At the junction of the David Thompson Highway (Highway 11), it initially turns northeast for 10km (10miles) before switching to a more direct eastern flow for about 30km (20miles). At this point, it turns north where it eventually arrives at Abraham Lake. Bighorn Dam constricts the north end of Abraham Lake, where the North Saskatchewan emerges to track eastward to Rocky Mountain House. At Rocky Mountain House, the river abruptly turns north again for 100km (100miles) where it switches east towards Edmonton, Alberta.
In Edmonton, the river passes through the centre of the city in a northeasterly direction and out towards Smoky Lake at which point it quickly changes to the southeast and then more to the east as it makes its way to the Alberta–Saskatchewan boundary.
From the border, the river flows southeast between North Battleford and Battleford and on in the direction of Saskatoon. About 40km (30miles) northwest of Saskatoon, near Langham, the river veers to the northeast where it passes through the City of Prince Albert. About 30km (20miles) downstream of Prince Albert, the North Saskatchewan River joins the South Saskatchewan River at Saskatchewan River Forks to become the Saskatchewan River. From there, the river flows east to Tobin Lake and into Manitoba, eventually emptying into Lake Winnipeg.[4]
The river course can be divided into five distinct sections. The first, the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, is the smallest area geographically, although the largest in terms of run-off and contributed water flow. The glaciers and perpetual snows of the mountain peaks feed the river year-round. Mountains, with little vegetation, experience fast-melting snow cover. The second section of the river comprises the foothills region. The terrain is hilly and rough, with a deeper and more defined valley. This area is well covered with forest and muskeg, and run-off into the river is much more constant and stable than in the mountains.
From Edmonton to the mouth of the Vermilion River, the North Saskatchewan flows through the plains-parkland divide, with occasional stretches of prairie. The North Saskatchewan River valley parks system; the largest expanses of urban parkland in Canada.[5] Cutting across Edmonton and the Capital Region.[6] The river runs in a well-defined valley with deep cuts in the landscape. The fourth section, from the Vermilion River to Prince Albert is principally prairie with a few small stretches of timber and secondary forest cover. The valley of the river is much wider, and the river itself spreads out across shallow water and flows over many shifting sand bars. Low-lying, flat areas border the river for much of this section.
The final section of the river, from Prince Albert to the Saskatchewan River Forks, has many rapids. The valley is more shallow than the previous sections of the river, and the channel is much better defined. There is little prairie and much tree cover in this section.[7]
The water flows on then in the Saskatchewan River.
The Bridge River Ash is in the vicinity of the North Saskatchewan River, which erupted from the Mount Meager massif in southwestern British Columbia about 2350 years ago.
The river is shown on a Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) map from 1760, labelled as the Beaver River.[8]
Its Cree name is kisiskâciwanisîpiy, meaning 'swift current'. From this name is derived the name Saskatchewan, used as well for the South Saskatchewan River and the Saskatchewan River (of which both the North and South Saskatchewan rivers are major tributaries), and the province of that name.[9]
Its Blackfoot name is Siksika: omaka-ty 'big river'.[10]
The 49-kilometre section of the North Saskatchewan River that falls within the boundaries of Banff National Park was designated a Canadian Heritage River in 1989, due to its importance in the development of Western Canada.[11] In 2022 the remaining 718 km within Alberta, flowing through 16 municipalities in the province, was nominated to the Canadian Heritage Rivers System, achieving final designation in March of 2024.[12] [13]
The river demarcates the prairie–parkland divide for much of its course and acted as a natural boundary between plains Blackfoot of the south and woodland Cree of the north for thousands of years. Archaeologists have found evidence and indications of nearly 800 permanent or temporary occupation and quarry sites in the Edmonton region alone, dating back hundreds and sometimes thousands of years.[9] With the westward expansion of the fur trade spearheaded by the North West Company (NWC) and followed by the HBC, the river became an important transportation route for fur trade brigades' York boats, to which it was especially well suited as it follows an eastern trend toward Hudson Bay, the entry point for the HBC into the continent. Many fur trade posts were constructed on the river, including Fort Edmonton (1795) and Rocky Mountain House, the uppermost post reached by canoe navigation. The river's importance continued after the amalgamation of the HBC and the NWC. The river was plied by a number of steamboats up to the First World War, although for everyday freight the growing web of railway lines in the western prairies eventually replaced them. The river was used commercially for many years to carry flatboats of settlers goods and construction materials downstream from Edmonton, to float thousands of logs in the annual log drive downstream to Edmonton prior to the First World War, as a source of ice blocks for home owners' iceboxes.
The first bridge across the river opened in 1900, the Low Level Bridge (Edmonton). The Canadian Northern Railway Bridge (Prince Albert) (1907-9), which also at first carried foot and wheeled traffic, and the Battleford bridge (ca. 1908) followed.
Edmonton's North Saskatchewan River valley parks system is the largest system of urban parks in Canada, and covers both sides of the river valley's course through Edmonton.[14] The River Valley Alliance, a non-profit organization composed of seven municipalities which border the North Saskatchewan River, is currently working to create a continuous trail network from the town of Devon to the city of Fort Saskatchewan – a total of 100km (100miles).[15]
Fish species include: walleye, sauger, yellow perch, northern pike, goldeye, mooneye, lake sturgeon, mountain whitefish, burbot, longnose sucker, white sucker and shorthead redhorse.[16] The upper North Saskatchewan River contains cutthroat trout (although not native),[17] and bull trout[18]
Like all rivers, the North Saskatchewan is subject to periodic flooding, beginning with rapid snowmelt in the mountains or prolonged periods of rain in the river basin. With the establishment of permanent communities along the river's course, and the rise of an administrative/government structure, records exist recording floods in the North Saskatchewan for the past century. The Bighorn Dam, constructed in the early 1970s near Nordegg, Alberta, and the Brazeau Dam, constructed in the mid-1960s, have not reduced flooding potential on the North Saskatchewan River (Alberta Environment 1981) [19]
| Year | Edmonton | Prince Albert | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peak date | mean daily flow (m/s) | Peak date | Peak flow (m/s) | |||
| 1899 | 18 August | 4570 | August | 3960 | ||
| 1912 | 10 July | 2100 | 14 July | 1980 | ||
| 19 August | 1990 | 25 August | 1550 | |||
| 1914 | 9 June | 1750 | 14 June | 1790 | ||
| 1915 | 29 June | 4640 | 2 July | 5300 | ||
| 16 July | 2550 | 21 July | 2320 | |||
| 1917 | 18 May | 1860 | 23 May | 1540 | ||
| 1923 | 25 June | 2380 | 30 June | 1640 | ||
| 1925 | 18 August | 2150 | 23 August | 1620 | ||
| 1932 | 4 June | 1870 | 10 June | 2160 | ||
| 1944 | 16 June | 3450 | 20 June | 2940 | ||
| 1948 | 25 May | 1850 | 31 May | 2090 | ||
| 1952 | 25 June | 3540 | 29 June | 2970 | ||
| 1954 | 8 June | 3030 | 12 June | 2790 | ||
| 27 August | 2820 | 1 Sept | 2570 | |||
| 1965 | 29 June | 2590 | 4 July | 2460 | ||
| 1969 | 7 July | 1740 | 13 July | 1570 | ||
| 1972 | 27 June | 2970 | 2 July | 2340 | ||
| 1974 | – | – | – | 23 April | 3880 | |
| 1980 | 7 June | 1740 | 13 June | 1680 | ||
| 1982 | 6 July | 1920 | 13 July | 1580 | ||
| 1986 | 19 July | 3990 | 24 July | 3230 | ||
| 1990 | 4 July | 2340 | 10 July | 1890 | ||
| 2005 | 21 June | 2270 | 27 June | 1800 | ||
| 2011 | 19 June | 1800 | 26 June | 2100 | ||
| 2013 | 23 June | 2710 | 29 June | 2200 | ||
The river peaked at a stage of 12.61m (41.37feet) with an estimated peak instantaneous discharge of 5100m3/s.
See main article: North Saskatchewan River flood of 1915.
The 1915 flood of the North Saskatchewan River was one of the most dramatic in the history of Edmonton. On 28 June, the Edmonton Bulletin reported the river had risen "10 feet in as many hours" and ultimately hitting a height of 42 feet over the low water level.[22] A frantic phone call from Rocky Mountain House alerted local authorities to the flood's arrival.[23] The Canadian Northern Railway had parked a number of train cars on the city's Low Level Bridge to protect against the "tons upon tons of debris" that had been pushed up against its piers, including a house swept away by the current.[24] Thousands of Edmonton residents watched the flood destroy lumber mills, other industries and dozens of houses along the city's river valley.[24] [22]
The river peaked at a stage of 13.73m (45.05feet), a rise of 11.5m (37.7feet) above low flow, with an estimated peak instantaneous discharge of 5800m3/s. However, based on high water marks and 1D modelling, the actual value may have been closer to 6300m3/s.
The river peaked at a stage of 11.5m (37.7feet) with a peak instantaneous discharge of 4520m3/s.
See main article: 2013 Alberta floods. Along with many other rivers in central and southern Alberta during late June, the North Saskatchewan saw significantly higher water levels and flow rates. The river peaked at a stage of 9.03m (29.63feet) with a peak instantaneous discharge of 2710m3/s on June 23 in Edmonton.[25] This is significantly higher than the Bow River's peak height at 4.1m (13.5feet) and peak discharge of 1750m3/s on June 21, that caused widespread flooding in Calgary.[26] However, due to the expansive North Saskatchewan River Valley and natural sanctuary/parkland that surrounds it, the City of Edmonton had only minor, isolated flooding, with virtually no major property damage as a result.
The North Saskatchewan River has always been a major trade route from Hudson Bay and central Canada across the Canadian Prairies to the Canadian Rockies. During the fur trade era, birch bark canoes and York boats travelled up and down the Saskatchewan delivering trade goods and amassing furs for transportation to Europe.
The North Saskatchewan also witnessed a lively, although short-lived, era of steamboat shipping during the 1870s, 1880s, and 1890s. The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) purchased a number of steamboats from companies operating on the Red River and trading at Winnipeg/Fort Garry. The HBC desired to avoid paying the labour costs of fur trade brigades, and hoped steamboat shipping would provide a suitable alternative. Several HBC steamboats navigated the river intermittently for many years, although fluctuating water levels and natural barriers (rapids and sandbars) hampered efficient operation.[27]
With the arrival of the railroad in Western Canada, steamboat shipping on the North Saskatchewan tapered off, but steamboats operated in the Edmonton area until the economic crash of 1912-14.[28]
A number of dams have been planned and constructed on the North Saskatchewan River and its tributaries. No singular purpose has dominated dam planning in the basin, indeed, hydroelectric development, flood control, and water diversion schemes have all underpinned proposals to construct dams on the river.
The first hydroelectric development on the North Saskatchewan was planned in 1910 near the Town of Drayton Valley. Funding for the plan came from a British syndicate; design and construction were to be carried out by the Edmonton Hydro-Electric Power Scheme. The development was shelved after the outbreak of World War I.[29]
The La Colle Falls hydroelectric project east of Prince Albert was a half-built failure. Construction began in the 1910s and was later abandoned.[30] The city remained in debt from financing the project until 1960, and the site still attracts tourists today.[31]
During the 1960s and 1970s, a major dam was planned on the North Saskatchewan near the Hamlet of Hairy Hill, Alberta, about 100miles downstream from Edmonton. This dam was part of a larger interbasin water diversion conceived by the Alberta Government to transfer water from the Peace, Smoky, and Athabasca rivers to the Saskatchewan River Basin.[32]
The planned dam had a maximum height of 212feet, with a crest length of 5760feet, which would have created a reservoir capable of holding over 4000000acre.ft of water. The reservoir would have affected municipal water works in the City of Fort Saskatchewan, was likely to inundate part of the Saddle Lake Indian reserve, and would have flooded a number of oil and natural gas fields in the area.[33] The plan was later shelved in light of economic and environmental concerns.
The Bighorn Dam was constructed near Nordegg and created Abraham Lake, one of the largest reservoirs in Alberta. The dam was constructed in 1972 by Calgary Power.[34] The Bighorn Plant has a generating capacity of 120 megawatts (MW), and has an available water supply that allows it to be the largest producer of hydroelectric electricity in Alberta, with an average of 408,000 megawatt hours (MW⋅h) each year.[34]
One of the North Saskatchewan's major tributaries, the Brazeau River, houses the Brazeau Hydroelectric Plant. At 355 MW, the Brazeau Dam is Alberta's largest hydroelectric facility, and was built in 1965 by Calgary Power.[35] Though having a higher peak generating capacity than the Bighorn Dam, the hydrology of the Brazeau means that its average annual electricity production is a slightly smaller 397,000 MW⋅h.[35]
Tributaries of the North Saskatchewan River:[36]