Nomic is a game created in 1982 by philosopher Peter Suber, the of which include mechanisms for changing those rules, usually beginning by way of democratic voting.[1] The game demonstrates that in any system where rule changes are possible, a situation may arise in which the resulting laws are contradictory or insufficient to determine what is in fact legal.
Its name derives from the Greek for "law", Greek, Modern (1453-);: νόμος (Greek, Modern (1453-);: nomos), because it models (and exposes conceptual questions about) legal systems and the problems of legal interpretation.
All aspects of Nomic are variable; the players can vote to change the rules to whatever sort of game they want to play. The initial was designed by Peter Suber, and was first published in Douglas Hofstadter's "Metamagical Themas" column in the June 1982 edition of Scientific American.[2] Hofstadter discussed Suber's book The Paradox of Self-Amendment, in which Suber defined the game thus:
Initially, gameplay occurs in clockwise order, with each player taking a turn. In that turn, they propose a change in rules that all the other players vote on, and then roll a die to determine the number of points they add to their score. If this rule change is passed, it comes into effect at the end of their round. Any rule can be changed with varying degrees of difficulty, including the core rules of the game itself. As such, the gameplay may quickly change. The game can be played face-to-face with as many written notes as are required, or through any of a number of Internet media (usually an archived mailing list or Internet forum).
Under Suber's initial ruleset, rules are either or . Immutable rules take precedence over mutable ones, and must be changed into mutable rules (called ) before they can be modified or removed.
A rule change may be:
While the victory condition in Suber's initial ruleset is the accumulation of 100 points by the roll of dice, he once said that "this rule is deliberately boring so that players will quickly amend it to please themselves". Any rule in the game, including the rules specifying the criteria for winning and even the rule that rules must be obeyed, can be changed.
Nomic is particularly suited to being played online, where all proposals and rules can be shared in web pages or email archives for ease of reference. Such games can last for a very long time: Agora has been running since 1993.[3] The longevity of nomic games can pose a serious problem, in that the rulesets can grow so complex that some participants do not fully understand them, and prospective players are deterred from joining. One currently active game, BlogNomic,[4] gets around this problem by dividing the game into "dynasties"; every time someone wins, a new dynasty begins, and all the rules except a privileged few are repealed. This keeps the game relatively simple and accessible. Nomicron (now defunct) was similar in that it had rounds –when a player won a round, a convention was started to plan for the next round. A game of Nomic on reddit, (now defunct),[5] used a similar mechanism modeled on Nomicron's system.
Another facet of Nomic is the way in which the implementation of the rules affects the way the game of Nomic itself works. ThermodyNomic, for example, had a ruleset in which rule changes were carefully considered before implementation, and rules were rarely introduced which provide loopholes for the players to exploit. B Nomic,[6] by contrast, was once described by one of its players as "the equivalent of throwing logical hand grenades".[7]
Many variants of Nomic exist, all based on the initial ruleset. Some that have themes, begin with a single rule, or begin with a dictator instead of a democratic process to validate rules. Others combine Nomic with an existing game —such as Monopoly or chess,[8] or, in one humorously paradoxical attempt, the improvisational game Mornington Crescent.[9] Even more unusual variants include a ruleset in which the rules are hidden from players' view, and a game which, instead of allowing voting on rules, splits into two sub-games, one with the rule, and one without it.
In a computerized Nomic, the rules are interpreted by a computer, rather than by humans. This implies that the rules should be written in a language that a computer can understand, typically some sort of programming language or Game Description Language. Nomyx is such an implementation.[10] [11]