Nondispersive infrared sensor explained

A nondispersive infrared sensor (or NDIR sensor) is a simple spectroscopic sensor often used as a gas detector. It is non-dispersive in the fact that no dispersive element (e.g a prism or diffraction grating as is often present in other spectrometers) is used to separate out (like a monochromator) the broadband light into a narrow spectrum suitable for gas sensing. The majority of NDIR sensors use a broadband lamp source and an optical filter to select a narrow band spectral region that overlaps with the absorption region of the gas of interest. In this context narrow may be 50-300nm bandwidth. Modern NDIR sensors may use Microelectromechanical systems (MEMs) or mid IR LED sources, with or without an optical filter.

Principle

The main components of an NDIR sensor are an infrared (IR) source (lamp), a sample chamber or light tube, a light filter and an infrared detector. The IR light is directed through the sample chamber towards the detector. In parallel there is another chamber with an enclosed reference gas, typically nitrogen. The gas in the sample chamber causes absorption of specific wavelengths according to the Beer–Lambert law, and the attenuation of these wavelengths is measured by the detector to determine the gas concentration. The detector has an optical filter in front of it that eliminates all light except the wavelength that the selected gas molecules can absorb.

Ideally other gas molecules do not absorb light at this wavelength, and do not affect the amount of light reaching the detector however some cross-sensitivity is inevitable.^[1] For instance, many measurements in the IR area are cross sensitive to H₂O so gases like CO₂, SO₂ and NO₂ often initiate cross sensitivity in low concentrations.^[2]

The IR signal from the source is usually chopped or modulated so that thermal background signals can be offset from the desired signal.^[3]

NDIR sensors for carbon dioxide are often encountered in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) units.

Configurations with multiple filters, either on individual sensors or on a rotating wheel, allow simultaneous measurement at several chosen wavelengths.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), a more complex technology, scans a wide part of the spectrum, measuring many absorbing species simultaneously.

Research

Miniature IR sources based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have been experimentally applied to NDIR systems since 2006 and is useful since 2016. The low energy of MEMS emission means a sensitive detector circuit based on lock-in amplification is needed.^[4] Other useful detectors include the photoacoustic gas sensor which use a MEMS microphone to detect IR-gas interactions.^[5]

Gases and their sensing wavelengths

Gases do not have a specific sensing wavelength, rather there are regions of the IR spectrum where there are typically many thousands of closely spaced absorption lines. See the Hitran database for more information.

• — 0.763 μm
• — 4.26 μm,^[6] 2.7 μm, about 13 μm
• CO — 4.67 μm, 1.55 μm, 2.33 μm, 4.6 μm, 4.8 μm, 5.9 μm
• — 5.3 μm, has to be reduced to NO and then they are measured together as ; NO also absorbs in ultraviolet at 195-230 nm, is measured at 350-450 nm;^[7] in situations where content is known to be low, it is often ignored and only NO is measured; also, 1.8 μm
• — 6.17-6.43 μm, 15.4-16.3 μm, 496 nm
• — 7.73 μm (and interfere),^[8] 1.52 μm, 4.3 μm, 4.4 μm, about 8 μm
• — 5.81 μm
• — 2.25 μm, 3.03 μm, 5.7 μm
• — 1.57 μm, 3.72 μm, 3.83 μm
• — 7.35 μm, 19.25 μm
• HF — 1.27 μm, 1.33 μm
• HCl — 3.4 μm^[9]
• HBr — 1.34 μm, 3.77 μm^[9]
• HI — 4.39 μm^[9]
• hydrocarbons — 3.3-3.5 μm, the C-H bond vibration
• — 3.33 μm, can also be used,^[10] 1.3 μm, 1.65 μm, 2.3 μm, 3.2-3.5 μm, about 7.7 μm^[9]
• — 3.07 μm^[9]
• — 1.68 μm, 3.3 μm^[9]
• — 3.29 μm^[9]
• — 1.94 μm, 2.9 μm (interferes), can also be used to avoid interference from,^[10] 1.3 μm, 1.4 μm, 1.8 μm^[9]
• — 9.0 μm, also 254 nm (UV)^[9]
• — 7.79 μm^[9]
• alcohol mixtures — ^[10]
• HCHO — 3.6 μm^[9]
• HCOOH — 8.98 μm^[9]
• COS — 4.87 μm^[9]

Applications

• Infrared gas analyzer
• Infrared point sensor
• Carbon dioxide sensor

External links

• NDIR & CO2 Sensors Explained, The Gas Detector Encyclopedia, Edaphic Scientific Knowledge Base
• NDIR Gas Sensor Lamp Selection Application Notes
• NDIR Technology for gasoline exhaust
• NDIR detectors for CO&CO<sub>2 in internal combustion engine exhaust

Notes and References

1. Web site: NDIR Gas Sensor Light Sources. International Light Technologies. 9 May 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20121205033418/http://www.intl-lighttech.com/applications/light-source-apps/ndir-gas-sensor/ndir-gas-sensor-index. 5 December 2012. dead.
2. http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?sid=b09e0b356089f50988feae6565ed426a&c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title40/40tab_02.tpl Title 40: Protection of Environment, Part 1065—Engine-Testing Procedures, Subpart D—Calibrations and Verifications, §1065.350 H₂O interference verification for CO₂ NDIR analyzers
3. Book: Seitz. Jason. Tong. Chenan. SNAA207 – LMP91051 NDIR CO₂ Gas Detection System. May 2013. Texas Instruments.
4. Vincent . T.A. . Gardner . J.W. . A low cost MEMS based NDIR system for the monitoring of carbon dioxide in breath analysis at ppm levels . Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical . November 2016 . 236 . 954–964 . 10.1016/j.snb.2016.04.016 .
5. Popa . Daniel . Udrea . Florin . Towards Integrated Mid-Infrared Gas Sensors . Sensors . 4 May 2019 . 19 . 9 . 2076 . 10.3390/s19092076 . 31060244 . 6539445 . 2019Senso..19.2076P . free.
6. Web site: Optical Filters Open Up New Uses for MWIR, LWIR Systems. Jason . Palidwar . Iridian Spectral Technologies. photonics.com. 16 April 2018.
7. Web site: 2.2 Nitrogen oxide (NO_x) . 2. Measuring instruments for stationary source, Air Pollution Continuous Monitoring Technology in Japan . Global Environment Centre Foundation . 2020-01-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170916032727/http://nett21.gec.jp/CTT_DATA/AMON/CHAP_4/html/Amon-084.html . 2017-09-16 . dead .
8. 10.1080/08940630.1989.10466559 . 39 . 5 . Continuous Infrared Analysis of N2O in Combustion Products . Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association . 721–726. 1989 . Montgomery . Tami A. . Samuelsen . Gary S. . Muzio . Lawrence J. . 56277453 .
9. Book: Korotcenkov, Ghenadii. Table 14.4 Absorption lines of several gases and vapors used for gas analysis . . Handbook of Gas Sensor Materials: Properties, Advantages and Shortcomings for Applications . 1 . Conventional Approaches. 2013 . Springer . 978-1-4614-7165-3.
10. Moisture and Gas Detection with NDIR Measurement Devies . Laser Components . 10 May 2016 . 2020-01-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180224052731/https://www.lasercomponents.com/fileadmin/user_upload/home/Images/_Presse/Englisch/2016-Q2/New_Filters_for_Pyroelectric_Detectors.pdf . 2018-02-24 . dead .