List of Nobel laureates explained

The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. An additional prize in memory of Alfred Nobel was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) for outstanding contributions to the field of economics. Each recipient, a Nobelist or laureate, receives a gold medal, a diploma, and a sum of money which is decided annually by the Nobel Foundation.[2]

Prize

Different organisations are responsible for awarding the individual prizes; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics; the Swedish Academy awards the Prize in Literature; the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine; and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, the recipients of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, equivalent to SEK in . In 2017, the laureates were awarded a prize amount of 9 million SEK.[4] The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5]

In years in which the Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events or a lack of nominations, the prize money is returned to the funds delegated to the relevant prize.[6] The Nobel Prize was not awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to the outbreak of World War II.[7]

Laureates

Between 1901 and 2017, the Nobel Prizes and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 585 times to 923 people and organizations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 892 individuals (including 844 men, 48 women) and 24 organizations.[8] Six Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize. Adolf Hitler forbade four Germans, Richard Kuhn (Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939), Gerhard Domagk (Physiology or Medicine, 1939) and Carl von Ossietzky (Peace, 1936) from accepting their Nobel Prizes. The Chinese government forbade Liu Xiaobo from accepting his Nobel Prize (Peace, 2010)[9] and the government of the Soviet Union pressured Boris Pasternak (Literature, 1958) to decline his award. Liu Xiaobo, Carl von Ossietzky and Aung San Suu Kyi were all awarded their Nobel Prize while in prison or detention.[10] Two Nobel laureates, Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature, 1964) and Lê Ðức Thọ (Peace, 1973), declined the award; Sartre declined the award as he declined all official honors, and Thọ declined the award due to the situation Vietnam was in at the time.

Seven laureates have received more than one prize; of the seven, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other.[11] UNHCR has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice. Also the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Bardeen twice, as was the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger and Karl Barry Sharpless. Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in the same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace). Among the 892 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.[12] She was also the first person (male or female) to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911.

List of laureates

Year!scope=col width=17%
Physicsscope=col width=18%Chemistryscope=col width=17%Physiology
or Medicine		scope=col width=16%Literaturescope=col width=16%Peacescope=col width=15%Economics
(The Sveriges Riksbank Prize)[13]
scope=row align=center1901

—
scope=row align=center1902


scope=row align=center1903


    • scope=row align=center1904

    		Institut de Droit International
    scope=row align=center1905
    scope=row align=center1906

    scope=row align=center1907

    scope=row align=center1908


    scope=row align=center1909


    scope=row align=center1910International Peace Bureau
    scope=row align=center1911

    scope=row align=center1912

    scope=row align=center1913
    scope=row align=center1914align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" Nonealign=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None
    scope=row align=center1915

    		align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" Nonealign=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None
    scope=row align=center1916align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" Nonealign=center bgcolor="eeeeee" Nonealign=center bgcolor="eeeeee" Nonealign=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None
    scope=row align=center1917align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" Nonealign=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None

    		International Committee of the Red Cross
    scope=row align=center1918align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" Nonealign=center bgcolor="eeeeee" Nonealign=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None
    scope=row align=center1919align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None
    scope=row align=center1920
    scope=row align=center1921align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None

    scope=row align=center1922

    scope=row align=center1923

    		align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None
    scope=row align=center1924align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" Nonealign=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None
    scope=row align=center1925

    		align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None

    scope=row align=center1926

    scope=row align=center1927


    scope=row align=center1928align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None
    scope=row align=center1929


    scope=row align=center1930
    scope=row align=center1931align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None


    scope=row align=center1932

    		align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None
    scope=row align=center1933

    		align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None
    scope=row align=center1934align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None


    • scope=row align=center1935

    		align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None
    scope=row align=center1936


    scope=row align=center1937


    scope=row align=center1938Nansen International Office for Refugees
    scope=row align=center1939

    		align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None
    scope=row align=center1940Cancelled due to World War II
    scope=row align=center1941
    scope=row align=center1942
    scope=row align=center1943

    		align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" Nonealign=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None
    scope=row align=center1944

    		International Committee of the Red Cross
    scope=row align=center1945


    • scope=row align=center1946



    • scope=row align=center1947


    		• Friends Service Council

    American Friends Service Committee
    scope=row align=center1948align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None
    scope=row align=center1949

    scope=row align=center1950



    • scope=row align=center1951


    scope=row align=center1952


    scope=row align=center1953

    scope=row align=center1954



    		• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
    scope=row align=center1955

    		align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None
    scope=row align=center1956





    		• align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None
    scope=row align=center1957Yang Chen-Ning

    scope=row align=center1958




    • scope=row align=center1959


    scope=row align=center1960

    scope=row align=center1961

    scope=row align=center1962



    • scope=row align=center1963





    		• International Committee of the Red Cross

    League of Red Cross societies
    scope=row align=center1964



    • scope=row align=center1965




    		• United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
    scope=row align=center1966


    		align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None
    scope=row align=center1967




    		• align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None
    scope=row align=center1968


    • scope=row align=center1969



    		• International Labour Organization

    scope=row align=center1970



    • scope=row align=center1971
    scope=row align=center1972





    		• align=center bgcolor="eeeeee" None

    scope=row align=center1973






    • Lê Đức Thọ
    scope=row align=center1974






    • scope=row align=center1975






    • scope=row align=center1976



    scope=row align=center1977




    		• Amnesty International

    scope=row align=center1978





    • scope=row align=center1979





    • scope=row align=center1980





    • scope=row align=center1981





    		• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
    scope=row align=center1982



    • scope=row align=center1983

    scope=row align=center1984



    • scope=row align=center1985


    		International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
    scope=row align=center1986





    • scope=row align=center1987



    • scope=row align=center1988






    		• United Nations peacekeeping forces
    scope=row align=center1989




    • scope=row align=center1990





    • scope=row align=center1991

    scope=row align=center1992

    scope=row align=center1993





    scope=row align=center1994






    • scope=row align=center1995






    • Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
    scope=row align=center1996







    • scope=row align=center1997




    		• International Campaign to Ban Landmines


    scope=row align=center1998






    • scope=row align=center1999

    		Médecins Sans Frontières
    scope=row align=center2000






    		• Gao XingjianKim Dae-jung

    scope=row align=center2001






    		• United Nations



    • scope=row align=center2002







    • scope=row align=center2003





    • scope=row align=center2004






    • scope=row align=center2005





    		• International Atomic Energy Agency


    scope=row align=center2006



    Grameen Bank
    scope=row align=center2007



    		• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change



    • scope=row align=center2008






    • scope=row align=center2009







    • scope=row align=center2010



    		• Liu Xiaobo


    • scope=row align=center2011







    • scope=row align=center2012




    scope=row align=center2013







    • scope=row align=center2014







    • scope=row align=center2015





    • scope=row align=center2016





    • scope=row align=center2017






    • scope=row align=center2018







    • scope=row align=center2019








    • scope=row align=center2020





    		• World Food Programme

    scope=row align=center2021







    • scope=row align=center2022





    • Memorial

  • Centre for Civil Liberties


    • scope=row align=center2023





    • Yearwidth=16%Physicswidth=16%Chemistrywidth=16%Physiology
    or Medicine    		width=16%Literaturewidth=16%Peacewidth=15%Economics

    50-year secrecy rule

    The Committee neither informs the media nor the candidates themselves of the names of the nominees. Insofar as specific names frequently appear in the early predictions of who will receive the award in any given year, this is either pure speculation or inside information from the person or people who submitted the nomination. After fifty years, the database of nominations maintained by the Nobel Committee is made available to the public.[14] Statutes of the Nobel Foundation, § 10, states:

    A prize-awarding body may, however, after due consideration in each individual case, permit access to material which formed the basis for the evaluation and decision concerning a prize, for purposes of research in intellectual history. Such permission may not, however, be granted until at least 50 years have elapsed after the date on which the decision in question was made.[15]

    See also

    See main article: category and Lists of Nobel laureates.

    References

    Specific

    General

    External links

    Notes and References

    1. Web site: Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize . . 2008-11-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071025001741/http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/ . 2007-10-25 . live.
    2. Web site: The Nobel Prize. Nobel Foundation. 2008-11-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20081015012957/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/. 2008-10-15. live.
    3. Web site: The Nobel Prize Awarders . Nobel Foundation . 2008-11-27 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081015013145/http://nobelprize.org/prize_awarders/ . 2008-10-15.
    4. Web site: The Nobel Prize Amounts . Nobel Foundation . 2018-06-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180615112534/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts/prize_amounts_18.pdf . 2018-06-15 . dead.
    5. Web site: The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies . Nobel Foundation . 2008-11-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080822184717/http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/ . 2008-08-22.
    6. Web site: List of All Nobel Laureates 1942 . Nobel Foundation . 2008-11-30 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081208204301/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/1942.html . 2008-12-08.
    7. Web site: The Nobel Peace Prize 1901-2000. Nobel Foundation. Lundestad, Geir. 2001-03-15. 2008-11-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20081219224814/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/articles/lundestad-review/index.html. 2008-12-19. live.
    8. Web site: All Nobel Prizes. www.nobelprize.org. 14 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180406045423/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/all/index.html. 6 April 2018. live.
    9. Web site: Norwegian Nobel Committee mourns Liu Xiaobo, statement by Chair Berit Reiss-Andersen. 2020-10-08. The Nobel Peace Prize. en-GB. 2019-04-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092045/https://www.nobelpeaceprize.org/Press/Press-Releases2/Norwegian-Nobel-Committee-mourns-Liu-Xiaobo-statement-by-Chair-Berit-Reiss-Andersen. dead.
    10. Web site: 2010-12-21. Liu Xiaobo Isn't the First Nobel Laureate Barred From Accepting His Prize. 2020-10-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20101221234853/http://www.aolnews.com/2010/11/18/liu-xiaobo-isnt-the-first-nobel-laureate-barred-from-accepting/. 2010-12-21.
    11. Web site: Nobel Prize Facts. Nobel Foundation. 2015-10-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20170708135926/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/. 2017-07-08. live.
    12. Web site: Women Nobel Laureates. Nobel Foundation. 2011-10-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20080928215436/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/women.html. 2008-09-28. live.
    13. Web site: Nomination and selection of Laureates in Economic Sciences. Nobel Foundation. 13 May 2020. 10 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200510012450/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/economic-sciences/. live.
    14. Web site: Nomination and selection of Nobel Peace Prize laureates . 2022-10-09 . NobelPrize.org . en-US . 2020-05-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200510012449/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/ . live .
    15. Web site: 2021-08-30 . Confidentiality - Nobel Peace Prize . 2022-10-09 . www.nobelpeaceprize.org . en . 2022-10-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221009155536/https://www.nobelpeaceprize.org/nobel-peace-prize/nomination/confidentiality . live .

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