Cato Institute Explained

Cato Institute
Established:[1]
Type:501(c)(3) non-profit think tank
Tax Id:23-7432162
Purpose:"To originate, disseminate, and increase understanding of public policies based on the principles of individual liberty, limited government, free markets, and peace."[2]
Focus:Public advocacy, media exposure and societal influence
Leader Title:President and CEO
Leader Name:Peter N. Goettler
Leader Title2:Chairman
Leader Name2:Robert A. Levy
Leader Title3:Executive Vice-President
Leader Name3:Vacant
Staff:100 staff
46 faculty
70 adjunct faculty
Revenue:$31,695,000[3]
Revenue Year:2020
Expenses:$31,726,000
Expenses Year:2020
Endowment:$85,585,000
Endowment Year:2020
Formerly:Charles Koch Foundation; Cato Foundation
Location:1000 Massachusetts Ave. N.W.
Washington, D.C., U.S.

The Cato Institute is an American libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C. It was founded in 1977 by Ed Crane, Murray Rothbard, and Charles Koch,[4] chairman of the board and chief executive officer of Koch Industries.[5] Cato was established to focus on public advocacy, media exposure, and societal influence.[6]

Cato advocates for a limited governmental role in domestic and foreign affairs and strong protection of civil liberties, including support for lowering or abolishing most taxes, opposition to the Federal Reserve system and the Affordable Care Act, the privatization of numerous government agencies and programs including Social Security and the United States Postal Service, demilitarization of the police, open borders and adhering to a non-interventionist foreign policy.

According to the 2019 Global Go to Think Tank Index Report (revised June 2020, Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program, University of Pennsylvania), Cato was number 20 in the "Top Think Tanks Worldwide" and number 13 in the "Top Think Tanks in the United States".

History

20th century

The institute was founded in January 1977 in San Francisco, California;[1] named at the suggestion of cofounder Rothbard after Cato's Letters, a series of British essays penned in the early 18th century by John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon.[7] [8]

In 1981, Murray Rothbard was removed from the Cato Institute by the board.[9] The board wanted to move Cato into political policy making. Rothbard thought it should be devoted to scholarship.[10] That same year, Cato relocated to Washington, D.C., settling initially in a historic house on Capitol Hill. The institute moved to its current location on Massachusetts Avenue in 1993.[11]

21st century

In 2009, Cato Institute was ranked the fifth-ranked think tank in the world in a study of think tanks by James G. McGann, at the University of Pennsylvania, based on a criterion of excellence in "producing rigorous and relevant research, publications and programs in one or more substantive areas of research".[12]

As of 2012, Cato Institute had a budget of $23 million.[13]

Activities

Various Cato Institute programs were favorably ranked in a survey on think tanks published by the University of Pennsylvania in 2012.

Publications

The Cato Institute publishes policy studies, briefing papers, periodicals, and books. Journals and periodicals include Cato Journal[14] [15] (since 1981), Regulation magazine (acquired in 1990),[16] [17] Cato's Letter, Cato Supreme Court Review, Cato Policy Report, Cato published Inquiry Magazine from 1977 to 1982 (before transferring it to the Libertarian Review Foundation) Literature of Liberty (from 1978 to 1979 before transferring it to the Institute for Humane Studies, which ended its publication in 1982). Additionally, Cato publishes numerous white papers on a wide variety of policy topics, which have included Drug Decriminalization in Portugal: Lessons for Creating Fair and Successful Drug Policies (2009) by Glenn Greenwald and Overkill: The Rise of Paramilitary Policy Raids in America (2006) by Radley Balko.

Cato also co-publishes the annual Human Freedom Index (2015–)[18] with the Fraser Institute and is the co-publisher with Fraser of the U.S. edition of the Economic Freedom of the World annual report (1996–).[19]

Books published by the Cato Institute

Other notable books by Cato scholars

Podcasts

Web projects

In addition to maintaining its own website in English and Spanish,[25] Cato maintains websites focused on particular topics:

Conferences

The Cato Institute hosts conferences throughout the year. Topics include monetary policy, the U.S. Constitution, poverty and social welfare, technology and privacy, financial regulation, and civic culture.[32]

Speakers at past Cato Institute conferences have included Federal Reserve Chairmen Alan Greenspan[33] and Ben Bernanke,[34] Federal Reserve Vice Chairman Richard Clarida,[35] International Monetary Fund Managing Director Rodrigo de Rato,[36] [37] [38] [39] Czech Republic President Václav Klaus,[40] and Avanti Financial Group Founder and CEO Caitlin Long.[41]

Ideological relationships

Libertarianism and classical liberalism

Many Cato scholars have advocated support for civil liberties, liberal immigration policies, drug liberalization, and the repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell and laws restricting consensual sexual activity.[42] The Cato Institute officially resists being labeled as part of the conservative movement because "'conservative' smacks of an unwillingness to change, of a desire to preserve the status quo".[43]

Cato has strong ties to the political philosophy of classical liberalism.[44] [45] [46] According to executive vice president David Boaz, libertarians are classical liberals who strongly emphasize the individual right to liberty. He argues that, as the term "liberalism" became increasingly associated with government intervention in the economy and social welfare programs, some classical liberals abandoned the old term and began to call themselves “libertarians”.[47] Officially, Cato admits that the term “classical liberal” comes close to the mark of labeling its position, but fails to capture the contemporary vibrancy of the ideas of freedom. According to Cato's mission statement, the Jeffersonian philosophy that animates Cato's work has increasingly come to be called 'libertarianism' or 'market liberalism.' It combines an appreciation for entrepreneurship, the market process, and lower taxes with strict respect for civil liberties and skepticism about the benefits of both the welfare state and foreign military adventurism.[48] [49]

In 2006, Markos Moulitsas of the Daily Kos proposed the term "Libertarian Democrat" to describe his particular liberal position, suggesting that libertarians should be allies of the Democratic Party. Replying, Cato's vice president for research Brink Lindsey agreed that libertarians and liberals should view each other as natural ideological allies,[50] and noted continuing differences between mainstream liberal views on economic policy and Cato's "Jeffersonian philosophy".

Some Cato scholars disagree with conservatives on neo-conservative foreign policy, albeit that this has not always been uniform.[51]

Objectivism

The relationship between Cato and the Ayn Rand Institute (ARI) improved with the nomination of Cato's new president John A. Allison IV in 2012. He is a former ARI board member and is reported to be an "ardent devotee" of Rand who has promoted reading her books to colleges nationwide.[52] In March 2015, Allison retired as president, remaining on the board, and was succeeded by Peter Goettler.[53]

Positions

The Cato Institute advocates policies that advance "individual liberty, limited government, free markets, and peace". They are libertarian in their policy positions, typically advocating diminished government intervention in domestic, social, and economic policies and decreased military and political intervention worldwide. Cato was cited by columnist Ezra Klein as nonpartisan, saying that it is "the foremost advocate for small-government principles in American life" and it "advocates those principles when Democrats are in power, and when Republicans are in power";[54] and Eric Lichtblau called Cato "one of the country's most widely cited research organizations." Nina Eastman reported in 1995 that "on any given day, House Majority Whip Tom DeLay of Texas might be visiting for lunch. Or Cato staffers might be plotting strategy with House Majority Leader Dick Armey, another Texan, and his staff."[55]

Defense and foreign policy

Cato's non-interventionist foreign policy views, and strong support for civil liberties, have frequently led Cato scholars to criticize those in power, both Republican and Democratic. Cato scholars opposed President George H. W. Bush's 1991 Gulf War operations (a position which caused the organization to lose nearly $1 million in funding),[56] President Bill Clinton's interventions in Haiti and Kosovo, President George W. Bush's 2003 invasion of Iraq, and President Barack Obama's 2011 military intervention in Libya. As a response to the September 11 attacks, Cato scholars supported the removal of al Qaeda and the Taliban regime from power, but are against an indefinite and open-ended military occupation of Afghanistan.[57] Cato scholars criticized U.S. involvement in Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[58]

Ted Galen Carpenter, Cato's vice president for defense and foreign policy studies, criticized many of the arguments offered to justify the 2003 invasion of Iraq. One of the war's earliest critics, Carpenter wrote in January 2002: "Ousting Saddam would make Washington responsible for Iraq's political future and entangle the United States in an endless nation-building mission beset by intractable problems."[59] Carpenter also predicted: "Most notably there is the issue posed by two persistent regional secession movements: the Kurds in the north and the Shiites in the south."[59] But in 2002 Carpenter wrote, "the United States should not shrink from confronting al-Qaeda in its Pakistani lair,"[60] a position echoed in the institute's policy recommendations for the 108th Congress.[61] Cato's director of foreign policy studies, Christopher Preble, argues in The Power Problem: How American Military Dominance Makes Us Less Safe, Less Prosperous, and Less Free, that America's position as an unrivaled superpower tempts policymakers to constantly overreach and to redefine ever more broadly the "national interest".[62]

Christopher Preble has said that the "scare campaign" to protect military spending from cuts under the Budget Control Act of 2011 has backfired.[63]

Cato's foreign and defense policies are guided by the view that the United States is relatively secure and so should engage the world, trade freely, and work with other countries on common concerns—but avoid trying to dominate it militarily. As a result, Cato advocates the United States should be an example of democracy and human rights, not their armed vindicator abroad, claiming it has a rich history, from George Washington to Cold War realists like George Kennan. Cato scholars aim to restore this view, with a principled and restrained foreign policy recommendation, to keep the nation out of most foreign conflicts and be cheaper, more ethical, and less destructive of civil liberties.[64]

Domestic policies

Cato scholars have consistently called for the privatization of many government services and institutions,[65] including NASA,[66] Social Security,[67] the United States Postal Service,[68] the Transportation Security Administration,[69] public schooling, public transportation systems,[70] [71] and public broadcasting.[72] The institute opposes minimum wage laws, saying that they violate the freedom of contract and thus private property rights, and increase unemployment.[73] [74]

The institute is opposed to expanding overtime regulations, arguing that it will benefit some employees in the short term, while costing jobs or lowering wages of others, and have no meaningful long-term impact.[75] [76] It opposes child labor prohibitions,[77] [78] [79] opposes public sector unions, and supports right-to-work laws.[80] [81] It opposes universal health care, arguing that it is harmful to patients and an intrusion onto individual liberty.[82] [83] It is against affirmative action.[84] It has also called for total abolition of the welfare state, and has argued that it should be replaced with reduced business regulations to create more jobs, and argues that private charities are fully capable of replacing it.[85] [86] Cato has also opposed antitrust laws.[87] [88]

Cato is an opponent of campaign finance reform, arguing that government is the ultimate form of potential corruption and that such laws undermine democracy by undermining competitive elections. Cato also supports the repeal of the Federal Election Campaign Act.[89] [90]

Cato has published numerous studies criticizing what it calls "corporate welfare", the practice of public officials funneling taxpayer money, usually via targeted budgetary spending, to politically connected corporate interests.[91] [92] [93] [94]

Cato has published strong criticisms of the 1998 settlement which many U.S. states signed with the tobacco industry.[95]

Cato president Ed Crane and Sierra Club executive director Carl Pope co-wrote a 2002 op-ed piece in The Washington Post calling for the abandonment of the Republican energy bill, arguing that it had become little more than a gravy train for Washington, D.C., lobbyists.[96] Again in 2005, Cato scholar Jerry Taylor teamed up with Daniel Becker of the Sierra Club to attack the Republican Energy Bill as a give-away to corporate interests.[97]

In 2003, Cato filed an amicus brief in support of the Supreme Court's decision in Lawrence v. Texas, which struck down the remaining state laws that made private, non-commercial homosexual relations between consenting adults illegal. Cato cited the 14th Amendment, among other things, as the source of their support for the ruling. The amicus brief was cited in Justice Kennedy's majority opinion for the Court.[98]

In 2004, Cato scholar Daniel Griswold wrote in support of President George W. Bush's failed proposal to grant temporary work visas to otherwise undocumented laborers which would have granted limited residency for the purpose of employment in the U.S.

In 2004, the institute published a paper arguing in favor of "drug reimportation".[99]

In 2006, the Cato Institute published a study proposing a Balanced Budget Veto Amendment to the United States Constitution.[100]

In 2006, Cato published a Policy Analysis criticising the Federal Marriage Amendment as unnecessary, anti-federalist, and anti-democratic.[101] The amendment would have changed the United States Constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage; the amendment failed in both houses of Congress.

A 2006 Cato report by Radley Balko strongly criticized U.S. drug policy and the perceived growing militarization of U.S. law enforcement.[102]

A 2006 study criticized the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.[103]

Environmental policy

Cato scholars have written about the issues of the environment, including global warming, environmental regulation, and energy policy. According to social scientists Riley Dunlap and Aaron McCright the Cato Institute is one of the "particularly crucial elements of the denial machine", that rejects global warming.[104]

PolitiFact.com and Scientific American have called Cato's work on global warming "false" and based on "data selection".[105] [106] A December 2003 Cato panel included Patrick Michaels, Robert Balling and John Christy. Michaels, Balling and Christy agreed that global warming is related at least some degree to human activity but that many scientists and the media have overstated the danger.[107] The Cato Institute has also criticized political attempts to stop global warming as expensive and ineffective.

Cato scholars have been critical of the Bush administration's views on energy policy. In 2003, Cato scholars Jerry Taylor and Peter Van Doren said the Republican Energy Bill was "hundreds of pages of corporate welfare, symbolic gestures, empty promises, and pork-barrel projects".[108] They also spoke out against the former president's calls for larger ethanol subsidies.[109]

With regard to the "Takings Clause" of the United States Constitution and environmental protection, libertarians associated with Cato contended in 2003 that the Constitution is not adequate to guarantee the protection of private property rights.[110]

In 2019, Cato closed its "Center for the Study of Science", which E&E News characterized as "a program that for years sought to raise uncertainty about climate science" after its head Pat Michaels had left the institute over disagreements, along with his collaborator Ryan Maue, a meteorologist.[111] By that time, the Cato Institute was also no longer affiliated with its former distinguished fellow Richard Lindzen, another denier of the scientific consensus on climate change.

Global freedom

Cato's scholars seek to advance policies and support institutions in developing and developed countries that protect human rights and extend the range of personal choices. In particular, Cato's research explores the central role that freedom in its various dimensions—economic, civil, and personal—plays in human progress and in solving some of the world's most pressing problems, including global poverty. To this end Cato co-publishes the annual Human Freedom Index (2015–)[18] with the Fraser Institute and is the co-publisher with Fraser of the U.S. edition of the Economic Freedom of the World annual report (1996–).[19]

Immigration

Cato argues that most Americans are immigrants or descended from immigrants who sought opportunity and freedom on American shores, and they believe that this continues today with immigrants continuing to become Americans, making the United States a wealthier, freer, and safer country. Cato's research indicates that the current US immigration system excludes the most peaceful and healthy immigrants, and urges policymakers to expand and deregulate legal immigration.[112] Further, Cato supports open borders.[113]

Presidential administrations

Cato scholars were critical of George W. Bush's Republican administration (2001–2009) on several issues, including education,[114] and excessive government spending.[115] On other issues, they supported Bush administration initiatives, most notably health care,[116] Social Security,[117] [118] global warming,[119] tax policy,[120] and immigration.[121] [122] [123] [124]

During the 2008 U.S. presidential election, Cato scholars criticized both major-party candidates, John McCain and Barack Obama.[125] [126]

Cato has criticized President Obama's stances on policy issues such as fiscal stimulus,[127] healthcare reform,[128] foreign policy,[129] and drug-related matters,[130] while supporting his stance on the repeal of Don't Ask, Don't Tell[131] and the DREAM Act.[132]

Cato opposed Executive Order 13769, which was enacted in January 2017, which decreased the number of refugees admitted into the United States and suspended entry to individuals whose countries do not meet adjudication standards under U.S. immigration law.[133]

Trade policy

Cato advocates that policymakers must be constantly reminded of the benefits of free trade and the costs of protectionism, arguing free trade is the extension of free markets across political borders. It promotes the idea that enlarging markets to integrate more buyers, sellers, investors, and workers enables more refined specialization and economies of scale, which produce more wealth and higher living standards, and argues that Protectionism does the opposite. Cato's policy recommendations focus on congress and the administration pursuing policies that expand the freedom of Americans to participate in the international marketplace.[134]

Funding, tax status, and corporate structure

The Cato Institute is classified as a 501(c)(3) organization under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. For revenue, the institute is largely dependent on private contributions and does not receive government funding.[135] The Cato Institute reported the fiscal year 2015 revenue of $37.3 million and expenses of $29.4 million.[136] According to the organization's annual report, $32.1 million came from individual donors, $2.9 million came from foundations, $1.2 million came from program revenue and other income, and $1 million came from corporations.[136]

Sponsors of Cato have included FedEx, Google, CME Group and Whole Foods Market.[137] The Nation reported support for Cato from the tobacco industry in a 2012 story.[138]

Funding details

Funding details as of FYE March 2020:Net assets as of FYE March 2020: $81,391,000.

Shareholder dispute and departure of Ed Crane

In 2011, there were four shareholders of the Cato Institute: Charles and David Koch, Ed Crane,[139] and William A. Niskanen. Niskanen died in October 2011.[140] In March 2012, a dispute broke out over the ownership of Niskanen's shares.[139] [140] Charles and David Koch filed suit in Kansas, seeking to void his shareholder seat. The Kochs argued that Niskanen's shares should first be offered to the board of the institute, and then to the remaining shareholders,[141] while Crane contended that Niskanen's shares belonged to his widow, Kathryn Washburn, and that the move by the Kochs was an attempt to turn Cato into "some sort of auxiliary for the G.O.P ... It's detrimental to Cato, it's detrimental to Koch Industries, it's detrimental to the libertarian movement."[142] Those who supported Cato's existing management rallied around the "Save Cato" banner,[143] while those who supported the Koch brothers, called "For a Better Cato".[144]

In June 2012, Cato announced an agreement in principle to settle the dispute by changing the institute's governing structure. Under the agreement, a board replaced the shareholders and Crane, who at the time was also chief executive officer, retired. Former BB&T bank CEO John A. Allison IV replaced him.[145] [146] The Koch brothers agreed to drop two lawsuits.[147]

In 2018, several former Cato employees alleged longtime sexual harassment by Crane, going back to the 1990s and continuing until his departure in 2012. Politico reported that he settled one such claim in 2012. Crane denied the allegations.[148]

Prizes

Recipients of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences at Cato

The following recipients of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences have worked with Cato:[149]

Milton Friedman Prize

Since 2002, the Cato Institute has awarded the Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty every two years to "an individual who has made a significant contribution to advancing human freedom."[151] The prize comes with a cash award of US$250,000.[152]

Friedman Prize winners! Year !! Recipient !! Nationality
2002 Peter Thomas Bauer[153] United Kingdom
2004 Hernando de Soto Polar[154] vian
2006 Mart Laar[155] n
2008 Yon Goicoechea[156] n
2010 Akbar Ganji[157]
2012 Mao Yushi[158] China
2014 Leszek Balcerowicz[159] Poland
2016 Flemming Rose[160] Denmark
2018 Ladies in White[161] Cuba
2021 Innocence Project[162] United States

Board of directors

As of 2020:[163]

Notable Cato scholars

Notable scholars associated with Cato include the following:[164]

Policy scholars

Adjunct scholars

Fellows

Affiliations

The Cato Institute is an associate member of the State Policy Network, a U.S. national network of free-market oriented think tanks.[165] [166]

Rankings

According to the 2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report (Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program, University of Pennsylvania), Cato is number 27 in the "Top Think Tanks Worldwide" and number 13 in the "Top Think Tanks in the United States".[167] Other "Top Think Tank" rankings include # 13 (of 85) in Defense and National Security, #5 (of 80) in Domestic Economic Policy, #4 (of 55) in Education Policy, #17 (of 85) in Foreign Policy and International Affairs, #8 (of 30) in Domestic Health Policy, #14 (of 25) in Global Health Policy, #18 (of 80) in International Development, #14 (of 50) in International Economic Policy, #8 (of 50) in Social Policy, #8 (of 75) for Best Advocacy Campaign, #17 (of 60) for Best Think Tank Network, #3 (of 60) for best Use of Social Networks, #9 (of 50) for Best External Relations/Public Engagement Program, #2 (of 40) for Best Use of the Internet, #12 (of 40) for Best Use of Media, #5 (of 30) for Most Innovative Policy Ideas/Proposals, #11 (of 70) for the Most Significant Impact on Public Policy, and #9 (of 60) for Outstanding Policy-Oriented Public Programs. Cato also topped the 2014 list of the budget-adjusted ranking of international development think tanks.[168]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: The Cato Institute 40 Years Anniversary Timeline . 4 October 2021 .
  2. Web site: Cato's Mission . Cato Institute . June 30, 2011 . July 1, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110701203156/http://www.cato.org/about-mission.html . live .
  3. Web site: Fiscal year 2020 financial results . Cato Institute . 25 May 2021 . March 18, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210318195800/https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/cato-2019-annual-report-update.pdf . live .
  4. Web site: 25 years at the Cato Institute: The 2001 Annual Report . August 19, 2013 . 52255585 . May 8, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070508204943/http://www.cato.org/pubs/papers/25th_annual_report.pdf . live .
  5. Koch Industries is the second largest privately held company by revenue in the United States. Web site: Forbes List . Forbes . November 13, 2011 . November 7, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101107001056/https://www.forbes.com/2010/11/01/top-10-private-cargill-business-private-companies-10-largest_slide_3.html . live .
  6. Book: Cobane, Craig T.. Americans at War. 2005. Gale. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3427300430.html. https://web.archive.org/web/20150329164400/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3427300430.html. dead. March 29, 2015. August 18, 2013 . Think Tanks.
  7. The essays, named after Cato the Younger, the defender of republican institutions in Rome, expounded on the political views of philosopher John Locke, that had a strong influence on the American Revolution's intellectual environment. See: Mitchell. Annie. A Liberal Republican "Cato". American Journal of Political Science. July 2004. 48. 10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00089.x. 3. 588–603.
  8. Book: Rossiter, Clinton . Clinton Rossiter . Seedtime of the Republic: the origin of the American tradition of political liberty. registration. 1953. Harcourt, Brace. New York. 141. No one can spend any time the newspapers, library inventories, and pamphlets of colonial America without realizing that Cato's Letters rather than John Locke's Civil Government was the most popular, quotable, esteemed source for political ideas in the colonial period..
  9. Web site: The Kochtopus vs. Murray N. Rothbard by David Gordon . 5 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120305214553/https://www.lewrockwell.com/gordon/gordon37.html . 5 March 2012 . dead.
  10. Web site: Think Tanks and Liberty . Mises Institute . en . 24 April 2012.
  11. Web site: About The Cato Institute . The Washington Post.
  12. Web site: The Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program 2009 . . November 20, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110607150006/http://www.sas.upenn.edu/irp/documents/2009GlobalGoToReportThinkTankIndex_1.31.2010.02.01.pdf . June 7, 2011 . mdy .
  13. Web site: Bennett . Laurie . The Kochs Aren't the Only Funders of Cato . 2024-07-23 . Forbes . en.
  14. Web site: Academic Search Complete . EBSCO . 5 February 2020 . October 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191010063748/https://www.ebscohost.com/titleLists/a9h-journals.pdf . live .
  15. http://www.proquest.com/tls/jsp/list/ListHTML.jsp?start=1000&productID=770&productName=ProQuest+5000+International&IDString=343+422+182+180+181+8+224+347+567+348+445+223+602+604+350&format=formatHTML&all=all ProQuest Database: ProQuest 5000 International
  16. Web site: Business Source Complete . EBSCO . 5 February 2020 . October 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191010063337/https://www.ebscohost.com/titleLists/bth-journals.pdf . live .
  17. http://www.proquest.com/tls/jsp/list/ListHTML.jsp?start=9000&productID=770&productName=ProQuest+5000+International&IDString=343+422+182+180+181+8+224+347+567+348+445+223+602+604+350&format=formatHTML&all=all ProQuest Database: ProQuest 5000 International
  18. Web site: Human Freedom Index. cato.org. June 24, 2021. June 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210624230632/https://www.cato.org/human-freedom-index/2020. live.
  19. Web site: Economic Freedom of the World. cato.org. June 24, 2021. June 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210624230630/https://www.cato.org/search/category/economic-freedom-world. live.
  20. Web site: Multimedia: Cato Daily Podcast. cato.org. June 24, 2021. March 29, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160329104013/http://www.cato.org/multimedia/daily-podcast. live.
  21. Web site: Multimedia: Power Problems. cato.org. June 24, 2021. June 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210624230630/https://www.cato.org/search/category/multimedia+power-problems. live.
  22. Web site: Multimedia: Cato Events. cato.org. June 24, 2021. June 7, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210607024922/https://www.cato.org/search/category/multimedia+events. live.
  23. Web site: Multimedia: Cato Audio. cato.org. June 24, 2021. June 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210624230633/https://www.cato.org/search/category/multimedia+cato-audio/type/multimedia. live.
  24. Web site: Multimedia: Cato Out Loud. cato.org. June 24, 2021. June 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210624230635/https://www.cato.org/search/category/multimedia+cato-out-loud. live.
  25. Web site: elcato.org. elcato.org. May 20, 2020. May 21, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200521092734/https://www.elcato.org/. live.
  26. Web site: Downsizing the Federal Government. downsizinggovernment.org. December 16, 2010. January 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200105235031/https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/. live.
  27. Web site: Homepage of the Libertarianism . Libertarianism . 25 May 2021 . May 2, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200502012034/https://www.libertarianism.org/ . live .
  28. Web site: PoliceMisconduct.net – The Cato Institute's National Police Misconduct Reporting Project. policemisconduct.net. April 28, 2013. August 14, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180814012012/https://www.policemisconduct.net/. live.
  29. Web site: Public Schooling Battle Map. cato.org. July 31, 2017. September 4, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190904013146/https://www.cato.org/education-fight-map. live.
  30. Web site: Unlawful Shield – A Cato Institute Website Dedicated to Abolishing Qualified Immunity. www.unlawfulshield.com. September 30, 2019. October 1, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191001160930/https://www.unlawfulshield.com/. live.
  31. Web site: How free is your state?. www.freedominthe50states.org. September 30, 2019. January 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200112111905/https://www.freedominthe50states.org/. live.
  32. Web site: Cato Institute. Events. live. March 4, 2021. February 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210228122313/http://www.cato.org/search/category/event.
  33. Web site: 2003-11-20. 21st Annual Monetary Conference: The Future of the Euro. 2021-03-04. Cato Institute. en. January 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210119022139/https://www.cato.org/events/21st-annual-monetary-conference-future-euro. live.
  34. Web site: 2007-11-14. 25th Annual Monetary Conference: Monetary Arrangements in the 21st Century. 2021-03-04. Cato Institute. en. December 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201225061948/https://www.cato.org/events/25th-annual-monetary-conference-monetary-arrangements-21st-century. live.
  35. Web site: 2019-11-14. 37th Annual Monetary Conference - Fed Policy: A Shadow Review. 2021-03-04. Cato Institute. en. February 23, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210223222336/https://www.cato.org/events/37th-annual-monetary-conference. live.
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