Norske Gaardnavne Explained

Norske Gaardnavne (English: Norwegian Farm Names) is a 19-volume set of books based on a manuscript prepared from 1897 to 1924 by Oluf Rygh, a noted professor of archaeology, philology, and history at the University of Oslo. The book contains a standardized notation, information on pronunciation, historical forms, and the etymology for recorded gaardnavne (oeconyms, or farm, estate, and manor names) in Norway. It was developed by detailed compilation of the various written and oral records of land ownership. It is the standard that establishes place names in Norway. Documenting over 45,000 farm names and related information in 1886, it became the inspiration for similar studies in Sweden and Denmark.[1]

Work of the commission

The Norwegian Stortinget, in an act of 6 June 1863, commissioned a general revision of public register that defines Norwegian public and private lands to allow consistent land ownership records and to update the basis for taxation in Norway (a cadastre). The work was intended to correct inconsistencies and errors in place names. In 1878 the professors Sophus Bugge and Oluf Rygh, and the dean Johan Fritzner were named as members of a commission to revise the names of recorded property.

Several issues complicated this effort:

Sources for place names

Because spoken names evolve, the most useful etymological sources for place names are typically the oldest written sources. Hence the commission reviewed a number of older sources including old land records and the various letters and documents that comprise the Diplomatarium Norvegicum. However, many of the place names predate written records by over 1,000 years, complicating the process. Further, for large parts of the country there were no formal land records until the official record of 1723. One of the commission's main techniques for establishing names was through recording the oral pronunciation. To accomplish this, the commission studied pronunciations used among common people in everyday conversations. Differences were observed regionally as well as between urban and remote areas. However they found consistent relationships between the current verbal forms and the original names as found in both the current parish records and the older records.

Analysis of farm names

Etymological analysis identified the grammatical form of names, including gender, number, grammatical case, and definite or indefinite article. Where records of earlier names exist, the phonetic changes through time are analyzed. The analysis identified derivations from a variety of sources, including:

Publication

After the initial manuscript was completed in 1892, the material was submitted to the National Archival Services of Norway. Interest in the work was so great that in 1896 the parliament appropriated funding to publish it. In 1897, the first volume in the series Norske Gaardnavne went to press.

Norske Gaardnavne was released in multiple volumes, with one or more volumes for each county and a separate volume with the preface and introduction, so people could buy individual volumes for areas in which they were interested. When Oluf Rygh died, the introductory volume and the first two county volumes had been published (for Smaalenenes, now Østfold, and Akershus). Volumes 3 and 4 were essentially finished. The manuscript for subsequent volumes were edited by Albert Kjær (volumes 4 [Part 2], 6, 7, 9, 12, and 19), Hjalmar Falk (volume 5), Amund B. Larsen (volume 8), Magnus Olsen (volumes 10 and 11), and Karl Ditlev Rygh (volumes 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17). In 1924 Just Knud Qvigstad and Magnus Olsen released an eighteenth, county-specific volume covering Finnmark.

Multiple editions of the work have subsequently been printed. With the support of the Arts Council Norway and nine counties, Norske Gaardnavne has been converted to an online digital database, which is available to the public for research.[2]

List of volumes in Norske Gaardnavne

VolumeTitleAuthor(s)Publication
date
Translated title
Link to book online
Norwegian: Forord og innledningO. Rygh 1898Foreword and introductionRead online
I Norwegian: Smaalenenes AmtO. Rygh 1897Østfold CountyRead online
II Norwegian: Akershus AmtO. Rygh 1898Akershus CountyRead online
III Norwegian: Hedemarkens Amt O. Rygh 1900Eastern Innlandet County
(old Hedmark)
Read online
IV-1 Norwegian: Kristians AmtO. Rygh 1900Western Innlandet County (vol. 1)
(old Oppland)
Read online
IV-2 Norwegian: Kristians AmtO. Rygh with A. Kjær 1902Western Innlandet County (vol. 2)
(old Oppland)
Read online
V Norwegian: Buskeruds AmtO. Rygh with Hj. Falk 1909Buskerud CountyRead online
VI Norwegian: Jarlsberg og Larviks AmtO. Rygh with A. Kjær 1907 Vestfold County Read online
VII Norwegian: Bratsberg AmtO. Rygh with A. Kjær 1914Telemark County Read online
VIII Norwegian: Nedenes AmtO. Rygh with Amund B. Larsen 1905Eastern Agder County
(old Aust-Agder)
Read online
IX Norwegian: Lister og Mandals Amt O. Rygh with A. Kjær 1912 Western Agder County
(old Vest-Agder)
Read online
X Norwegian: Stavanger Amt O. Rygh with Magnus Olsen 1915Rogaland County Read online
XI Norwegian: Søndre Bergenhus Amt O. Rygh with Magnus Olsen 1910Southern Vestland County
(old Hordaland)
Read online
XII Norwegian: Nordre Bergenhus AmtO. Rygh with A. Kjær 1919 Northern Vestland County
(old Sogn og Fjordane)
Read online
XIII Norwegian: Romsdals Amt O. Rygh with K. Rygh 1908 Møre og Romsdal County Read online
XIV Norwegian: Søndre Trondhjems Amt O. Rygh, with K. Rygh 1901Southern Trøndelag County
(old Sør-Trøndelag)
Read online
XV Norwegian: Nordre Trondhjems Amt O. Rygh with K. Rygh 1903 Northern Trøndelag County
(old Nord-Trøndelag)
Read online
XVI Norwegian: Nordlands Amt O. Rygh with K. Rygh 1905Nordland County Read online
XVII Norwegian: Troms AmtO. Rygh with K. Rygh 1911Troms CountyRead online
XVIII Norwegian: Finmarkens Amt J. Qvigstad & Magnus Olsen 1924Finnmark County Read online
XIX Norwegian: Fællesregister1936Errata Read online

See also

Notes and References

  1. http://www.dokpro.uio.no/rygh_ng/rygh_info.html Oluf Rygh: Norwegian Farm Names
  2. http://www.kulturrad.no/toppmeny/english/ Arts Council of Norway