North River (Hudson River) Explained

North River (Dutch; Flemish: Noort Rivier) is an alternative name for the southernmost portion of the Hudson River in the vicinity of New York City and northeastern New Jersey in the United States.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]}

History

Name

In the early 17th century, the entire watercourse was named the North River (Dutch: Noort Rivier") by the Dutch colonial empire; by the early 18th century, the term fell out of general use for most of the river's 300+ mile course.^[7] The name remains in limited use among local mariners and others^{[8] [9] [10]} and on some nautical charts^[11] and maps. The term is also used to describe infrastructure on and under the river, including the North River piers, North River Tunnels, and Riverbank State Park.

The origin of the name North River is generally attributed to the Dutch.^[12] In describing the major rivers in the New Netherland colony, they called the present-day Hudson River the "North River", the present-day Connecticut River the "Fresh River", and the Delaware River the "South River".^[13] Another theory is that the North River and East River were so named for the direction of travel they permitted once having entered the Upper New York Bay.^[14]

At various times, North River has referred to:

• The entire Hudson River
• The approximately 160-mile portion of the Hudson below its confluence with the Mohawk River, which is under tidal influence
• The portion of it running between Manhattan and New Jersey
• The length flowing between Lower Manhattan and Hudson County, New Jersey.

The river's history is strongly connected to the shipping industry in the Port of New York and New Jersey, which shifted primarily to Port Newark in the mid-20th century due to the construction of the Holland Tunnel and other river crossings and the advent of containerization.^[15] Throughout this multi-century history, the name for the lower portion of the river has remained interchangeable with both North River and Hudson River used to describe it.

19th century

In 1808, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin issued a report of proposed locations for transportation and communication internal improvements of national importance. The North River figured prominently among his proposals as the best route toward western and northern lands; similar routes were chosen for the Erie Canal and other early canals built by the New York state.

Gallatin noted the following in reference to the North and Hudson Rivers, writing:^[16]

20th century

In 1909, two tunnels were under construction: one was called the North River Tunnels, the other, the Hudson Tubes. That year the Hudson–Fulton Celebration was held, commemorating Henry Hudson, the first European to record navigating the river, and Robert Fulton, the first man to use a paddle steamer in America, named the North River Steamboat, to sail up it, leading to controversy over what the waterway should be called.

Much of the shoreline previously used for maritime, rail, and industrial activities has given way to recreational promenades and piers. On the Hudson Waterfront in New Jersey, the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway runs for about 18 miles. In Manhattan, the Hudson River Park runs from Battery Park to 59th Street.

North River on maps

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's current charts call the lower river the "Hudson",^[17] and the United States Geological Survey lists "North River" as an alternative name of the Hudson River without qualifying it as any particular portion of the river.^[18]

Hagstrom Maps, formerly the leading mapmaker in the New York metropolitan area and known for occasional quirky and anachronistic names, features, and artifacts on their maps, has labeled all or part of the Hudson adjacent to Manhattan as "North River" on several of its products. For instance, on a 1997 Hagstrom Map of Manhattan, the stretch of river between Hudson County, New Jersey, and Lower Manhattan, roughly corresponding to the location of the North River piers, was labeled "North River", with the label "Hudson River" used above Midtown Manhattan.

On a 2000 map of "Northern Approaches to New York City" included in Hagstrom's New York [State] Road Map, the entire river adjacent to Manhattan was labeled "Hudson River (North River)" with the river further north at Tappan Zee labeled the "Hudson River".

North River piers

Piers along the Hudson shore of Manhattan were formerly used for shipping and berthing ocean-going ships.^[19] In shipping notices, they were designated as, for example, "Pier 14, North River". As with the river, the name "North River piers" has largely been supplanted by "Hudson River piers", or just by a pier and number, e.g., "Pier 54". Pier 40 is located at Houston Street, and the numbering of the piers to the north correspond to the nearest numbered street plus 40 – thus, for example, North River Pier 86 is at West 46th Street.

Most of the piers that once existed in lower Manhattan fell into disuse or were destroyed in the last half of the 20th century. The remaining piers are Pier A at the Battery and piers ranging from Pier 25 at North Moore Street to Pier 99 at 59th Street. Many of these piers and the waterfront between them are part of the Hudson River Park which stretches from 59th Street to the Battery. The park, a joint project between New York City and New York State commenced in 1998, consists of several non-contiguous parcels of land and piers totaling 125acres, plus another 400acres of the river itself.^[20] Several piers were rebuilt for adaptive re-use as part of the park project, with approximately 70% of the planned work complete by 2011.^[21]

Status

• Pier A is a designated national and New York City landmark. The building on the pier dates to 1886, and was used by the city's Department of Docks, Harbor Police, and was later a fireboat station. The pier was closed and renovated from 1992 to November 2014, after which it reopened as a restaurant.^[22]
• What little remained of Piers 1 through 21 were buried under landfill from the World Trade Center construction project in 1973 and turned into Battery Park City.
• Pier 25 is a sports and docking facility at the foot of North Moore Street with a mini golf course.^[23]
• Pier 26 was rebuilt over 2008–2009 and is home to a new park designed by OLIN and Rafael Viñoly and opened in September 2020, featuring a sports court and an engineered wetland.^[24]
• Pier 34, at Canal Street, contains a ventilation shaft for the Holland Tunnel.^[25]
• Pier 40, at Houston Street, was built as a terminal for the Holland America Line in 1962,^{[26] [27] [28]} and now contains various playing fields, long-term parking spaces and the Trapeze School of New York on the roof (during the summer).^{[29] [30]}
• The term "Christopher Street Pier" usually refers specifically to Pier 45 opposite West 10th Street in Greenwich Village. However, it refers to three other piers as well, between Piers 42 - 51.^[31] Pier 51 houses a water-themed playground, part of Hudson River Park.^[32]
• Piers 52 and 53, also known as Gansevoort Peninsula, were formerly a New York City Department of Sanitation facility used for shipping trash out of Manhattan.^[33] They are being converted into a public park, expected to be complete in 2023.^{[34] [35]} Also at the end of Pier 53 is the FDNY's Marine 1 fireboat facility, occupying a new building completed in 2011.^{[36] [37]}
• Pier 54 and Pier 55, part of Hudson River Park since its creation in 1998, was closed in 2011 when it was deemed structurally unsound.^[38] Plans were unveiled in November 2014 for a new park designed by Heatherwick Studio and costing $130 million.^[39] The project was temporarily canceled in 2017 after costs had grown to $250 million,^[40] but was later revived as part of an agreement to complete the remainder of Hudson River Park.^[41] The new park, dubbed "Little Island," took the place of the now-dismantled Piers 54 and 55, and opened in May 2021.^{[42] [43]}
• Pier 57, at 15th Street and 11th Avenue, formerly served as a terminal for shipping and storage of cargo for the Grace Line.^[44] Between 1969 and 2003, Pier 57 housed the Hudson Pier Bus Depot for the New York City Transit Authority.^{[45] [46]} After its abandonment, plans created in 2009 called for an improved pier design for commercial use, initially dubbed the SuperPier by its developer.^[47] The renovated pier reopened to the public in April 2022, featuring office space for Google,^[48] a food hall, and a rooftop park.^[49]
• Piers 59 - 62 are used as Chelsea Piers, which were originally a passenger ship terminal in the early 1900s that was used by the RMS Lusitania and was the destination of the RMS Titanic.^[50] The Chelsea Piers Sports & Entertainment Complex opened at the site in 1995.^[51]
• Pier 63 was the location of a Pavonia Ferry terminal that opened in 1869.^[52] The terminal was demolished in 1942,^[53] and the pier then housed a Baltimore and Ohio Railroad transfer barge. In the late 1980s, boat enthusiast John Krevey converted an old railroad barge on the Hudson River to a floating jetty.^[54]
• Pier 66 is part of Hudson River Park, It is located at 26th Street and is used for sailing and paddle sports.^{[55] [56]}
• Pier 76, formerly the NYPD impound lot, was reopened by the Hudson River Park Trust on June 9, 2021 as a park and cultural space.^[57]
• Pier 78 is the only Hudson River pier that is privately owned,^[58] and is used for sightseeing cruises.^[59]
• Pier 79 is the West Midtown Ferry Terminal used by NY Waterway and NYC Ferry. Pier 79 connects to an Art Deco style ventilation shaft for the Lincoln Tunnel.^[60]
• Pier 81 is site of North River Lobster and World Yacht
• Pier 83 is used by Circle Line Sightseeing Cruises.^[61]
• Pier 84 served as a concert venue from the former Schaefer Music Festival.^[62] The pier also houses a water-themed playground within Hudson River Park,^[63] is a stop for New York Water Taxi, and has a bicycle rental shop and other businesses serving primarily tourists.
• Pier 86 at West 46th Street is home to the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum,^[64] the centerpiece of which is the USS Intrepid, an aircraft carrier that served from World War II to the Vietnam War.^[65] This pier once served as the passenger ship terminal for the United States Lines.^[66]
• Piers 88 - 92 are part of the New York Passenger Ship Terminal, used by numerous modern cruise ships and ocean liners. In 1942, the USS Lafayette (formerly SS Normandie) caught fire at Pier 88, remaining capsized there for a year.^{[67] [68]} Pier 92 was subsequently used as an exhibition space, but closed in 2019 after the pier was found to be unsafe.^[69]
• Pier 94 was formerly also part of the Passenger Ship Terminal, and until 2020 housed the "UnConvention Center", the second-largest exhibition hall in New York City.^{[70] [71]} As of 2023, it is slated to be redeveloped into a film studio.^[72]
• Pier 96 is part of Hudson River Park. It is the home of Manhattan Community Boathouse, an all-volunteer non-profit organization that offers free kayaking to the public each summer.^[73]
• Pier 97 is part of Hudson River Park. It was until 1975 the home of the Swedish American Line passenger ship terminal.^[74] The terminal was demolished some time after 1984 and the pier has since been used for various purposes, including many years as a Sanitation Department parking lot and a brief period as a live event venue sponsored by JBL and Live Nation.^[75] In November 2019, it was announced that the pier would be converted into a park, with construction expected to start in September 2020.^[76] As of September 2020, the pier is now expected to reopen in March 2024.^[77]
• Pier 98 is used for Con Edison employee car parking, a training facility and delivery by barge and storage of fuel oil.^[78]
• Pier 99 houses the West 59th Street Marine Transfer Station, used by the New York City Sanitation Department.
• Pier I and most of Riverside Park South were originally part of the abandoned Penn Central railyard between 59th and 72nd Streets. These lettered piers were built at a 55-degree angle to the shore to facilitate the transfer of rail cars from their tracks to a waiting barge. Pier I is the only remaining rail pier.^[79] The 69th Street Transfer Bridge of the New York Central Railroad is still extant and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2003.^[80]

Railroads and ferries

Prior to the opening of the North River Tunnels and the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad tubes in the early 1900s,^[81] passengers and freight were required to cross the river for travel to points east. This led to an extensive network of intermodal terminals, railyards, ferry slips, docks, barges, and carfloats. The west shore of the river from the mid 19th to the mid 20th century was home to expansive facilities operated by competing railroads.^[82] Most are now gone, allowing for public access to the waterfront at piers, parks, promenades and marinas along the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway. New ferry slips and terminals exclusively for pedestrian use have been built.

• Communipaw Terminal was in operation from 1864 to 1967. It was owned by the Central Railroad of New Jersey and also hosted trains of the Baltimore and Ohio and the Reading Company. The CRRNJ's main ferry ran to pier 11 at Liberty Street. The historic landmark is now a major feature of Liberty State Park and ferry terminal for service to Ellis Island and Liberty Island. The terminal is adjacent to the Big Basin of the Morris Canal (used to ship anthracite from the mines of Pennsylvania) which entered the harbor at the river's mouth.
• Exchange Place station was the location of the first waterfront terminal in 1834, and its larger successor was used until 1961. Regular ferry service from Paulus Hook had begun in the early Dutch colonial period. The original station was built by the New Jersey Railroad to meet the world's first steam ferry service which had been initiated in 1812 by Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston. During the Pennsylvania Railroad era in the 20th century the station was called Exchange Place, local nomenclature for the streetcar terminus and Hudson and Manhattan Railroad tube station. The main ferry ran to Cortlandt Street. The district is now sometimes known as "Wall Street West" due to the concentration of financial concerns and skyscrapers located there. Today ferry service travels to Battery Park City Ferry Terminal, Pier 11 at Wall Street, and the West Midtown Ferry Terminal.
• Pavonia Terminal operated from 1861 to 1958. The terminal, completed in 1889 by the Erie Railroad, was at the end of the Long Dock which extended into the partially landfilled Harsimus Cove. The Jersey City Terminal was also used by the New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway. It was named after the seventeenth century New Netherland settlement of Pavonia. Ferry service began in the 1840s. The main Pavonia Ferry later ran to Chambers Street and 23rd Street. The Erie's Pavonia trains were moved to Hoboken Terminal between 1956 and 1958, and the ferries and terminal abandoned. The terminal and yards have now been developed into the residential and commercial district of Newport, Jersey City.
• Hoboken Terminal is the last of the Hudson River terminals still in use and is now operated by NJ Transit. Regular ferry service was started in 1834 by John Stevens. Train service began in 1863 by the Morris and Essex Railroad and was taken over by Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, which built the terminal in 1908. The DL&W later merged with the Erie to create the Erie Lackawanna Railway which, after becoming part of Conrail, operated until the state takeover in the 1970s. The main routes of the Hoboken Ferry ran to Barclay Street, Christopher Street and 23rd Street; these ferries operated until 1967. Today NY Waterway ferries travel to the Battery Park City Ferry Terminal, Pier 11 at Wall Street and the West Midtown Ferry Terminal.
• Weehawken Terminal operated from 1884 to 1959 as the terminus for New York Central Railroad's West Shore Railroad division as well as for the New York, Ontario and Western Railway. The extensive Weehawken Yards also handled freight for the Erie Railroad with the New Jersey Junction Railroad. The New York Central Railroad 69th Street Transfer Bridge is now a historic site. The main Weehawken Ferry travelled directly across the river to 42nd Street and for a time was part of route of the Lincoln Highway. Other ferries included those to 14th Street and Cortland Street. The original tunnel under Bergen Hill is now used by the Hudson–Bergen Light Rail and contains the Bergenline Avenue station. Ferry service is now provided from Weehawken Port Imperial to the West Midtown Ferry Terminal, Battery Park City Ferry Terminal, and Wall Street.
• The New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway terminus in Shadyside, Edgewater, was opened in 1894 for the shipment of coal and other products. This led to extensive landfilling and industrial growth including plants of Hess Oil and Chemical, Lever Brothers, Alcoa, and the Ford Motor Company. Many workers from Manhattan used the ferry from 125th Street to reach their jobs. The factories of Edgewater have been demolished, the brownfields redeveloped for residential, retail, and recreational uses. The ferry now travels from Edgewater Landing to West Midtown Ferry Terminal.

Fixed crossings

Crossing	Carries	Location	Coordinates
Downtown Hudson Tubes	PATH	Exchange Place and World Trade Center
Holland Tunnel	I-78	Jersey City and Lower Manhattan
Uptown Hudson Tubes	PATH	Jersey City and Midtown Manhattan
North River Tunnels	Amtrak New Jersey Transit	Weehawken and Midtown Manhattan
(part of New York Tunnel Extension between North Bergen and Long Island City)
Lincoln Tunnel		Weehawken and Midtown Manhattan
George Washington Bridge	I-95 US 1 US 9 US 46	Fort Lee and Upper Manhattan

The last crossing to be built was the south tube of the Lincoln Tunnel in 1957, but in 1962, another deck was added to the George Washington Bridge. Since 2003, various proposals have been made to add a new train line. This includes an extension of the completed 7 Subway Extension, the canceled Access to the Region's Core, and the proposed Gateway Project.

See also

• List of bridges, tunnels, and cuts in Hudson County, New Jersey
• List of ferries across the Hudson River to New York City
• List of New Jersey rivers
• List of New York rivers
• New York Harbor
• New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary
• Timeline of Jersey City area railroads

External links

• A Guide to a Hudson River Park Walk from Battery Park to Riverside Park
• Wired New York - Hudson River Piers
• North River Historic Ship Society: Historic Vessels of New York Harbor

Notes and References

1. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/North+River The Random House Dictionary (2009)
2. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/North+River The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language,'Fourth Edition (2006)
3. http://www.yourdictionary.com/north-river Webster's New World College Dictionary (2005)
4. http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/north%20river The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (2009)
5. https://books.google.com/books?id=GH4AAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA63 Joint Report With Comprehensive Plan and Recommendations
6. News: McCarten . John . Harbor Display . The New Yorker . July 4, 1959 . January 27, 2011.
7. Steinhauer, Jennifer."F.Y.I",The New York Times, May 15, 1994. Accessed January 17, 2008. "The North River was the colonial name for the entire Hudson River, just as the Delaware was known as the South River. These names went out of use sometime early in the century, said Norman Brouwer, a historian at the South Street Seaport Museum."
8. Web site: North River Historic Ship Society. https://web.archive.org/web/20090728183843/http://www.nrhss.org/historicvessels.htm. dead. July 28, 2009.
9. http://www.tugrace-ny.org/ The Great North River Tugboat Race and Competition
10. Web site: North River Sail & Power Squadron (NRSPS) . www.northriversquadron.org . March 3, 2018.
11. Web site: Lopez, Doerner, Malloy and friends brave the Hudson to raise autism awareness, SEA PADDLE NYC - SURFLINE.COM . www.surfline.com . March 3, 2018.
12. Web site: The North River in New Netherland . . February 15, 2013.
13. Roberts, Sam. "Brooklyn Murders, Depression Love, a Glamorous Librarian", The New York Times, June 24, 2007. Accessed January 6, 2008. "You may even be directed to the sewage treatment plant in West Harlem, practically the last vestige of the name that, legend has it, the Dutch bestowed on the tidal estuary navigated by Henry Hudson to distinguish it from the South River, now known as the Delaware."
14. Dougherty, Steve. "MY MANHATTAN; Away From the Uproar, Before a Strong Wind", The New York Times, May 31, 2002. Accessed January 17, 2008. "'Because it's the river you sail to go north,' Captain Freitas explained. 'To sail east, to Long Island Sound, you would take the East River.'"
15. Book: City in the Sky: The Rise and Fall of the World Trade Center . James . Glanz . Eric . Lipton . November 12, 2003 . Macmillan . 9780805074284 . March 3, 2018 . Google Books.
16. Portions of the Gallatin Report, 1808, Included in the Preliminary Report of the Inland Waterways Commission, 1908
17. Web site: Chart 12335 . www.charts.noaa.gov . March 3, 2018.
18. Web site: U.S. Board on Geographic Names | U.S. Geological Survey. www.usgs.gov.
19. Web site: Pier 1 . March 29, 1976 . March 3, 2018 . www.newyorker.com.
20. News: Hudson River Park On Restored Piers Approved By U.S . The New York Times . Barbara . Stewart . June 1, 2000 . May 20, 2010.
21. Web site: Planning & Construction - Hudson River Park . March 3, 2018.
22. News: Khabiri . Layla . Megalithic Restaurant Complex, Pier A Harbor House, Opens in Battery Park City . 31 August 2019 . Eater . 2014-11-15.
23. Web site: Pier 25 - Hudson River Park. hudsonriverpark.org.
24. News: Graeber . Laurel . 2020-09-30 . At the End of the New Pier 26, a Surprise . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-02-20 . 0362-4331.
25. Web site: Historic Structures Report: Holland Tunnel. November 4, 1993. National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. 5. November 2, 2019.
26. Web site: Peerless Pier 40 – City's Newest West Side Ship Terminal Represents a Dockside Revolution . Berkvist. Robert. April 28, 1963. The New York Times. March 22, 2015.
27. Web site: Holland-America Line Signs 20-Year Contract for New Pier; Four-Ship Terminal Costing $18,723,000 to Rise at West Houston St.--Lease Ends Two Years of Negotiation 6 Per Cent Rental Set. Ryan. Joseph J. September 12, 1957. The New York Times. March 22, 2015.
28. Web site: WORK BEGINS SOON ON MAMMOTH PIER: Contract Signing Will Clear Way for Holland-America Facility, Port's Biggest. March 28, 1958. The New York Times. March 22, 2015.
29. News: Possible Deal May Bring Money to Repair Pier 40 in Manhattan. Bagli. Charles V.. The New York Times. May 16, 2014. March 19, 2015.
30. Web site: PIER 40: Construction and Design Status. hudsonriverpark.org. Hudson River Park. March 19, 2015.
31. Web site: Explore The Park - Hudson River Park. hudsonriverpark.org.
32. Web site: Chelsea Waterside Play Area - Hudson River Park. hudsonriverpark.org.
33. Web site: Examining the Hudson River and Evolving Coastline: How Can We Address Changes to Our Environment?.
34. Web site: Attanasio . Cedar . Italiano . Laura . 2019-01-31 . Manhattan is getting its own beach . 2022-10-31 . New York Post . en-US.
35. Web site: Young . Michael . 2022-07-09 . Tree Planting Begins at Gansevoort Peninsula Park on the West Village Waterfront, Manhattan . 2022-10-31 . New York YIMBY . en-US.
36. Web site: Marine 1 F.D.N.Y.. marine1fdny.com. March 3, 2018.
37. Web site: New York Architecture Images- Hell's Kitchen History. www.nyc-architecture.com. March 3, 2018.
38. Web site: How Diller and von Furstenberg Got Their Island in Hudson River Park. Foderaro. Lisa W.. April 3, 2015. The New York Times. May 12, 2015.
39. Web site: Hudson River Park Gets $100 Million Launch. West, Melanie G.. November 17, 2014. The Wall Street Journal. November 17, 2014.
40. News: Billionaire Diller's Plan for Elaborate Pier in the Hudson is Dead. Bagli. Charles V.. September 13, 2017. The New York Times. September 14, 2017. en-US. 0362-4331.
41. News: 'Diller Island' Is Back From the Dead. Bagli. Charles V.. October 25, 2017. The New York Times. October 26, 2017. en-US. 0362-4331.
42. Web site: Spivack. Caroline. 2019-11-13. Meet 'Little Island': The $250M floating park on the Hudson River. 2020-06-24. Curbed NY. en.
43. Web site: Offenhartz . Jake . 2021-05-20 . Photos: Explore Little Island, NYC's Luxurious New Floating Park On The Hudson . 2022-10-31 . Gothamist . en.
44. News: Once-Neglected Pier 57 Prepares for Its SuperPier Moment. January 17, 2014. August 4, 2014. Curbed.
45. http://www.nyssenate28.com/press_archive_story.asp?id=864 Testimony by State Senator José M. Serrano given before the City Council Transportation Committee Hearing on MTA Environmental Practices
46. David W. Chen, Hoping for a Waterfront Makeover Just South of Chelsea Piers, The New York Times, October 15, 2003, section B, page 6
47. News: Pier's Developer Looks for a Creative Tenant Mix. September 13, 2013. August 4, 2014. The New York Times.
48. Web site: February 21, 2018 . Google keeps gobbling up space in Chelsea; Takes more of Pier 57 . December 9, 2018 . The Villager Newspaper.
49. Web site: April 18, 2022 . Governor Kathy Hochul and Mayor Eric Adams Join Hudson River Park Trust, RXR and Google to Open 80,000-Square-Foot Public Park on Roof of Historic Pier 57 .
50. Web site: Chelsea Piers History 101. chelseapiers.com. Chelsea Piers. May 23, 2015.
51. News: For Huge Recreation Complex, It's Time to Start Playing All. Weber. Bruce. 1995-08-09. The New York Times. 2019-11-02. en-US. 0362-4331.
52. Book: Railroad Ferries of the Hudson: And Stories of a Deckhand. Baxter. Raymond J.. Adams. Arthur G.. 1999. Fordham University Press. 9780823219544. 91. en.
53. Book: Adams, Arthur G.. The Hudson Through the Years. registration. 1996. Fordham University Press. 9780823216772. 307. en.
54. Web site: John Krevey, 62; Activist enlivened the waterfront. Amateau. Albert. February 22, 2010. The Villager. November 2, 2019.
55. Web site: New York City Water Trail : New York City Department of Parks & Recreation : NYC Parks. June 26, 1939. New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. November 2, 2019.
56. Web site: Pier 66. May 21, 2019. Hudson River Park. November 2, 2019.
57. News: Gannon . Devin . Hudson River tow pound at Pier 76 to open as a public park in June . 17 September 2021 . 6sqft . 24 March 2021.
58. Web site: Other Piers . 2023-08-23 . Hudson River Park . en-US.
59. News: Staff . W. S. J. . 2012-06-04 . What's the Deal: Private Hudson Pier Sold . en-US . Wall Street Journal . 2023-08-23 . 0099-9660.
60. Book: Route 9A Reconstruction Project, Battery Place to 59th St., New York County: Environmental Impact Statement. 1994. Route 9A Reconstruction Project, Battery Place to 59th St., New York County: Environmental Impact Statement. November 2, 2019.
61. Web site: Ferry changed course to help save passengers of US Airways Flight 1549. Thompson. Teri. Gendar. Alison. January 16, 2009. nydailynews.com. Daily News. June 3, 2015. Hutchinson. Bill.
62. Web site: Pier 84. hudsonriverpark.org. Hudson River Park Trust, Friends of Hudson River Park. June 3, 2015.
63. Web site: Pier 84 Play Area - Hudson River Park. hudsonriverpark.org.
64. News: The Intrepid's History and Hardware, Berthed at Pier 86. 2008-11-07. The New York Times. 2019-11-02. en-US. 0362-4331.
65. Web site: Intrepid, USS (Aircraft Carrier). National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070728063901/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1942&ResourceType=Structure. 28 July 2007. 2008-01-26. dmy-all.
66. See, for instance:
    • Book: Records and Briefs New York State Appellate Division. 1962. 2-PA5. November 2, 2019.
    • Book: The Port of New York, N.Y. and N.J.. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1966. Port series. 86. November 2, 2019.
67. Web site: A Salvage Job in the Hudson Long Before a Cruise Ship Ran Aground in Italy. Roberts. Sam. 2013-09-16. City Room. en-US. 2019-11-02.
68. Web site: The History Press The brief but glorious career of SS Normandie. www.thehistorypress.co.uk. en. 2019-11-02.
69. News: Goldbaum . Christina . Manhattan Pier Is Deemed Unsafe, Forcing Cancellation of an Art Show . 17 September 2021 . The New York Times . 24 February 2019.
70. Web site: Piers 92/94 New York - BizBash. BizBash. January 29, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20150222145536/http://www.bizbash.com/content/resource/r781568.php. February 22, 2015. dead.
71. News: The City Hopes to Double the Size of Manhattan's No. 2 Convention Center, in the West 50s. Fried. Joseph P.. August 13, 2009. The New York Times. January 30, 2009.
72. Web site: Haag . Matthew . Rubinstein . Dana . June 11, 2023 . A Pier Deal Is Full of Developer Perks, but Is It Good for the City? . NYTimes.com.
73. Web site: Manhattan Community Boathouse. February 16, 2024.
74. Web site: Pier 97. salship.se. Lars Hemingstam, A tribute to the Swedish American Line. February 8, 2016.
75. Web site: JBL Live Pier 97: Introducing New York City's newest music venue - NY Daily News. New York Daily News. June 21, 2015.
76. Web site: Spivack. Caroline. 2019-11-19. Hudson River Park's Pier 97 will transform into 'otherworldly' green space. 2020-06-24. Curbed NY. en.
77. Web site: 2020-09-09. !melk develops 'pier 97' for hudson river park in new york. 2021-04-23. designboom architecture & design magazine. en.
78. Web site: 2022-06-02 . Not All Piers Are for Play: Keeping the Steam Up and the Lights On . 2022-10-31 . West Side Rag . en-US.
79. Web site: Pier I . riversideparknyc.org. 2019-11-03.
80. Web site: National Register of Historic Places Listings July 11, 2003. nps.gov. 24 June 2015.
81. https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=9407E0DF1638E333A25755C2A9679D946196D6CF Open Pennsylvania Station To-night
82. News: GREAT RAILROADS AT WAR Fighting to Secure Lands on Jersey Shore . New York Times . December 15, 1889 . November 16, 2010.