Norbana gens explained

The gens Norbana was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned toward the beginning of the first century BC, and from then to the end of the second century AD they filled a number of magistracies and other important posts, first in the late Republic, and subsequently under the emperors.^[1]

Origin

Because the great majority of Roman Latin: [[Nomen gentilicium|gentilicia]] end in -ius, many writers have supposed Norbanus to have been a cognomen, perhaps belonging to a branch of the Junia gens. In fact, it is itself a nomen gentilicium, belonging to a class of nomina derived from place-names, and ending in -anus.^{[1] [2]} Such names were common in families of Umbrian origin, although less characteristic of Latin gentes.^[3] In the case of the Norbani, the name is likely derived from the town of Norba, in Latium, but, since none of the known members of the gens show any association with the town, it was perhaps an earlier, unknown ancestor who came from there, suggesting the family is of greater antiquity than the available records suggest. For the first Norbani appearing in the late Republic, Ronald Syme suggested an Etruscan origin.^[4]

Branches and cognomina

The primary surname of the Norbani is Flaccus, a common surname that translates as "flabby" or "flap-eared".^{[3] [5]} Other surnames include Balbus, a common name referring to one who stammers; this is also written as Bulbus, perhaps with an intentional change of meaning, since bulbus refers to an onion.^{[6] [7]}

Members

Norbani Flacci

• Gaius Norbanus, consul in 83 BC, during the civil war between Sulla and the followers of Marius. He met Sulla in battle near Capua, and was badly defeated. After a second defeat in 82, when Norbanus was proconsul, he fled to Rhodes, but upon learning that Sulla had demanded he be turned over to him, he took his own life.^{[8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]}
• Gaius Norbaus C. f., Latin: [[triumvir monetalis]] in 83 BC, the same year as his father as consul.^{[15] [16]}
• Gaius Norbanus C. f. C. n. Flaccus, one of the generals under Octavian and Marcus Antonius in 42 BC, he detected a ruse on the part of Brutus and Cassius, and defended his position, setting the stage for the victory of the triumvirs at the Battle of Philippi. Flaccus was praetor in 43 and consul in 38. He minted aurei during his praetorship.^{[17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]}
• Gaius Norbanus C. f. C. n. Flaccus, consul in 24 BC, with the emperor Augustus, and afterward governor of Asia.
• Gaius Norbanus C. f. C. n. Flaccus, consul in AD 15.^{[23] [24] [25]}
• Lucius Norbanus C. f. C. n. Balbus Flaccus, consul in AD 19.

Other Norbani

• Norbana, the wife of Carus, a friend of Martial.^[26]
• Gaius Norbanus Sorex, an actor active at Pompeii and Nemi during the time of Augustus.^[27]
• Norbanus Licinianus, one of Domitian's unsavoury minions, was banished during the reign of Trajan.^[28]
• Lucius Appius Maximus Norbanus, an accomplished general under Domitian and Trajan. He put down the revolt of Lucius Antonius Saturninus in Germania Superior, AD 91. He was consul in 103. Although he enjoyed success in the Dacian War, he was defeated and killed in the Parthian War, AD 115.^{[29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34]}
• Titus Flavius Norbanus, praetorian prefect under the emperor Domitian, whose death he witnessed.^[35]
• Norbanus, banished by the emperor Commodus.^[36]
• Norbana, banished by Commodus.

See also

• List of Roman gentes

Bibliography

• Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica (Library of History).
• Titus Livius (Livy), Ab Urbe Condita (History of Rome).
• Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Romaike Archaiologia.
• Marcus Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History.
• Marcus Valerius Martialis (Martial), Epigrammata (Epigrams).
• Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (Pliny the Younger), Epistulae (Letters).
• Plutarchus, Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans.
• Publius Cornelius Tacitus, Annales.
• Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, De Vita Caesarum (Lives of the Caesars, or The Twelve Caesars).
• Lucius Annaeus Florus, Epitome de T. Livio Bellorum Omnium Annorum DCC (Epitome of Livy: All the Wars of Seven Hundred Years).
• Appianus Alexandrinus (Appian), Bellum Civile (The Civil War).
• Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (Cassius Dio), Roman History.
• Aelius Lampridius, Aelius Spartianus, Flavius Vopiscus, Julius Capitolinus, Trebellius Pollio, and Vulcatius Gallicanus, Historia Augusta (Augustan History).
• Sextus Aurelius Victor (attributed), Epitome de Caesaribus.
• Paulus Orosius, Historiarum Adversum Paganos (History Against the Pagans).
• Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).
• George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. VIII (1897).
• Paul von Rohden, Elimar Klebs, & Hermann Dessau, Prosopographia Imperii Romani (The Prosopography of the Roman Empire, abbreviated PIR), Berlin (1898).
  • Ronald Syme, The Roman Revolution, Oxford (1939).
• T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, American Philological Association (1952).
• Michael Crawford and T. P. Wiseman, "The Coinage of the Age of Sulla", in The Numismatic Chronicle, Seventh Series, Vol. 4 (1964), pp. 141–158.
• Michael Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge University Press (1974, 2001).
• John C. Traupman, The New College Latin & English Dictionary, Bantam Books, New York (1995).
• Richard J. Evans, "Norbani Flacci: The Consuls of 38 and 24 B.C.", in Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, volume 36, part 1, pp. 121–128 (1987).
• James L. Franklin, Jr., "Pantomimists at Pompeii: Actius Anicetus and His Troupe", in The American Journal of Philology, vol. 108, No. 1, pp. 95–107 (1987).

Notes and References

1. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 1209 ("Norbanus").
2. Chase, p. 113, 118.
3. Chase, p. 118.
4. Syme, The Roman Revolution, p. 200 (note 3).
5. The New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. Flaccus.
6. Chase, p. 110.
7. The New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. Bulbus.
8. Appian, Bellum Civile, i. 82, 84, 86, 91.
9. Livy, Epitome, 85.
10. Velleius Paterculus, ii. 25.
11. Plutarch, "The Life of Sulla", 27.
12. Orosius, v. 20.
13. Florus, ii. 21. § 18.
14. Broughton, vol. II, pp. 41, 45 (note 3), 62, 70.
15. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, p. 372.
16. Evans, "Norbani Flacci", pp. 123, 124.
17. Appian, Bellum Civile, iv. 87, 103 ff'., 106 ff.
18. Cassius Dio, xxxviii. 43, xlvii. 35, xlix. 23, liii. 28.
19. Plutarch, "The Life of Brutus", 38.
20. Broughton, vol. II, pp. 338, 339, 366, 390.
21. PIR, vol. II, p. 415.
22. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, pp. 500, 501.
23. Tacitus, Annales, i. 54.
24. Suetonius, "The Life of Vitellius", 3.
25. PIR, vol. II, p. 416.
26. Martial, vii. 74.
27. Franklin, "Pantomimists at Pompeii".
28. Pliny the Younger, Epistulae, iii. 9.
29. Cassius Dio, lxvii. 11, lxviii. 9, 30.
30. Pliny the Younger, Epistulae, x. 66.
31. Martial, ix. 85.
32. Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus, 11. § 10.
33. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 986 ("Lucius Appius Maximus").
34. PIR, vol. I, p. 117.
35. Cassius Dio, lxvii. 15.
36. Aelius Lampridius, "The Life of Commodus", 4.