Lower Sepik languages explained

Lower Sepik
Also Known As:	Nor–Pondo
Region:	East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea
Familycolor:	Papuan
Family:	a primary language family
Glotto:	lowe1423
Glottorefname:	Lower Sepik
Child1:	Nor
Child2:	Pondo?
Map:	Nor-pondo-languages.png

The Lower Sepik a.k.a. Nor–Pondo languages are a small language family of East Sepik Province in northern Papua New Guinea. They were identified as a family by K Laumann in 1951 under the name Nor–Pondo, and included in Donald Laycock's now-defunct 1973 Sepik–Ramu family.

Classification

The original conception of the family, under the name Nor–Pondo, is as follows:

Malcolm Ross (2005) broke up the Nor branch (and thus renamed the family Lower Sepik) because Murik does not share the characteristic pronounced as //p//s of the first- and second-person pronouns of Kopar and the Pondo languages, so the latter may form a group: Murik vs Kopar–Pondo. Ross classified Lower Sepik as one branch of a Ramu–Lower Sepik language family.

Foley (2005) tentatively proposes that Chambri and Angoram may be primary branches: Nor, Chambari, Karawari–Yimas, Angoram. Usher, following Foley, keeps Nor together and breaks up Pondo.^[1] Neither accept the connection to Ramu.

Foley (2018) and Usher (2020)

Foley (2018) and Usher (2020) agree on the following classification.^{[2] [3]}

Lower Sepik family

• Kopar–Murik (Nor)
  • Murik
  • Kopar
• Angoram
• Chambri
• Karawari–Yimas
  • Karawari
  • Yimas

Foley notes that Angoram appears to be closer to Murik–Kopar, and Chambri to Karawari–Yimas, but Foley (2018: 213) leaves them as separate branches pending further evidence.

Phonology

Except for Yimas-Karawari, Lower Sepik languages typically have the following six-vowel system.

i		u
e	ə	o
a

Yimas-Karawari has only four vowels.

i	u
ə
a

Proto-language

Proto-Lower Sepik
Familycolor:	Papuan
Target:	Lower Sepik languages

Pronouns

The pronouns reconstructed for the proto-language are,

Proto–Lower Sepik (Ross)

I	ama	we two	ka-i, *ka-pia	we few	(p)a-ŋk-i-t	we all	a-i, *a-pia, *i-pi
thou	nɨmi	you two	ka-u, *ka-pua	you few	(p)a-ŋk-u-t	you all	a-u, *a-pu, *i-pu(a)
s/he	mɨn	they two	mɨnɨmp ? (M), *mpɨ ? (F)	they few	mɨŋkɨ-t	they all	mump (M), *pum (F)

Proto-Nor–Pondo (Foley)

I	ama	we two	ka-i, *ka-pa-i	we few	(pa)ŋk-it	we all	a-i, *a-pa-i, *(y)i-i, *(y)i-pa-i
thou	mi	you two	ka-u, *ka-pa-u	you few	(pa)ŋk-ut	you all	a-u, *a-pa-u, *(y)i-u, *(y)i-pa-u
s/he	mən	they two	?	they few	mɨŋkɨ	they all	mump ?

Lexicon

A phonological reconstruction of proto-Lower Sepik has been proposed by Foley (2005).^[4] Foley's (2005) lexical reconstructions are provided below.

Proto-Lower Sepik reconstructions by Foley (2005)

gloss	proto-Lower Sepik						Kopar
one	mb(w)ia-	mpa-	mba-	mbwia-	mbia-	abe	mbatep
two	ri-pa-	-rpal	ripay	-ri	-(lɨ)par	kobo	kombari
three	-ram	-ramnaw	-rianmaw	-ram	-elɨm	keroŋgo	keremɨŋ
person	nor	nar-maŋ	yarmasɨnar	noranan		nor	nor
male	pon	panmal	panmari		pondo	puin
woman	ŋay	ŋay	asay	kaye	nuŋor	ŋai	nana
water	arɨm	arɨm	arɨm	arɨm	alɨm	arɨm	arɨm
fire	awr	awt	awi	ayɨr	aluŋ	awr	awr
sun		tɨmal	sɨmari	sɨnmari	mbwino	akɨn	akɨn
moon	m(w)il ?	mɨla	tuŋkwi	mwɨl	mɨle	karewan	karep
star		awak	suŋkwiɲcirim	suŋgwi	areɲjo	moai	kinaŋ
canoe	kay	kay	kay	ke	ke	gain	kain
house		nam	yam	kurɨr	nam	iran	indan
village	num	num	imuŋka	num	num	nomot	numot
breast	nɨŋgay	nɨŋay	ɲjay	nɨŋke	ŋge	niŋgen	niŋgin
tooth	sisiŋk ?	tɨrɨŋ	sɨsɨŋ	sraŋk	sisiŋ	asarap	asirap
blood	ya-	yat	yay	yari	ayakone	yaran	yuwaran
bone	sariŋamp	tanɨm	tanɨm	anamp	salɨŋ	sariŋib̩	sarekimp
tongue	minɨŋ	mɨɲɨŋ	mumɨɲɨŋ	tɨbulaniŋk	mɨnɨŋ	menɨŋ	mimiŋ
eye	tambri	tuŋkuruŋ	sampɨs	sɨsiŋk	tambli	nabrin	nambrin
nose		tɨkay	ipun	wambusu	naŋɨm	daur	imbot
leg	namuŋk	pamuŋ	pamuŋ	namaŋk	namuŋ		namɨŋ
hair		wapwi	wampi	yawi	mbwikmaley	dwar	ruar
ear	kwand-	kwantumuŋ	kwandukas	kukunam	kwandum	karekep	kundot
egg	awŋ	awŋ	yawŋ	awŋk	awŋ	gaug	awŋ
leaf	nɨmpramp	nɨmprɨm	yimprɨm	nɨmpramp	namblum	nabirɨk	nɨmbiraŋ
yesterday / tomorrow	ŋarɨŋ	ŋarɨŋ	arɨŋ	namasɨnɨŋ	nakɨmɨn	ŋarɨŋ	rari
oar	(mɨ)naŋ	muraŋ	mɨnaŋ	naŋk	inap	inaŋ	naŋ
betelnut	poruŋ	patn	payn	muntɨkɨn	parɨŋ	porog	puruŋ
lime	awi(r)	awi	as	ayɨr	awer	air	air
pig	numpran	numpran	impian	numpran	imbar	nɨmbren	nɨmbren
crocodile		manpa	manpo	ayi	walami	oramen	uri
snake	wakɨn	wakɨn	wakɨn	wan	paruŋ	wakɨn	ikun
mosquito	naŋgun	naŋkun	yaŋkun	naŋgun	wawarɨn	nauk	nangɨt
ground	andi	anti	anti	nɨŋkrump	andi	agin	andin
feces	mɨndi	mɨlɨm	mɨnti	muɲjar	mɨndi	mɨndɨn	mɨndɨ
hear	and-	andɨ	andu	andɨ	andɨ	dɨn	nda
hit	di	tupul	kurar	dɨɨ	ti	di	nɨŋ
eat	am(b)	am(b)	am(b)	am(b)	am(b)	mɨn	ma
go	wa	wa	kuria	kal	wa	on	wa
come	ya	ya	kurapia	ya	ya	ya	ya
sit	sa	tay	sa	nda		sa	nda
big	kupa	kɨpa	kupa	wupa	kupa	apo	kapu
cold	sarV-	tarɨk	sarɨk	saruk	popant		sarapakin

For comparisons with the language isolate Tayap, see Tayap language#Classification.

Further reading

• Proto-Lower-Sepik. TransNewGuinea.org. From (1) Foley, W.A. 1986. The Papuan languages of New Guinea, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; (2) Foley, W.A. 1986. The Papuan languages of New Guinea, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Abbott, S. "Nor-Pondo lexicostatistical survey". In Adams, K., Lauck, L., Miedema, J., Welling, F., Stokhof, W., Flassy, D., Oguri, H., Collier, K., Gregerson, K., Phinnemore, T., Scorza, D., Davies, J., Comrie, B. and Abbott, S. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 22. A-63:313-338. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1985.

References

Notes and References

1. https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/lower-sepik-river NewGuineaWorld - Lower Sepik River
2. Book: Foley, William A. . Palmer . Bill . 2018 . The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide . The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs . The World of Linguistics . 4 . Berlin . De Gruyter Mouton . 197–432 . 978-3-11-028642-7.
3. https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/lower-sepik-river Lower Sepik River
4. Book: Foley, William A. . William A. Foley . 2005 . Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin . Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples . Canberra . Pacific Linguistics . 0858835622 . 67292782 . Andrew Pawley . Andrew Pawley . Robert Attenborough . Robin Hide . Jack Golson . 109 - 144 .