Dakota Access Pipeline protests explained

Dakota Access Pipeline Protests
Partof:Indigenous rights[1]
Date:April 2016 – February 2017
Place:United States, especially North Dakota, the Standing Rock Indian Reservation, the Missouri River, the Mississippi River, South Dakota, Iowa, Illinois
Causes:Protection of water, land, and religious/spiritual sites sacred to indigenous peoples of the Americas
Status:In courts
Injuries:300[2]
Arrests:800+[3] [4]
Subtitle:No DAPL
Fatalities:1[5]

The Dakota Access Pipeline Protests, also known by the hashtag #NoDAPL, were a series of grassroots Native American protests against the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline in the northern United States that began in April 2016. Protests ended on February 23, 2017 when National Guard and law enforcement officers evicted the last remaining protesters.

The pipeline runs from the Bakken oil fields in western North Dakota to southern Illinois, crossing beneath the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, as well as under part of Lake Oahe near the Standing Rock Indian Reservation. Many members of the Standing Rock tribe and surrounding communities consider the pipeline to be a serious threat to the region's water. The construction also directly threatens ancient burial grounds and cultural sites of historic importance.

Background

In April 2016, youth from Standing Rock and surrounding Native American communities organized a campaign to stop the pipeline, calling themselves "ReZpect Our Water".[6] Inspired by the youth, several adults, including Joye Braun of the Indigenous Environmental Network and tribal historian LaDonna Brave Bull Allard, established a water protectors' camp as a center for direct action, demonstrating spiritual resistance to the pipeline in both a defence of Indigenous sovereignty and cultural preservation. The #NoDAPL hashtag began to trend on social media, and the camps at Standing Rock gradually grew to thousands of people.[7]

Protests

Conflict between water protectors and law enforcement escalated through the summer and fall. In September 2016, construction workers bulldozed a section of privately owned land which the tribe had claimed as sacred ground. When protesters trespassed into the area, security workers used attack dogs which bit at least six of the demonstrators and one horse.[8] In October 2016, militarized police cleared an encampment which was situated on the proposed path of the pipeline.[9] In November 2016, police used multiple launched tear gas cannisters and water cannons on protesters in freezing weather, consequently drawing significant media attention.[10]

Pipeline protests were reported as early as October 2014, when Iowa community and environmental activists presented 2,300 petitions to Iowa Governor Terry Branstad asking him to sign a state executive order to stop it.[11] Voicing concerns for damage to wildlife habitat and sacred sites, the Sac & Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa (Meskwaki Nation) also objected to the route and formally lodged their opposition in early 2015.[12] Tribal members were also among those who opposed the Keystone XL pipeline.[13] In a letter to the Iowa Utilities Board, Tribal chairwoman Judith Bender wrote that there were "environmental concerns about the land and drinking water...it will only take one mistake and life in Iowa will change for the next thousands of years."

The tribe sued for an injunction on the grounds that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers had failed to conduct a proper environmental and cultural impact study. Protests had escalated at the pipeline site in North Dakota, with numbers swelling from just a bare handful of people to hundreds and then thousands over the summer.[14]

The Standing Rock Sioux tribe believes that the pipeline would put the Missouri River, the water source for the reservation, at risk. They pointed out two recent spills on other pipeline systems, a 2010 pipeline spill into the Kalamazoo River in Michigan, which cost over a billion to clean up with significant contamination remaining, and a 2015 Bakken crude oil spill into the Yellowstone River in Montana.[15] [16] The Tribe was also concerned that the pipeline route may run through sacred Sioux sites. In August 2016 protests were held, halting a portion of the pipeline near Cannon Ball, North Dakota.[17] [18] Protests continued and drew indigenous peoples from throughout North America, as well as other supporters. A number of planned arrests occurred when people locked themselves to heavy machinery.[19]

On August 23, 2016, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe released a list of 87 tribal governments who wrote resolutions, proclamations and letters of support stating their solidarity with Standing Rock and the Sioux people.[20] Since then, many more Native American organizations, politicians, environmental groups and civil rights groups joined the effort in North Dakota, including the Black Lives Matter movement, indigenous leaders from the Amazon Basin of South America, Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders, the 2016 Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein and her running mate Ajamu Baraka, and many more.[21] The Washington Post called it a "National movement for Native Americans."[22] As of September, the protest constituted the single largest gathering of Native Americans in more than 100 years.[23]

United Nations presentation

On September 20, 2016, Standing Rock Chairman David Archambault II addressed the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva, Switzerland, where he called "upon all parties to stop the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline." Citing the 1851 Treaty of Traverse des Sioux and 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie, two treaties ratified by the U.S. Senate that recognize the Sioux's national sovereignty, Archambault told the Council that "the oil companies and the government of the United States have failed to respect our sovereign rights."[24]

On September 22, 2016, Victoria Tauli-Corpuz, a United Nations expert on the rights of indigenous peoples, admonished the U.S., saying, "the tribe was denied access to information and excluded from consultations at the planning stage of the project, and environmental assessments failed to disclose the presence and proximity of the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation." She also responded to the rights of pipeline protesters, saying, "the U.S. authorities should fully protect and facilitate the right to freedom of peaceful assembly of indigenous peoples, which plays a key role in empowering their ability to claim other rights."[25]

On April 25, 2017, descendant of Sitting Bull, Standing Rock Lakota Reserve member and Indigenous Environmental Network delegate, Brenda White Bull, spoke at the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. She specifically addressed indigenous resistance against Dakota Access and the state's unwarranted use of violence. She stated that "we are more powerful than their [the state's] militarized police forces and guns, because we are armed with prayer." She further indirectly addressed a widely acknowledged indigenous principle that 'Water is Life', cautioning against the contamination of water sources in Standing Rock, speaking as a guardian on their behalf. Facing violent violations of the rights of the Standing Rock community and its water sources, she demanded that the United States implement the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, warning that if they fail to do so, Standing Rock will do it themselves.

Security confrontations & violence

On September 3, 2016, the Dakota Access Pipeline brought in a private security firm when the company used bulldozers to dig up part of the pipeline route that contained possible burial sites and culturally significant artifacts; it was subject to a pending injunction motion. The bulldozers arrived within a day after Standing Rock Sioux filed legal action.[26] Energy Transfer bulldozers cut a two-mile (3200 m) long, 150-foot (45 m) wide path through the contested area.[27] [28] When protesters crossed the perimeter fence onto private property to stop the bulldozers, they were confronted with pepper spray and guard dogs.[29] At least six protesters were treated for dog bites, and an estimated 30 were pepper-sprayed before the guards and their dogs left the scene in trucks. A woman that had taken part in the incident stated, "The cops watched the whole thing from up on the hills. It felt like they were trying to provoke us into being violent when we're peaceful." The incident was filmed by Amy Goodman and a crew from Democracy Now![30] Footage shows several people with dog bites and a dog with blood on its muzzle.[31] [32]

Frost Kennels of Hartville, Ohio, acknowledged that they were involved in the incident on September 3.[33] Executive director for Private Investigator Security Guard Services, Geoff Dutton, said Frost Kennels and its owner, Bob Frost, were not licensed by the state of Ohio to provide security services or guard dogs. Morton County Sheriff, Kyle Kirchmeier, said they were investigating both sides in the incident, including wounds inflicted by the dogs, and that they had no prior knowledge of the use of dogs until a 9-1-1 call was made. When asked why the deputies who witnessed the incident did not intervene, Kirchmeier cited officer security concerns, and stated that it was "more like a riot than a protest" and that there was an investigation into "the incident and individuals who organized and participated in this unlawful event."[34]

After viewing footage of the attack, a law enforcement consultant who trains police dogs called it "absolutely appalling" and "reprehensible". "Taking bite dogs and putting them at the end of a leash to intimidate, threaten and prevent crime is not appropriate." A former K-9 officer for the Grand Forks Police Department who now owns a security firm that uses dogs for drug detection said, "It reminded me of the civil rights movement back in the '60s. I didn't think it was appropriate. They were overwhelmed and it just wasn't proper use of the dogs."

The American Civil Liberties Union of North Dakota spoke out against the use of dogs and pepper spray and asked that the state officials "treat everyone fairly and equally." Speaking on September 4, Ojibwe activist and former Green Party vice presidential candidate Winona LaDuke said, "North Dakota regulators are really, I would say, in bed with the oil industry and so they have looked the other way."

As of mid-October 2016, there had been over 140 arrests. Some protesters who were arrested for misdemeanors and taken to the Morton County jail reported what they considered harsh and unusual treatment. Sara Jumping Eagle, a physician on the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation, said that she was required to remove all of her clothing and "squat and cough" when she was arrested for disorderly conduct. In another such case, LaDonna Brave Bull Allard, who founded Sacred Stone Camp, said that when her daughter was arrested and taken into custody she was "strip-searched in front of multiple male officers, then left for hours in her cell, naked and freezing." Cody Hall from Cheyenne River Reservation in South Dakota also reported being strip-searched. He was held for four days without bail or bond and then charged with two misdemeanors.[35]

Actress Shailene Woodley, arrested on October 10, 2016, along with 27 others, also said she was strip-searched, adding, "Never did it cross my mind that while trying to protect clean water, trying to ensure a future where our children have access to an element essential for human survival, would I be strip-searched. I was just shocked."[36] Amnesty International spoke out against the use of strip searches and said that they had sent a letter to the Morton County Sheriff's Department expressing concern about the degree of force used against people taking part in the protests. They sent a delegation of human rights observers to monitor law enforcement's response to the protests.

Protesters said they were blasted with high-pitched sound cannons and described being held in cages that "appeared to be" dog kennels, in the garage of the Morton County Correctional Center, with identifying numbers written on their arms by the arresting officers.[37] [38] One of the arrestees, Floris White Bull, said - “We were caged in dog kennels and sat on the floor and we were marked with numbers,” she said. “My mind, I couldn’t wrap it around the fact that this is happening today. This isn’t something that we’re reading in history books.”

In December 2016, it was reported by Charlie May that Dakota Access LLC had hired the firm TigerSwan to provide security during the protest.[39] In May 2017, internal TigerSwan documents leaked to The Intercept and other documents obtained through public records requests revealed a close collaboration between the pipeline company and local, state, and federal law enforcement as they carried out "military-style counterterrorism measures" to suppress the protesters. TigerSwan also collected information used to assist prosecutors in building cases against protesters, and used social media in an attempt to sway public support for the pipeline. One of the released documents called the pipeline opposition movement "an ideologically driven insurgency with a strong religious component" that operated along a "jihadist insurgency model".[40] The Intercept reported that "Energy Transfer Partners has continued to retain TigerSwan long after most of the anti-pipeline campers left North Dakota, and the most recent TigerSwan reports emphasize the threat of growing activism around other pipeline projects across the country."

Police move to clear camp

On October 27, 2016 police from several agencies, including North Dakota state troopers, the National Guard, and other law enforcement agencies from surrounding states, began an intensive operation to clear out a protest camp and blockades along Highway 1806.[41] The Morton County Sheriff's Department said in a statement: "Protesters' escalated unlawful behavior this weekend by setting up illegal roadblocks, trespassing onto private property and establishing an encampment, has forced law enforcement to respond at this time. I can't stress it enough, this is a public safety issue. We cannot have protesters blocking county roads, blocking state highways, or trespassing on private property."

A Seattle Times journalist present at the confrontation described it as "scary". On the PBS Newshour, she said that she had spent the previous night in the camp "with tribal members who were singing their death songs. I mean, they were very worried about the possibility of violence. And who wouldn't be? You have seen law enforcement marshaled from six states, armored personnel carriers, hundreds and hundreds of law enforcement officers with concussion grenades, mace, Tasers, batons. And they used all of it. I mean, it was frightening to watch." She said that the confrontation ended the following day and said, "the law enforcement officers had advance[d] more than 100 yards with five armored personnel carriers side by side, hundreds of law enforcement officers advancing on them. And it finally took an elder to actually walk by himself in between the two lines, stand there, face his people, and say: 'Go home. We're here to fight the pipeline, not these people, and we can only win this with prayer.'"[42] [43] [44] [45]

Black Lives Matter co-founder Alicia Garza contrasted the aggressive police action with the treatment of the organizers of a standoff at an Oregon wildlife refuge (acquitted of federal charges on the same day as the police raid of the camp),[46] saying "If you're white, you can occupy federal property ... and get found not guilty. No teargas, no tanks, no rubber bullets ... If you're indigenous and fighting to protect our earth, and the water we depend on to survive, you get tear gassed, media blackouts, tanks and all that."[47]

Backwater Bridge and removal of remaining protesters

On the evening of November 20, protesters attempted to open Backwater Bridge on Highway 1806, which had been blocked since October 27. The bridge is about a mile (1600 m) south of where the pipeline developer plans to drill. According to the sheriff's department, the bridge was closed for safety reasons "due to damage caused after protesters set numerous fires" on it on October 27. But the protesters believe that the police used the closure to "lock [them] in" and that the closure blocked access for emergency vehicles coming from the north.[48]

According to news reports, the police launched an attack on the protesters with water cannons in 28F weather, along with teargas, rubber bullets, and concussion grenades, injuring hundreds.[49] The police said the protesters had been "very aggressive" and that the water was used to put out multiple fires they had set, while the protesters said the fires were peaceful bonfires used to keep warm. A number of videos posted on social media show protesters being doused with continuous streams of water. Initially the Morton County Sheriff's Office said the water was used only to put out fires, but the following day Sheriff Kirchmeier corrected that statement, saying, "Some of the water was used to repel some of the protest activities" and adding that it was "sprayed more as a mist and we didn't want to get it directly on them but we wanted to make sure to use it as a measure to keep everybody safe."[50]

A woman's arm was seriously injured by what she and supporters claim was an explosive flash-bang grenade thrown by law enforcement, but which law enforcement suggest may have been an exploding propane canister. The victim's father stated in a press conference that his daughter had seen a police officer throw the explosive device directly at her as she was backing away.[51] The Morton County Sheriff's Department denied using concussion grenades, and reported that protesters were throwing expended propane canisters at police during this period.[52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] Law enforcement, including the ATF and North Dakota Bureau of Criminal Investigation, are investigating the incident.[59]

By mid January 2017 the protest camp had dwindled to a few hundred people due to the construction work stoppage and harsh winter weather. Standing Rock Chairman Dave Archambault called for the camp to disband because of the weather and the possibility of contamination of the river with garbage and debris during the spring flood. He asked people to clean up the area and to leave.[60] In January 2017, it was reported that the cost of policing the pipeline protests in North Dakota had surpassed $22 million.[61] In February 2017, amid concerns that warmer weather would accelerate flooding of the area, removal of garbage and debris from the campsite began to prevent the contamination of the river. Archambault indicated that funds from the $6 million in donations the tribe received to support its fight would be used to clean up the garbage, building material and human waste at the camp. The tribe began coordinating cleanup of the site in January 2017.[62]

On February 22, 2017, the protest site was cleared. Although many left voluntarily, ten people were arrested.[63] On February 23, National Guard and law enforcement officers evicted the remaining protesters. Thirty-three people were arrested.[64] After the protest site was abandoned, sanitation crews cleared garbage from the protest;[65] this included abandoned cars and human waste.[66] Also abandoned were 12 dogs.[67] [68] North Dakota Department of Emergency Services estimated that about 21 million pounds of garbage was removed;[69] the cost of cleaning up the protest site was about $1 million.[70]

Reactions

Continued conflicts and resulting attention on social media led to increasing national and global support for the protests. High profile activists, celebrities, and politicians spoke out in support of the tribe, including senator Bernie Sanders,[71] [72] and presidential candidate Jill Stein. Standing Rock Chairman David Archambault II addressed the tribe's positions at the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva, Switzerland. In December 2016, under President Barack Obama's administration, the Corps of Engineers denied an easement for construction of the pipeline under the Missouri River,[73] [74] [75] though this decision was reversed the following month by the incoming administration of President Donald Trump. The pipeline was completed by April 2017, and its first oil was delivered on May 14.[76]

Aftermath

In March 2020, a United States District Judge ruled that the government had not adequately studied the pipeline's "effects on the quality of the human environment", and ordered the United States Army Corps of Engineers to conduct a new environmental impact review.[77] In July 2020, a District Court judge issued a ruling for the pipeline to be shut down and emptied of oil pending a new environmental review.[78] [79] The temporary shutdown order was overturned by a U.S. appeals court on August 5, though the environmental review was ordered to continue.[80] The pipeline continues to operate.

During September 2014, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribal (SRST) council met with Energy Transfer representatives for an initial consultation, which was more than a month before the pipeline's first formal submission to the Army Corps.[81] At the beginning of the meeting, Councilman David Archambault II indicated the tribe's opposition to the project within treaty boundaries. Additional SRST representatives voiced opposition and concerns about the pipeline.[82] [83]

Pipeline

See main article: article and Dakota Access Pipeline.

The Dakota Access Pipeline, a part of the Bakken pipeline project, is a 1172adj=midNaNadj=mid underground oil pipeline in the United States. The pipeline was planned by Dakota Access, LLC, a subsidiary of a Dallas, Texas corporation named Energy Transfer Partners, L.P. It begins in the Bakken oil fields in Northwest North Dakota and travels in a relatively straight line southeast, through South Dakota and Iowa, ending at the oil terminal near Patoka, Illinois.[84] [85] According to court records, the pipeline was due for delivery on January 1, 2017.[86]

Routing the pipeline across the Missouri River near Bismarck was rejected because of the route's proximity to municipal water sources; residential areas; roads, wetland, and waterway crossings. The Bismarck route would also have been 11 miles (18 km) longer.[87] The alternative selected by the Corps of Engineers crosses underneath the Missouri River, half a mile (800 m) from the Standing Rock Indian Reservation, and parallels the existing Northern Border Pipeline. A spill could have major adverse effects on the waters that the Standing Rock Reserve relies upon.[88] Using a permit process that treated the pipeline as a series of small construction sites, the pipeline was granted an exemption from the environmental review required by the Clean Water Act and the National Environmental Policy Act.[89]

However, citing potential adverse effects on indigenous tribes, most notably the Standing Rock Sioux, in March and April 2016 the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Department of Interior (DOI), and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation asked the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to conduct a formal Environmental Impact Assessment and issue an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).

Noting that the water system serving Fort Yates on the Standing Rock Reservation was only 10 miles (16 km) downstream of where the pipeline would cross Lake Oahe and the Missouri River, the EPA recommended that the Army Corps revise its Environmental Assessment and open up a second public comment period.[90] The DOI also expressed concerns about the pipeline's proximity to the tribe's water source. Waters of a sufficient quantity and quality are legally obligated to be held in reserve for the Standing Rock Community. However, more than 800,000 acres of Standing Rock's entrusted land risked being impacted by a leak or spill, which could severely impact the waters which the community relies upon for both drinking and spiritual purposes.

By late 2016, the United States Department of Justice had received more than 33,000 petitions to review all permits and order a full review of the project's environmental effects.[91]

Despite the mass opposition to the Pipeline, as of August 2021, expansion construction continues; the line can now transport 750,000 barrels of oil daily, which is 180,000 more than previous limits.[92] The company Energy Transfer plans to add pump stations to boost the pipeline’s efficiency and speed. Once the full expansion is up and running, as much as 1.1 million barrels of oil will flow through the pipeline each day. The attorney of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe noted that the court ordered Corps review of the pipeline impact was intended "to study the impact of things before they occur, not after.”

Sacred Stone Camp

Sacred Stone Camp was founded by Standing Rock's Historic Preservation Officer, LaDonna Brave Bull Allard, on April 1, 2016, as a center for cultural preservation and spiritual resistance to the Dakota Access pipeline.[93] [94] In the spring and early summer of 2016, Allard and other Indigenous leaders focused on media outreach, resulting in tribal delegations and individuals coming to stand with them from all over the country and—eventually—the world.[95] As the numbers grew beyond what the land could support, an overflow camp was also established nearby, which came to be known as the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ camp (the Lakȟótiyapi name for the Great Sioux Nation or Seven Fires Council).[96] In September, Allard said that 26 of the 380 archaeological sites that face desecration along the pipeline route are held sacred to the Sioux Nations, the Arikara, the Mandan, and the Northern Cheyenne, comparing the pipeline's construction through said sites to genocide.

By late September, NBC News reported that members of more than 300 federally recognized Native American tribes were residing in the three main camps, alongside an estimated 3,000 to 4,000 additional pipeline resistance demonstrators. Several thousand more gathered at the camps on weekends.[97] [98] As winter approached, numbers grew lower, but the protesters winterized and prepared for an indefinite stay. In October, another camp called "Winter Camp" was established on Energy Transfer Partners private property[99] —directly in the pipeline's proposed path. Citing eminent domain,[100] Native American protesters declared that the land rightly belongs to them under the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie. Though the initial territory agreed to in the treaty was later broken up into smaller reservations, the treaty was never nullified and was thus being invoked as law.[101] Morton County Sheriff, Kyle Kirchmeier, claimed that the Winter Camp was a threat to public safety, stating that "we can not have protesters blocking county roads, blocking state highways, or trespassing on private property."[102] Following, on October 27, police in riot gear with crowd control equipment and supported by National Guard members removed the protesters from the new encampment.[103] [104] They used methods such as pepper spray, bean-bag shot guns, concussion grenades and mace. Law enforcement further used Long Range Acoustic Devices (LRAD), which are used to make noises as at piercing frequency and volume. Protestors remained on site nonetheless, setting blockades, bridges and tires on the highway afire.

Standing Rock Sioux Tribe legal proceedings

On July 27, 2016, two days after the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers issued the Environmental Assessment with a finding of “no significant impact”, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, supported by EarthJustice, filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief to stop the pipeline. The tribe also sought a preliminary injunction.[105] [106] [107]

On September 9, U.S. District Judge James Boasberg denied the motion, noting, "[T]he Corps has documented dozens of attempts to engage Standing Rock in consultations to identify historical resources at Lake Oahe and other PCN crossings....Suffice it to say that the Tribe largely refused to engage in consultations."[108]

Later the same day, a joint statement was issued by the US Departments of Justice, Army, and Interior temporarily halting the project on federal land bordering or under the Lake Oahe reservoir. The US federal government asked the company for a "voluntary pause" on construction near that area until further study was done on the region extending 20 miles (32 km) around Lake Oahe. In closing the agency representatives said:

Finally, we fully support the rights of all Americans to assemble and speak freely. In recent days, we have seen thousands of demonstrators come together peacefully, with support from scores of sovereign tribal governments, to exercise their First Amendment rights and to voice heartfelt concerns about the environment and historic, sacred sites. It is now incumbent on all of us to develop a path forward that serves the broadest public interest.[109]

Energy Transfer Partners rejected the request to voluntarily halt construction on all surrounding private land and resumed construction within 48 hours.[110]

On September 13, chairman and CEO of Energy Transfer Partners Kelcy Warren responded to the federal government's request, saying concerns about the pipeline's impact on the water supply were "unfounded." Warren said that "multiple archaeological studies conducted with state historic preservation offices found no sacred items along the route". They did not indicate that they would voluntarily cease work on the pipeline. Warren wrote that the company will meet with officials in Washington "to understand their position and reiterate our commitment to bring the Dakota Access Pipeline into operation."[111]

On October 5, federal appeals judges heard arguments over whether to stop work on the pipeline; a ruling was not expected for several weeks. At that time the Army Corps of Engineers had not yet made a final decision on whether to grant an easement to build under the Missouri River. Under questioning, a pipeline attorney said that "if the court allowed it, the company would continue building up to the lake's edge even before the easement decision, because each extra month of delay will cost the company more than $80 million".

Army Corps of Engineers

On November 14, the Army Corps of Engineers said it needed more time to study the impact of the plan. In a news release, they said: "The Army has determined that additional discussion and analysis are warranted in light of the history of the Great Sioux Nation's dispossessions of lands, the importance of Lake Oahe to the Tribe, our government-to-government relationship, and the statute governing easements through government property."[112]

Energy Transfer Partners responded by criticizing the Obama administration for "political interference" and said that "further delay in the consideration of this case would add millions of dollars more each month in costs which cannot be recovered." North Dakota Governor Jack Dalrymple criticized the decision saying the pipeline would be safe and that the decision was "long overdue".[113] Craig Stevens, spokesman for the MAIN Coalition, a labor group, called the Corps's announcement "yet another attempt at death by delay" and said the Obama administration "has chosen to further fan the flames of protest by more inaction." North Dakota Senator John Hoeven said in a statement that the delay "will only prolong the disruption in the region caused by protests and make life difficult for everyone who lives and works in the area."[114]

Speaking on the PBS Newshour on November 16, Energy Transfer Partners CEO Kelcy Warren responded to questions about the Tribe's two main concerns, damage to ancestral sites and the potential of water contamination if a leak occurred:

Well, first of all, I think this is well known by now. We're not on any Indian property at all, no Native American property. We're on private lands. That's number one. Number two, this pipeline is new steel pipe. We're boring underneath Lake Oahe. It's going to go 90 feet to 150 feet (27.5-45.7 m) below the lake's surface. It's thick wall pipe, extra thick, by the way, more so than just the normal pipe that we lay. Also, on each side of the lake, there's automated valves that, if in the very, very unlikely situation there were to be a leak, our control room shuts down the pipe, encapsulates that small section that could be in peril. So, that's just not going to happen. Number one, we're not going to have a leak. I can't promise that, of course, but that — no one would get on airplanes if they thought they were going to crash. And, number two, there is no way there would be any crude contaminate their water supply. They're 70 miles (110 km) downstream.[115]

On December 4, the Army announced that it would not grant an easement for the pipeline to be drilled under Lake Oahe.[116] The announcement was made by the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works), Jo-Ellen Darcy:

Although we have had continuing discussion and exchanges of new information with the Standing Rock Sioux and Dakota Access, it's clear that there's more work to do. The best way to complete that work responsibly and expeditiously is to explore alternate routes for the pipeline crossing.[117]

Energy Transfer Partners and Sunoco Logistics Partners issued a same-day response:

The White House's directive today to the Corps for further delay is just the latest in a series of overt and transparent political actions by an administration which has abandoned the rule of law in favor of currying favor with a narrow and extreme political constituency.

As stated all along, ETP and SXL fully expect to complete construction of the pipeline without any additional rerouting in and around Lake Oahe. Nothing this Administration has done today changes that in any way.[118]

Continuation of construction

On January 24, 2017, newly elected President Donald Trump signed an executive order allowing the pipeline's construction to proceed.[119] On February 8, 2017, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) granted Dakota Access, LLC an easement based on the Mineral Leasing Act to cross Lake Oahe and finish construction of the pipeline. On February 9, 2017, the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe filed a motion for a restraining order citing Religious Freedom Restoration Act violations, claiming an oil spill would disrupt their ability to worship freely.[120] This preliminary injunction was rejected on March 7, 2017. On February 14, 2017, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe and the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe filed a motion for summary judgment. The motion asked the Court to rule on unresolved legal questions concerning USACE, including the meeting of National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requirements and the violation of Tribal treaty rights. The motion addressed three claims: 1) the lawful requirement of a full, transparent and public environmental review for any federal action that has "significant" environmental effects, 2) Tribal treaty rights that guarantee the integrity of their reservation, and 3) the reversal of decisions from the previous administration.[120] [121]

Federal Court finds the environmental study inadequate

On June 14, 2017, Federal Judge James Boasberg issued his third opinion in the matter, ruling that the Corps permits authorizing the pipeline to cross the Missouri River "substantially complied with NEPA in many areas" but did not adequately consider certain aspects of the law. In a ninety-one page decision to remand the matter to the Corps for supplementation of the record, Judge Boasberg wrote, "the Court agrees that [the Corps] did not adequately consider the impacts of an oil spill on fishing rights, hunting rights, or environmental justice, or the degree to which the pipeline's effects are likely to be highly controversial".[122] [120] Boasberg's decision came just weeks after crude oil had started pumping through the pipeline. Judge Boasberg asked the parties to submit legal briefs on the question of whether the Court should shut down the pipeline pending the completion of a lawful environmental review.[120] [121]

On August 7, 2017, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe and the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe filed a legal brief arguing in favor of pipeline shutdown during the environmental review process.[120] [121] The Tribes received support from law professors and practitioners, tribes and tribal organizations, and other amicus parties. The Court granted the Tribes' motion for summary judgment for three reasons. First, the Court held that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers failed to address expert critiques of Dakota Access, LLC's oil spill risk analysis. Second, the Court found fault in USACE's disregard of impacts an oil spill would have on the Tribes' treaty rights to fish and hunt.[123] Finally, the Court found that USACE conducted a skewed assessment that reached the conclusion that the selected site raised no environmental justice concerns. Under the Court's order, USACE will reassess these questions and come to a new decision on if a full environmental impact statement is required.[123]

On October 11, 2017, the Court ruled that DAPL could continue to operate while USACE reassessed the environmental impact of the pipeline. While the Court did not find that shutting down the pipeline would cause a major economic disruption as claimed by DAPL, they refused to shut the pipeline down during the impact study due to the possibility that USACE would be able to justify its decision to not do a full environmental review. USACE predicts that the review will be finished by April 2018. Following the Court's finding a statement was issued by Earthjustice Attorney Jan Hasselman, who is representing the Tribe.

Today's decision is a disappointing continuation of a historic pattern: other people get all the profits, and the Tribes get all the risk and harm. The court already found that the Corps violated the law when it issued the permits without thoroughly considering the impact on the people of Standing Rock. The company should not be allowed to continue operating while the Corps studies that threat.,[121]

Safety measures imposed

On December 4, 2017, following a 200,000 gallon Keystone pipeline oil spill in November 2017, Judge Boasberg imposed several interim measures over the ongoing operation of the Dakota Access pipeline.The Court ordered three measures, which had been requested by the Tribe. According to a report published by Earthjustice, a non-profit public interest law organization dedicated to environmental issues:

The Court ordered the Corps and DAPL to work with the Tribes to complete oil spill response plans at Lake Oahe. Up to now, the Tribe has been kept in the dark about spill response planning and was not involved in the process of developing plans to address spills at Lake Oahe. Second, the Court ordered an independent audit of DAPL's compliance with the permit conditions and standards. The Tribe has to be involved in the selection of an auditor. Finally, DAPL must file regular reports on any incidents or repairs on the pipeline. Such reporting is not currently required by law, which means the public does not learn about the nearly constant spills and leaks of oil that occur on major pipelines.[121]

The conditions were all opposed by the Corps and by DAPL.

Current Legal Proceedings (2020-2021)

The tribe sued and in March 2020 a federal judge sided with the tribe and ordered USACE to do a full environmental impact statement. In a 42-page decision Judge James Boasberg said the environmental analysis by both the companies behind the pipeline and the Corps was severely lacking. “In projects of this scope, it is not difficult for an opponent to find fault with many conclusions made by an operator and relied on by the agency, but here, there is considerably more than a few isolated comments raising insubstantial concerns. The many commenters in this case pointed to serious gaps in crucial parts of the Corps’ analysis — to name a few, that the pipeline's leak-detection system was unlikely to work, that it was not designed to catch slow spills, that the operator's serious history of incidents had not been taken into account, and that the worst-case scenario used by the Corps was potentially only a fraction of what a realistic figure would be."[124]

In July 2020, saying federal officials failed to carry out a complete analysis of its environmental impacts, U.S. District Judge James Boasberg ruled that the pipeline must be shut down by August 5 and remain shutdown while the Army Corps of Engineers conducts a more extensive environmental review than the one done that allowed the pipeline to begin transporting oil three years previously. Pipeline owner Energy Transfer said they would appeal. On August 5, the Court of Appeals sided with Energy Transfer to allow the pipeline to stay open, saying the lower-court judge "did not make the findings necessary for injunctive relief." However the appellate court did not grant Energy Transfer's motion to block the review, saying the company had "failed to make a strong showing of likely success."[125]

As of May 2021, the pipeline was granted legal permission to restart operations, on the grounds that the Standing Rock legal team had fail to demonstrate to the court "“likelihood of irreparable injury” from continued operation of the pipeline. Later, in July 2021, Boasberg ruled against the lawsuit filed by Standing Rock team against the operation of the pipeline. Despite ruling against the federal judge laid out how the Standing Rock Tribe might continue to challenge the ongoing environmental review. Boasberg also left the possibility of reopening the lawsuit if any of his previous rulings from the past five years were violated by the Corps or Energy Transfer.[126]

Arrests and prosecutions

Federal prosecutors brought indictments against at least five indigenous activists from the protests.[127] Dion Ortiz, James "Angry Bird" White, Michael "Little Feather" Giron, and Michael "Rattler" Markus were all convicted of one count of civil disorder. Red Fawn Fallis was convicted of civil disorder and illegal possession of a gun by a convicted felon. The gun which she was convicted for possessing went off as she was being "tackled by police officers, who were attempting to put her in handcuffs [when] three gunshots allegedly went off alongside her. No one was injured in the shooting incident."[128] She was given the largest sentencing of any protester at the time, having to be held in federal prison for four years and nine months. The judge who heard Red Fawn's case did not allow her defence team to cite her treaty rights or "other issues related to her arrest at anti-pipeline protests near the Standing Rock Sioux's Tribe's reservation border." In effect, Red Fawn accepted a plea deal as she believed that in withholding such important evidence, she would not have received a fair trial.

James "Angry Bird" White was sentenced to serve twenty-four months of probation. The other five protesters were incarcerated in federal prison, Ortiz for 16 months, Giron and Markus for 36 months, and Fallis for 57 months.[129] [130] Many other activists argued that their incarceration was used to suppress indigenous opposition to the pipeline, stating that "[they are] political prisoners …We were protecting our land. It’s something we have to do, and we’re going to be met with this violence from these agencies, from the federal government, from the state.” [131]

On August 11–12, 18 more people were arrested, including Standing Rock Tribal Chairman David Archambault II who was charged with disorderly conduct. Along with the tribal council, Archambault had sued the Army Corps of Engineers days before his arrest.[132] He was himself sued on August 16 by Dakota Access, LLC, which sought "restraining orders and unspecified monetary damages."[133]

In 2019, Jessica Reznicek and Ruby Montoya were indicted on nine federal criminal charges, including setting 11 fires during the protests. The two set fire to machinery and tools and then used a torch to pierce the metal piping and valves.[134] [135] On June 30, 2021 Reznicek was sentenced to eight years in federal prison for a single count of damaging an energy facility. The remaining charges were dismissed.[136]

On September 7 an arrest warrant was also issued in Morton County for Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein and her running mate Ajamu Baraka on misdemeanor counts of criminal trespass and criminal mischief. Stein had spray-painted "I approve this message" and Baraka wrote the word "decolonize" on a bulldozer.[137]

A warrant for journalist Amy Goodman's arrest was issued by Morton County on September 8. She was charged with criminal trespass related to the filming done on September 3.[31] [32] The prosecutor, Ladd Erickson, said Goodman was like a protester because she was only giving time to the protesters' side of the story.[138] In response to praise from Erickson, Matt Taibbi wrote, "a prosecutor who arrests a reporter because he doesn't think she's 'balanced' enough is basically telling future reporters what needs to be in their stories to avoid arrest. This is totally improper and un-American."[139]

On October 1, Canadian journalist Ed Ou, on assignment with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation to cover the protests, was detained at the US border for six hours, with his cell phones and other electronic media confiscated. Ou was eventually denied entry to the US without explanation.[140] The American Civil Liberties Union requested that any data collected from Ou's electronic devices be destroyed and that he be given assurance that he would not be harassed again.[141]

Speaking on October 5, Standing Rock Tribal Chairman David Archambault II said that as of that date 135 anti-pipeline demonstrators had been arrested. Archambault also said that law enforcement officers were "heightening the danger" by using anti-riot gear. Saying, "Confronting men, women, and children while outfitted in gear more suited for the battlefield is a disproportionate response", Amnesty International also expressed concern about the militant response to the protesters.[142]

On October 13, Goodman announced her intention to turn herself in to the Morton County–Mandan Corrections Center on Monday, October 17, to face misdemeanor riot charges. (Though she had originally been charged with criminal trespass, the prosecutor said that there were "legal issues with proving the notice of trespassing requirements in the statute.")[143] She stated that she would be fighting the charges against her as a First Amendment violation.[144] The Committee to Protect Journalists,[145] the North Dakota Newspaper Association,[146] the American Civil Liberties Union in North Dakota,[147] and the Freedom of the Press Foundation all expressed concern over the developing challenge to freedom of the press.

On October 17, District Judge John Grinsteiner did not find probable cause for multiple riot charges, including the one brought against Goodman. Following the judge's decision, Kirchmeier reasserted that trespassing would lead to arrest, while the state prosecutor said that the investigation would remain open pending new evidence.[148]

According to the Water Protector Legal Collective over 800 state criminal cases were brought by North Dakota prosecutors.[149] Of these nearly 400 resulted in dismissals of charges, 42 ended in not-guilty verdicts at trial, nearly 200 were subjected to pre-trial diversion, and just 26 cases ended in convictions after trials. There are still 42 open cases before the state court.

Dismissal of lawsuit against Greenpeace USA

In 2019 a federal court in North Dakota dismissed as unfounded a racketeering and defamation lawsuit filed by Energy Transfer Partners LP, the builder of the 1,000-mile Dakota Access Pipeline, against Greenpeace USA, EarthFirst and BankTrack for their pipeline protests.[150] The lawsuit alleged Greenpeace USA misled the public with false claims about the Standing Rock Sioux tribes' sacred sites and the likelihood the pipeline would contaminate the Missouri River in North Dakota. In contrast, a 2018 Greenpeace report said Energy Transfer pipelines and those owned by the company's subsidiaries "spilled over 500 times in the last decade."[151]

In response to the court's ruling of insufficient evidence, Tom Wetterer, general counsel to Greenpeace USA, said the ruling "sends a clear message to companies trying to muzzle civil society that corporate overreach will not be tolerated. It is also a check on corporate efforts to silence dissent.”[152]

The Intercept online newspaper earlier reported Energy Transfer Partners hired the private security firm of TigerSwan to gather information for the lawsuit via fake social media accounts and infiltration of protest camps.[153]

National opposition to the pipeline

Many Sioux Tribes passed resolutions in support of Standing Rock, including the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe, Crow Creek Tribe, the Oglala Sioux Tribe, and the Rosebud Sioux Tribe. Oklahoma tribes also expressed support for the pipeline protest movement. In August, Principal Chief Bill John Baker of the Cherokee Nation said, "As Indian people, we have a right to protect our lands and protect our water rights. That's our responsibility to the next seven generations."[154]

Field reporter Jordan Chariton (of The Young Turks on-the-road program TYT Politics) was one of the most active journalists participating in the protests. He commented on the scant presence of journalists from mainstream networks such as CNN and MSNBC.[155]

Indigenous youth groups

ReZpect Our Water is an indigenous youth group that formed to oppose the pipeline.[156] They have been very active in raising public awareness through social media, petitions, teach-ins, rallies, and videos. In May 2016, 13-year-old Anna Lee Rain Yellowhammer and thirty young people launched a petition that opposed the pipeline.[157] It quickly gathered over 80,000 signatures, including celebrity endorsements such as Leonardo DiCaprio and Cameron Russell.[158] [159]

In April 2016, ReZpect Our Water organized a 2,000 mile cross-country "spiritual run" from North Dakota to Washington, D.C., to protest the construction of the pipeline. Upon the groups arrival they delivered a petition with 160,000 signatures to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.[160] [161]

In December, 2016, Activist Naomi Klein interviewed ReZpect Our Water/Standing Rock Youth organizer Tokata Iron Eyes; she posted a Facebook video of the interview which gained more than a million views in 24 hours.[162]

The International Indigenous Youth Council has also been active in protests against the pipeline and advocacy for Native American needs. The group was founded by Jasilyn Charger (Cheyenne River Sioux of Eagle Butte, South Dakota). Tara Houska (Ojibwe, Couchiching First Nation of International Falls, Minnesota), national campaigns director of Honor the Earth, has actively helped to explain the protest aims. Eryn Wise (Jicarilla Apache and Laguna tribes), Council communications director, hopes to relate history from the Indigenous people's point of view: "We don't ever hear the narrative of indigenous people. We hear people writing our narratives for us."[163]

Acts of solidarity in U.S. cities

On September 8, about 500 Native Americans and other protesters marched in Denver to show solidarity with the Standing Rock Americans. State Representative Joe Salazar spoke about the safety of pipelines and described a recent Colorado Oil and Gas Association statement on oil pipeline safety as "full of lies."[164]

On September 16, a rally and march was held in Seattle to show solidarity with the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe. The mayor of Seattle and city council members joined leaders from Northwest tribes from Quinualt, Makah, Lummi, Suquamish, Tulalip, Swinomish, Puyallup and others to show opposition to the pipeline. Fawn Sharp, president of the Quinault Indian Nation and the Affiliated Tribes of Northwest Indians, said that while the tribes are "determined to win this fight", a "deeper fix" is needed. "The U.S. must recognize that we have political equality. This is much larger than a specific infrastructure project. It goes to the fundamental relationship."[165]

According to the Grand Forks Herald, on October 13 the governments of 19 cities, including St. Louis and Minneapolis, had passed ordinances to support the Standing Rock tribe in opposition of the pipeline.[166]

In October, the Morton County Sheriff requested police from surrounding areas to assist in regulating the protests near the pipeline. The Dane County Sheriff's office of Wisconsin sent 10 deputies to aid the local police,[167] but they were recalled a few days later because of opposition from the Dane County residents and county officials.[168]

On November 15, hundreds of cities held protests against the pipeline in a coordinated protest which organizers called a "National Day of Action."[169] Hundreds of protesters gathered peacefully in Chicago, Los Angeles, Manhattan, Denver, and other cities; dozens of protesters were arrested, including demonstrators in Mandan, North Dakota, where protesters were arrested after blocking a railroad.[170]

Tara Houska, Director for Honor the Earth, spoke at a rally in New York City saying, "Because of the power of social media and the millions of those at Standing Rock, the Army Corps are going to invite the tribe in to discuss their concerns."[170] Senator Bernie Sanders spoke at a protest in front of the White House. Robert Kennedy Jr. visited the protest camp and spoke to the protesters. He commented on the PBS Newshour: "I think they have a lot of courage. I think they're standing up for America, that they're standing up in the face of a bully."[115]

Thanksgiving Day has been described as a reminder of the strained relationship between the U.S. government and native people. On the November 24 holiday, several thousand continued to protest the pipeline; some estimated that the number of protesters, which fluctuates, doubled that day.[171] Hundreds of people joined the protest that day,[172] including groups from California,[173] Oregon,[174] Wisconsin,[175] Colorado,[176] South Carolina,[177] and Washington.[178]

Protesters built a floating bridge to Turtle Island, considered sacred ground, and 400 gathered near the bridge, some crossing over to perform a prayer ceremony.[179]

The influx of many new people over Thanksgiving weekend caused new problems, according to some activists. Some criticized a group of young, mostly white, people at the protest for treating it like a festival such as Burning Man by bringing drugs and alcohol, requiring supplies and provisions rather than sustaining themselves, or performing unsolicited live music.[180]

Actress Jane Fonda was one of a delegation of 50 people who served a Thanksgiving dinner in nearby Mandan, capturing media attention.[181] [182] Business owners traveled from as far as Massachusetts[183] and Pennsylvania[184] to serve food to protesters at Standing Rock.

A Thanksgiving Day protest in Portland, Oregon drew about 350 in heavy rain.[185]

In February 2017, Seattle, Washington's city council unanimously voted to not renew its contract with Wells Fargo in a move that cites the bank's role as a lender to the Dakota Access Pipeline project as well as its "creation of millions of bogus accounts" and said the bidding process for its next banking partner would involve "social responsibility." The City Council in Davis, California, took a similar action, voting unanimously to find a new bank to handle its accounts by the end of 2017.[186]

In March 2017, the Standing Rock Sioux tribe led a four-day protest in Washington D.C., culminating in the Native Nations Rise march on March 10. The protesters marched through the capital, pausing to erect a tipi at Trump International Hotel, and rallied in front of the White House.[187]

Support from military veterans

In November, a group called Veterans Stand for Standing Rock formed to participate in nonviolent intervention to defend the demonstrators from what the group has called "assault and intimidation at the hands of the militarized police force." According to The New York Times, "as many as 2,000 veterans" indicated that they would gather at the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation to serve as "human shields" for protesters. The organizers of these protests included a retired Baltimore police sergeant and Wes Clark, Jr., the son of former Supreme NATO Commander and 2004 presidential candidate Wesley Clark. Wes Clark, Jr is affiliated with The Young Turks.[188]

Democratic Representative Tulsi Gabbard supported the protests and travelled to North Dakota in 2016.[189]

Following the executive order made by new U.S. president Trump in January 2017 which overturned the decision of former President Obama to halt the construction of the pipeline and the February order in which he authorized the Army Corps of Engineers to proceed, US veterans returned to Standing Rock to a form human shield to protect Dakota Access pipeline protesters. Air force veteran Elizabeth Williams said, "We are prepared to put our bodies between Native elders and a privatized military force. We've stood in the face of fire before. We feel a responsibility to use the skills we have."[190]

  1. NODAPL

See main article: #NODAPL. Along with the hashtag #NoDAPL, many other hashtags sprang up on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram to protest the pipeline. The hashtags included #ReZpectOurWater, which is a play on "reservations", #StandWithStandingRock, and #WaterisLife.[191] [192] Activist Naomi Klein posted a Facebook video in which she interviewed 13-year-old water protector, Takota Iron Eyes, which gained more than a million views in 24 hours.[193]

In December 2016, Klein, writing an editorial in The Nation shortly after the Army Corps of Engineers had turned down the permit for the Dakota Access Pipeline to be built under the Missouri River, said, "The Lesson from Standing Rock: Organizing and Resistance Can Win." As a long-standing climate change activist, Klein said that past resistance has brought about change incrementally and only after a delay following mass actions. However, she wrote, Standing Rock had been "different."[194]

However, calling the Army Corps of Engineers request for further study an "incredibly cumbersome, long, horrible permitting process," on January 24, newly elected President Donald Trump signed a presidential memorandum to advance the construction of the pipeline.[195] [196]

Indigenized Energy

When Dakota Access Pipeline protests began in 2016, then 34 year-old Two Bears was a tribal council member. His community of Cannon Ball hosted one of the encampments until late 2016.[197] A year later, he created an organization named "Indigenized Energy," which aims to bring renewable energy sources to Native communities. In February 2019, the organization's first solar-panel project was completed in Standing Rock. This project is of importance to Two Bears and to many indigenous communities who claim that The Dakota Access Pipeline protests are what "woke you people up, but we have known for a long time that the colonial capitalism corporate model is attacking this world [...] The energy system dominant across this country is not in line with Native values, and the solution that I came up with is that tribal nations need to create their own energy companies using renewable energy sources." This grassroots solution is following the historic and ongoing citing of polluting industries near indigenous communities. Meaning, for Two Bears and many others, The Dakota Access Pipeline is not an isolated incident, but rather, it is reflective of the larger citing practices of polluting industries where Native communities have "taken the pollutive brunt of the fossil fuels industry."

Presidential memorandum by Donald Trump

In December 2016, while still directed by the Obama administration, the Army Corps of Engineers decided that further study to address tribal concerns was needed and launched a study on January 18, 2017. But on January 24, newly elected President Donald Trump signed a presidential memorandum to advance the construction of the pipeline under "terms and conditions to be negotiated". The order would expedite the environmental review that Trump described as an "incredibly cumbersome, long, horrible permitting process."

On February 7, 2017, Trump authorized the Army Corps of Engineers to proceed, ending its environmental impact assessment and the associated public comment period.[198] The director of the Indigenous Environmental Network released a statement saying: "The granting of an easement, without any environmental review or tribal consultation, is not the end of this fight—it is the new beginning. Expect mass resistance far beyond what Trump has seen so far. ... Our tribal nations and Indigenous grassroots peoples on the front lines have had no input on this process."[199] Standing Rock chairman David Archambault II said, "We are not opposed to energy independence. We are opposed to reckless and politically motivated development projects, like DAPL, that ignore our treaty rights and risk our water. Creating a second Flint does not make America great again."[200] Appearing as a guest on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on February 12, actress and activist Shailene Woodley said that, rather than gather at the Dakota protest site, the best way to oppose the pipeline may be to boycott banks that fund it and to take part in local protests.[201]

Reactions

In September 2016, Senator Bernie Sanders spoke to a crowd of about 3,000 members of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe and other tribal nations and supporters at a protest held outside of the White House. Saying "the pipeline threatens the environment and water resources and exploits Native Americans", he asked President Obama to take action and conduct a full environmental and cultural impact analysis of the project, which he believed would kill the pipeline.[202] Following the use of the National Guard and police in riot gear to remove protesters from a protest camp in October, Sanders again called on the president to suspend construction of the pipeline. In a letter to the President, Sanders said in part: "It is deeply distressing to me that the federal government is putting the profits of the oil industry ahead of the treaty and sovereign rights of Native American communities. Mr. President, you took a bold and principled stand against the Keystone Pipeline – I ask you to take a similar stand against the Dakota Access Pipeline."[203]

Saying that the Dakota Access pipeline project is part of a "long history of pushing the impacts of pollution onto the most economically and politically disadvantaged people and communities across this country", Representative Raúl Grijalva, the ranking Democrat on the House Natural Resources Committee, on September 22 asked the Army Corps of Engineers to withdraw the existing permits for the pipeline.

Saying "the project's current permits should be suspended and all construction stopped until a complete environmental and cultural review has been completed for the entire project", Senators Sanders, Dianne Feinstein, Ed Markey, Patrick Leahy and Benjamin Cardin on October 13 called on President Barack Obama to order a comprehensive environmental review of the pipeline project. They also requested stronger tribal consultation for the contested part of the route.

Calling the proposed pipeline route "the ripest case of environmental racism I have seen in a long time", on October 26 the Reverend Jesse Jackson announced support for the movement, saying, "The tribes of this country have sacrificed a lot so this great country could be built. With promises broken, land stolen and sacred lands desecrated, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe is standing up for their right to clean water. They have lost land for settlers to farm, more land for gold in the Black Hills, and then again, even more, land for the dam that was built for hydropower. When will the taking stop?"[101]

In September, Obama spoke to tribal representatives, saying, "I know that many of you have come together across tribes and across the country to support the community at Standing Rock. And together, you're making your voices heard." He again discussed the protest movement on November 2 saying that "we're going to let it play out for several more weeks and determine whether or not this can be resolved in a way that I think is properly attentive to the traditions of First Americans."[204]

In an October 28, 2016 public statement, Chief Arvol Looking Horse, spiritual leader and Keeper of the Sacred Pipe Bundle of the Lakota/Dakota/Nakota Nations, invoked his role as the voice of traditional government of the Great Sioux Nation and called upon President Barack Obama to communicate "nation to nation, as indicated by our treaties."[205]

Several members of the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives weighed in on the protest on November 29, 2016. Senators Al Franken of Minnesota and Cory Booker of New Jersey called upon U.S. Attorney General Loretta Lynch to investigate the tactics of law enforcement officers against peaceful protesters, and to send monitors to track any violence against protesters. Several members of the House made statements as well, and Representative Tulsi Gabbard of Hawaii announced plans to join hundreds of other military veterans in protecting the protesters in early December.[206]

Native American lacrosse players Lyle Thompson and his brothers Miles, Jeremy and Hiana and others including Bill O'Brien and Scott Marr, used social media to support the protesters. They visited the camp as well, bringing lacrosse sticks and organizing games, giving instructions to those who had never before played the game. Following the Trump administration's January 2017 reversal of the Court decisions made under the Obama administration, the players said that they planned to continue with their support.[207]

Following her unexpected win in the 2018 New York Democratic primary race, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez credited the time she spent at the protest camp as the reason for her decision run for political office. In an interview she recalled her visit to Standing Rock as a tipping point, saying that she had previously felt that the only way to effectively run for office was if you had access to wealth, social influence, and power. But her visit to North Dakota, where she saw others "putting their whole lives and everything that they had on the line for the protection of their community," inspired her to begin to work within her own community.[208]

The media did not report on the Dakota Access Pipeline protests until about five months after it had started happening and gaining attention on social media (they started reporting in August 2016).[209] Some argue that this shows the media is indifferent toward Native Americans.[209] And what they did report included stereotypes about Native Americans, describing teepees and speaking of poverty and alcoholism.[209]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Remember This When You Talk About Standing Rock . Yes! Magazine . October 28, 2016 . November 3, 2016 . Hayes, Kelly . It is crucial that people recognize that Standing Rock is part of an ongoing struggle against colonial violence. #NoDAPL is a front of struggle in a long-erased war against Native peoples — a war that has been active since the first contact and waged without interruption... So when you talk about Standing Rock, please begin by acknowledging that this pipeline was redirected from an area where it was most likely to impact white people. . November 3, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161103001416/http://www.yesmagazine.org/how-to-talk-about-standing-rock-20161028 . live .
  2. News: Hawkins. Derek. Activists and police trade blame after Dakota Access protester severely injured. Washington Post. February 22, 2017. February 14, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170214205330/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/11/22/activists-and-police-trade-blame-after-dakota-access-protester-severely-injured/. live.
  3. News: Skalicky. Sue. Tension Between Police and Standing Rock Protesters Reaches Boiling Point. The New York Times. October 28, 2016. February 22, 2017. February 23, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170223132809/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/29/us/dakota-access-pipeline-protest.html. live.
  4. Web site: Levin. Sam. Over 70 arrested at Standing Rock as Dakota Access aims to finish pipeline. The Guardian. February 2, 2017. February 22, 2017. February 22, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170222035825/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/01/standing-rock-arrests-dakota-access-pipeline-construction. live.
  5. Web site: Papple. Dawn. Details Uncovered About Damjan Nedelkovski, DAPL Protester Found Dead In Cannonball River. inquisitr.com. April 13, 2017. Inquisitr. April 13, 2017. April 14, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170414025819/http://www.inquisitr.com/4141203/details-uncovered-about-damjan-nedelkovski-dapl-protester-found-dead-in-cannonball-river/. live.
  6. Web site: A Timeline of the Year of Resistance at Standing Rock. Javier. Carla. Splinter. December 14, 2016 . 2019-06-19. June 15, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190615140636/https://splinternews.com/a-timeline-of-the-year-of-resistance-at-standing-rock-1794269727. live.
  7. News: Thousands of protesters are gathering in North Dakota – and it could lead to 'nationwide reform'. September 13, 2016. Business Insider. Liu. Louise. September 20, 2016. December 10, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161210174537/http://www.businessinsider.com/photos-north-dakota-pipeline-protest-2016-9#while-members-of-the-standing-rock-sioux-tribes-began-protesting-the-project-as-early-as-april-protests-heated-up-in-august-as-numbers-increased-to-the-thousands-1. live.
  8. Web site: Standing Rock Special: Unlicensed #DAPL Guards Attacked Water Protectors with Dogs & Pepper Spray. Democracy Now!. 2019-06-19. June 13, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190613014821/https://www.democracynow.org/2016/11/24/standing_rock_special_unlicensed_dapl_guards. live.
  9. News: Skalicky. Sue. Tension Between Police and Standing Rock Protesters Reaches Boiling Point. 2016-10-28. The New York Times. 2020-03-11. Davey. Monica. 0362-4331. February 23, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170223132809/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/29/us/dakota-access-pipeline-protest.html. live.
  10. Web site: Freezing protesters soaked with water in pipeline protest. Stelloh. Tim. Roecker. Molly. November 20, 2016. NBC News. 2020-03-11. Sottile. Chiara A. Medina. Daniel A.. December 11, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191211170752/https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/dakota-pipeline-protests/dakota-pipeline-protesters-authorities-clash-temperatures-drop-n686581. live.
  11. News: Petroski, William . October 14, 2014 . Branstad won't stop Bakken oil pipeline through Iowa . live . https://archive.today/20141202080313/http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/politics/iowa-politics-insider/2014/10/14/branstad-wont-stop-iowa-bakken-oil-pipeline/17246713/ . December 2, 2014 . November 5, 2016 . The Des Moines Register.
  12. Web site: staff . March 16, 2015 . Meskwaki Nation Opposes New Pipeline Threat That Could Rival Keystone . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161114144931/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2015/03/16/meskwaki-nation-opposes-new-pipeline-threat-could-rival-keystone-xl-159631 . November 14, 2016 . November 5, 2016 . ICTMW.
  13. News: William Petroski . March 16, 2015 . Meskwaki tribe opposes Bakken oil pipeline through Iowa . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150319002545/http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2015/03/16/meskwaki-tribe-opposes-bakken-pipeline/24834269/ . March 19, 2015 . April 8, 2015 . USA Today.
  14. Web site: September 3, 2016 . Coalition Support of Tribal Lawsuits Against US Army Corps Permits for the Dakota Access Pipeline . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160923074620/http://indigenousrising.org/coalition-support-of-tribal-lawsuits-against-us-army-corps-permits-for-the-dakota-access-pipeline/ . September 23, 2016 . September 22, 2016 . Indigenous Rising.
  15. News: Dunlap . Tiare . August 5, 2016 . These Native American Youths Are Running 2,000 Miles to Protect Their Water . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160807152939/http://www.people.com/article/rezpect-our-water-native-american-youths-run-2000-miles-protest . August 7, 2016 . August 6, 2016 . People.
  16. News: MacPherson . James . July 30, 2016 . Standing Rock Sioux sues Corps over Bakken pipeline permits . August 6, 2016 . . The Associated Press.
  17. News: Healy . Jack . August 23, 2016 . Occupying the Prairie: Tensions Rise as Tribes Move to Block a Pipeline . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170307095530/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/24/us/occupying-the-prairie-tensions-rise-as-tribes-move-to-block-a-pipeline.html . March 7, 2017 . August 24, 2016 . The New York Times.
  18. News: Yardley . William . August 27, 2016 . With echoes of Wounded Knee, tribes mount prairie occupation to block North Dakota pipeline . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160828124631/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-sej-north-dakota-pipeline-20160827-story.html . August 28, 2016 . August 28, 2016 . Los Angeles Times.
  19. Web site: Fulton . Deirdre . September 1, 2016 . 'World Watching' as Tribal Members Put Bodies in Path of Dakota Pipeline . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160905034324/http://www.commondreams.org/news/2016/09/01/world-watching-tribal-members-put-bodies-path-dakota-pipeline . September 5, 2016 . September 6, 2016 . Common Dreams.
  20. Web site: Theresa . August 23, 2016 . Native Nations Rally in Support of Standing Rock Sioux . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160825171718/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2016/08/23/native-nations-rally-support-standing-rock-sioux-165554 . August 25, 2016 . August 24, 2016 . Indian Country Today Media Network.com . mdy-all.
  21. Web site: Arrest warrants issued for Jill Stein, running mate after N.D. protest . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180109194033/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2016/09/07/arrest-warrants-stein-green-party/89965374/ . January 9, 2018 . September 8, 2016 . USA Today.
  22. News: Showdown over oil pipeline becomes a national movement for Native Americans . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160908184357/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/showdown-over-oil-pipeline-becomes-a-national-movement-for-native-americans/2016/09/06/ea0cb042-7167-11e6-8533-6b0b0ded0253_story.html . September 8, 2016 . September 8, 2016 . Washington Post.
  23. Web site: Northcott . Charlie . September 2, 2016 . Life in the Native American oil protest camps . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180615145758/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37249617 . June 15, 2018 . November 3, 2016 . BBC.
  24. Web site: Medina, Daniel A. . September 20, 2016 . Standing Rock Sioux Takes Pipeline Fight to UN Human Rights Council in Geneva . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161026073037/http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/standing-rock-sioux-takes-pipeline-fight-un-human-rights-council-n651381 . October 26, 2016 . October 26, 2016 . NBC News.
  25. Web site: Germanos, Andrea . September 25, 2016 . UN Experts to United States: Stop DAPL Now . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160927041425/http://www.commondreams.org/news/2016/09/25/un-experts-united-states-stop-dapl-now . September 27, 2016 . September 27, 2016 . Common Dreams.
  26. News: McCauley . Lauren . September 5, 2016 . 'Is That Not Genocide?' Pipeline Co. Bulldozing Burial Sites Prompts Emergency Motion . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160906160821/http://commondreams.org/news/2016/09/05/not-genocide-pipeline-co-bulldozing-burial-sites-prompts-emergency-motion . September 6, 2016 . September 6, 2016 . Common Dreams.
  27. Web site: Amy Goodman . September 4, 2016 . VIDEO: Dakota Access Pipeline Company Attacks Native American Protesters with Dogs and Pepper Spray . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161128191918/https://www.democracynow.org/2016/9/4/dakota_access_pipeline_company_attacks_native . November 28, 2016 . September 11, 2016 . democracynow.org . Democracy Now!.
  28. Web site: Manning . Sarah Sunshine . September 4, 2016 . 'And Then the Dogs Came': Dakota Access Gets Violent, Destroys Graves, Sacred Sites . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161213104458/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2016/09/04/manning-and-then-dogs-came-dakota-access-gets-violent-destroys-graves-sacred-sites-165677 . December 13, 2016 . September 6, 2016 . Indian Country Today Media Network.com.
  29. News: James MacPherson . September 4, 2016 . Oil pipeline protest turns violent in southern North Dakota . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201022025520/https://apnews.com/article/049d3b8e31284c1c8a0174e251cb7592/ . October 22, 2020 . October 20, 2020 . Associated Press.
  30. Web site: Dakota Access Pipeline Company Attacks Native American Protesters with Dogs & Pepper Spray . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160921051833/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kuZcx2zEo4k . September 21, 2016 . September 21, 2016 . YouTube.
  31. Web site: Levin . Sam . September 12, 2016 . North Dakota arrest warrant for Amy Goodman raises fears for press freedom . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160917100305/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/sep/12/amy-goodman-arrest-warrant-north-dakota-oil-pipeline-protest . September 17, 2016 . September 17, 2016 . Guardian.
  32. Web site: Naureckas . Jim . September 15, 2016 . Colleagues Mostly Fail to Rally for Amy Goodman, Threatened With Jail for Journalism . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160916204119/http://fair.org/home/colleagues-mostly-fail-to-rally-for-amy-goodman-threatened-with-jail-for-journalism/ . September 16, 2016 . September 17, 2016 . fair.org . Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting.
  33. News: Dalrymple . Amy . September 6, 2016 . Dakota pipeline protest criticized . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160911105915/http://www.duluthnewstribune.com/news/4109496-use-dogs-north-dakota-pipeline-protest-criticized . September 11, 2016 . September 8, 2016 . Duluth News Tribune.
  34. Web site: September 3, 2016 . Law enforcement issues statement on Dakota Access Pipeline protest . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160907114239/http://www.kfyrtv.com/content/news/Law-enforcement-issues-statement-on-Dakota-Access-Pipeline-protest-392267271.html . September 7, 2016 . 19 September 2016 . Fox News.
  35. News: October 17, 2016 . Dakota Excess Pipeline? Standing Rock Protectors Strip-Searched, Jailed for Days on Minor Charges . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161018043941/http://www.democracynow.org/2016/10/17/dakota_excess_pipeline_standing_rock_protectors . October 18, 2016 . October 18, 2016 . Democracy Now!.
  36. News: October 20, 2016 . Actress Shailene Woodley Reveals She Was Strip-Searched After Her Arrest Protesting Dakota Pipeline . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161020230750/http://www.democracynow.org/2016/10/20/actress_shailene_woodley_reveals_she_was . October 20, 2016 . October 20, 2016 . Democracy Now!.
  37. News: October 28, 2016 . North Dakota pipeline activists say arrested protesters were kept in dog kennels . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170226135406/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-north-dakota-pipeline-20161028-story.html . February 26, 2017 . 23 February 2017 . LA Times.
  38. News: Dakota Access protesters accuse police of putting them in 'dog kennels,' marking them with numbers . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170222083031/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/11/01/dakota-access-protesters-accuse-police-of-putting-them-in-dog-kennels-marking-them-with-numbers/ . February 22, 2017 . 23 February 2017 . Washington Post.
  39. News: May . Charlie . A reporter's notebook:The journey to Oceti Sakowin, the protest camp of the Standing Rock Sioux . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170819232232/http://www.salon.com/2016/12/25/a-reporters-notebook-the-journey-to-oceti-sakowin-the-protest-camp-of-the-standing-rock-sioux/ . August 19, 2017 . 15 May 2017 . salon.
  40. News: Brown . Alleen . Leaked Documents Reveal Counterterrorism Tactics Used at Standing Rock to "Defeat Pipeline Insurgencies" . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170601171006/https://theintercept.com/2017/05/27/leaked-documents-reveal-security-firms-counterterrorism-tactics-at-standing-rock-to-defeat-pipeline-insurgencies/ . June 1, 2017 . 2017-05-30 . The Intercept.
  41. News: Levin . Sam . Woolf . Nicky . Carrington . Damian . October 28, 2016 . North Dakota pipeline: 141 arrests as protesters pushed back from site . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161028184200/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/oct/27/north-dakota-access-pipeline-protest-arrests-pepper-spray . October 28, 2016 . October 28, 2016 . The Guardian . 0261-3077.
  42. Web site: PBS staff . November 2, 2016 . Tensions escalating in Dakota Access pipeline standoff, Obama suggests reroute . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161104005127/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/tensions-escalating-dakota-access-pipeline-standoff-obama-suggests-reroute/ . November 4, 2016 . November 3, 2016 . PBS Newshour.
  43. News: Caroline Grueskin . Governor issues emergency declaration in response to pipeline protests . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161207010755/http://bismarcktribune.com/news/state-and-regional/governor-issues-emergency-declaration-in-response-to-pipeline-protests/article_6b189499-0d39-5223-93a4-5f10e53e735c.html . December 7, 2016 . November 2, 2016 . Bismarck Tribune.
  44. News: October 27, 2016 . Police & Military Attack Oceti Sakowin Treaty Camp – UNICORN RIOT . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161102191736/http://www.unicornriot.ninja/?p=10476 . November 2, 2016 . November 2, 2016 . UNICORN RIOT.
  45. News: October 28, 2016 . Riot police move in on North Dakota pipeline protesters . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161104012606/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37790839 . November 4, 2016 . November 2, 2016 . BBC News.
  46. Web site: Thorbecke, Catherine . October 28, 2016 . Oregon Siege and North Dakota Protest: Both Land Battles, But Similarities End There . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161031033411/http://abcnews.go.com/US/comparing-contrasting-protests-oregon-north-dakota/story?id=43131318 . October 31, 2016 . October 31, 2016 . ABC News.
  47. News: Eversley, Melanie . October 29, 2016 . Dakota Access pipeline protests draw contrasts to Bundy . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161101202017/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/10/28/dakota-access-pipeline-protests-continue-questions-fairness-emerge/92913148/ . November 1, 2016 . October 31, 2016 . USA Today.
  48. Web site: Madison Park . Mayra Cuevas . November 21, 2016 . Dakota Access Pipeline clashes turn violent . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161123203352/http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/21/us/dakota-access-pipeline-protests/index.html . November 23, 2016 . November 23, 2016 . CNN.
  49. News: Julia Carrie Wong . Julia Carrie Wong . November 21, 2016 . Dakota Access pipeline: 300 protesters injured after police use water cannons . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161122011603/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/21/dakota-access-pipeline-water-cannon-police-standing-rock-protest . November 22, 2016 . November 22, 2016 . The Guardian.
  50. Web site: November 23, 2016 . Pipeline protesters decry police tactics after woman's arm 'blown out' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161123212040/http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/dakota-pipeline-protests/pipeline-protesters-decry-excessive-force-after-woman-s-arm-blown-n687326 . November 23, 2016 . November 23, 2016 . NBC News.
  51. Web site: November 21, 2016 . Press conference: Morton County Sheriff's Department on DAPL protest . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161129025810/http://www.inforum.com/news/4164013-press-conference-morton-county-sheriffs-department-dapl-protest . November 29, 2016 . November 28, 2016.
  52. Web site: November 22, 2016 . Standing Rock water protector may lose arm after Sunday's clash with police says family . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161123062049/http://aptn.ca/news/2016/11/22/standing-rock-water-protector-may-lose-arm-after-sundays-clash-with-police-says-family/ . November 23, 2016 . November 22, 2016 . APTN National News.
  53. News: Julia Carrie Wong . November 22, 2016 . Dakota Access pipeline protester 'may lose her arm' after police standoff . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161122150427/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/22/dakota-access-pipeline-protester-seriously-hurt-during-police-standoff-standing-rock . November 22, 2016 . November 22, 2016 . The Guardian . The Standing Rock Medic & Healer Council refuted law enforcement's claims in a statement, citing eye-witness accounts of seeing police throw concussion grenades, 'the lack of charring of flesh at the wound site' and 'grenade pieces that have been removed from her arm in surgery and will be saved for legal proceedings'..
  54. News: Wong . Julia Carrie . November 22, 2016 . Dakota Access pipeline protester 'may lose her arm' after police standoff . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161122204352/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/22/dakota-access-pipeline-protester-seriously-hurt-during-police-standoff-standing-rock . November 22, 2016 . November 23, 2016 . The Guardian.
  55. News: Father of Activist Injured at Standing Rock Calls on Obama to Stop Dakota Access Pipeline Drilling . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161123185718/https://www.democracynow.org/2016/11/23/father_of_activist_injured_at_standing . November 23, 2016 . November 23, 2016 . Democracy Now!.
  56. News: Blau . Max . Dakota Access Pipeline: Protester nearly loses arm after explosion . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161124094250/http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/23/us/north-dakota-pipeline-conflict/ . November 24, 2016 . November 23, 2016 . CNN.
  57. News: Hawkins . Derek . Activists and police trade blame after Dakota Access protester severely injured . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161123074211/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/11/22/activists-and-police-trade-blame-after-dakota-access-protester-severely-injured/ . November 23, 2016 . November 23, 2016 . Washington Post.
  58. News: Nicholson . Blake . Forliti . Amy . November 23, 2016 . Father of injured pipeline protester says she may lose arm . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161122234352/https://apnews.com/7fe0b7af0704467eac22b76244ac1982/Pipeline-protester-seriously-injured;-conflicting-accounts . November 22, 2016 . November 23, 2016 . The Associated Press.
  59. News: Propane cylinders recovered at explosion site of DAPL protest . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161123203829/http://www.valleynewslive.com/content/news/Propane-cylinders-recovered-at-explosion-site-of-DAPL-protest-402544435.html . November 23, 2016 . November 24, 2016.
  60. News: Nicholson . Blake . January 9, 2017 . Corps, tribes to judge: Reject Dakota Access company request . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210613055432/https://www.yahoo.com/news/corps-tribes-judge-reject-dakota-access-company-request-171830774.html . June 13, 2021 . January 10, 2017 . The Associated Press.
  61. News: Nicholson . Blake . January 10, 2017 . Dakota Access protest policing costs exceed $22M . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170111141223/http://www.seattletimes.com/business/dakota-access-protest-policing-costs-exceed-22m/ . January 11, 2017 . January 10, 2017 . The Seattle Times . The Associated Press.
  62. News: North Dakota, feds address garbage left at pipeline protest camp . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170305191903/http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2017/feb/15/north-dakota-feds-address-garbage-left-at-pipeline/ . March 5, 2017 . 2017-03-05 . Spokesman.com.
  63. News: Cuevas . Mayra . Sidner . Sara . Simon . Darran . 2017-02-24 . Dakota Access Pipeline protest site is cleared . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170302042942/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/22/us/dakota-access-pipeline-evacuation-order/ . March 2, 2017 . 2017-03-01 . CNN.
  64. News: Wong . Julia Carrie . February 23, 2017 . Police remove last Standing Rock protesters in military-style takeover . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170223232742/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/23/dakota-access-pipeline-camp-cleared-standing-rock . February 23, 2017 . February 23, 2017 . The Guardian.
  65. News: 7 February 2017 . Major cleanup underway at pipeline protest camps . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181121183804/https://www.wsaw.com/content/news/Major-cleanup-underway-at-pipeline-protest-camps-413110843.html . November 21, 2018 . 27 March 2018 . WSAW . Wausau . CNN.
    News: 16 February 2017 . Crews scramble to clear tons of trash left behind by pipeline protesters . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180328103014/http://www.kcci.com/article/crews-scramble-to-clear-tons-of-trash-left-behind-by-pipeline-protesters/8941531 . March 28, 2018 . 27 March 2018 . KCCI . Des Moines . Associated Press.
    News: 6 February 2017 . Police Sort Through Protest Camp Trash for Contraband . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180328183056/https://www.nbcnews.com/video/police-sort-through-protest-camp-trash-for-contraband-871455811739 . March 28, 2018 . 27 March 2018 . NBC News . KFYR.
  66. News: Sylvester . Terray . 22 February 2017 . Dakota pipeline protest camp nearly empty as holdouts face removal . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180328102732/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-north-dakota-pipeline/dakota-pipeline-protest-camp-nearly-empty-as-holdouts-face-removal-idUSKBN16115W . March 28, 2018 . 27 March 2018 . Reuters.
    News: Blackmon . David . 14 February 2017 . Threat Of Flooding Rises At Dakota Access Protest Site . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180328104258/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidblackmon/2017/02/14/ecological-disaster-looms-at-dakota-access-protest-site/#522cd2994c5b . March 28, 2018 . 27 March 2018 . Forbes.
  67. News: Richardson . Valerie . 13 March 2017 . Dakota Access protest camps cleared after $1.1 million federal cleanup; four more dogs rescued . Washington Times.
  68. News: Crookston . Paul . 27 February 2017 . Puppies Freezing and Abandoned in the Aftermath of the Dakota Access Pipeline Protest . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190807235752/https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/dakota-access-pipeline-protesters-leave-dogs-abandoned-camp-site/ . August 7, 2019 . 27 March 2018 . National Review.
    News: 26 February 2017 . Puppies rescued from abandoned Dakota Access Pipeline campsite . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180328164525/http://www.nbc-2.com/story/34607981/puppies-rescued-from-abandoned-dakota-access-pipeline-campsite . March 28, 2018 . 27 March 2018 . WBBH . Fort Myers, Florida.
  69. News: 25 February 2017 . Feds moves in to clean up Dakota Access protest camp; thorny skate will not be on endangered list . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180424140813/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/feds-moves-in-to-clean-up-dakota-access-protest-camp-thorny-skate-will-not-be-on-endangered-list/2017/02/25/706421f8-fb96-11e6-bf01-d47f8cf9b643_story.html . April 24, 2018 . 27 March 2018 . Washington Post . Associated Press.
    News: Richardson . Valerie . 1 March 2017 . Crews haul off 4.8 million pounds of garbage, debris from Dakota Access protest camp . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180328164526/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/mar/1/dakota-access-protest-camp-crews-haul-48-million-p/ . March 28, 2018 . 27 March 2018 . Washington Times.
    News: Richardson . Valerie . 19 March 2017 . Garbage haul at Dakota Access camps revised downward to 21 million pounds . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180328164500/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/mar/19/garbage-haul-at-dakota-access-camps-revised-downwa/ . March 28, 2018 . 27 March 2018 . Washington Times.
  70. News: Haney . Don . 9 March 2017 . Contractor nearly finished $1 million clean-up of pipeline protest camps . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180328164600/http://kfgo.com/news/articles/2017/mar/09/contractor-nearly-finished-1-million-clean-up-of-pipeline-protest-camps/ . March 28, 2018 . 27 March 2018 . KFGO . Fargo.
  71. Web site: Sanders Protests Controversial Dakota Access Pipeline Outside White House . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201129211556/https://abcnews.go.com/US/sanders-protests-controversial-dakota-access-pipeline-white-house/story?id=42055322 . November 29, 2020 . 2020-12-27 . ABC News.
  72. News: Weigel . David . Bernie Sanders pledges 'end of the exploitation of Native American people' in fight against Dakota pipeline . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201129211030/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/09/14/bernie-sanders-pledges-end-of-the-exploitation-of-native-american-people-in-fight-against-dakota-pipeline/ . November 29, 2020 . 2020-12-27 . Washington Post . 0190-8286.
  73. Web site: Rolling Stone . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110307132055/http://www.rollingstone.com/ . March 7, 2011 . December 14, 2016.
  74. News: December 4, 2016 . Standing Rock Sioux Tribe's Statement on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Decision to Not Grant Easement . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161204230930/http://standwithstandingrock.net/standing-rock-sioux-tribes-statement-u-s-army-corps-engineers-decision-not-grant-easement/ . December 4, 2016 . December 4, 2016 . Stand With Standing Rock.
  75. News: December 4, 2016 . Dakota Access Pipeline to be rerouted . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171215204351/http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/04/politics/dakota-access-pipeline/ . December 15, 2017 . December 4, 2016 . CNN.
  76. News: Renshaw . Jarrett . 2017-04-19 . East Coast refiner shuns Bakken delivery as Dakota Access Pipeline starts . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191002014933/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-north-dakota-pipeline-pes-idUSKBN17L0BJ . October 2, 2019 . 2017-05-11 . Reuters.
  77. News: Friedman . Lisa . 2020-03-25 . Standing Rock Sioux Tribe Wins a Victory in Dakota Access Pipeline Case . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200917131552/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/25/climate/dakota-access-pipeline-sioux.html . September 17, 2020 . 2020-09-15 . The New York Times.
  78. News: Fortin . Jacey . Friedman . Lisa . 2020-07-06 . Dakota Access Pipeline to Shut Down Pending Review, Federal Judge Rules . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200917131527/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/06/us/dakota-access-pipeline.html . September 17, 2020 . 2020-09-15 . The New York Times.
  79. News: July 7, 2020 . Judge suspends Dakota Access pipeline over environmental concerns . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200924040952/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/06/dakota-access-pipeline-environment-oil . September 24, 2020 . September 15, 2020 . . Associated Press.
  80. News: Frazin . Rachel . 2020-08-05 . Court cancels shutdown of Dakota Access Pipeline . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200904031830/https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/510748-court-cancels-shutdown-of-dakota-access-pipeline . September 4, 2020 . 2020-09-15 . The Hill.
  81. Daryl Owen . June 6, 2018 . The Untold Story of the Dakota Access Pipeline: How Politics Almost Undermined the Rule of Law . live . LSU Journal of Energy Law and Resources . https://web.archive.org/web/20201023200831/https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1134&context=jelr%2F . October 23, 2020 . October 20, 2020.
  82. Web site: September 30, 2014 . Sept 30th DAPL meeting with SRST . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161126183934/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XARJFdyyfac . November 26, 2016 . November 27, 2016 . youtube . Standing Rock Sioux Tribe . from 5:48 (evocation of treaty boundaries: Fort Laramie Treaties (1851 and 1868) and standing resolution from 2012). Afterwards, Chuck Frey (VP of ETP) makes a presentation of the DAPL project..
  83. News: Mufson, Steven . November 25, 2016 . A Dakota pipeline's last stand . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161213051530/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/a-dakota-pipelines-last-stand/2016/11/25/35a5dd32-b02c-11e6-be1c-8cec35b1ad25_story.html . December 13, 2016 . December 14, 2016 . Washington Post.
  84. News: Should farmers make way for the Bakken pipeline?. August 25, 2014. Press Citizen. William Petroski. October 25, 2016. December 4, 2014. https://archive.today/20141204115030/http://www.press-citizen.com/story/news/2014/08/22/farmers-make-way-bakken-pipeline/14426829/. live.
  85. News: Energy Transfer, Phillips 66 partner on Iowa pipeline. Ames Tribune. Gavin Aronsen. October 28, 2014. September 20, 2016. November 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161104005927/http://www.amestrib.com/news/energy-transfer-phillips-66-partner-iowa-pipeline#sthash.HxSouvkE.dpuf. live.
  86. News: Federal appeals court hears arguments over Dakota Access pipeline. Harte, Julia. October 5, 2016. Reuters. October 14, 2016. October 18, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161018222251/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-pipeline-nativeamericans-hearing-idUSKCN12529S. live.
  87. News: Dalrymple. Amy. Pipeline route plan first called for crossing north of Bismarck. The Bismarck Tribune. August 18, 2016. September 23, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161101185338/http://bismarcktribune.com/news/state-and-regional/pipeline-route-plan-first-called-for-crossing-north-of-bismarck/article_64d053e4-8a1a-5198-a1dd-498d386c933c.html. November 1, 2016.
  88. A Pipeline Fight and America's Dark Past . The New Yorker . September 6, 2016 . October 25, 2016 . McKibben, Bill . October 11, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161011095706/http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/a-pipeline-fight-and-americas-dark-past . live .
  89. Web site: What You Need to Know About the Dakota Access Pipeline Protest . Common Dreams . September 9, 2016 . October 26, 2016 . Moyers, Bill . October 26, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161026171324/http://www.commondreams.org/views/2016/09/09/what-you-need-know-about-dakota-access-pipeline-protest . live .
  90. News: Dakota Access Pipeline: Three Federal Agencies Side With Standing Rock Sioux, Demand Review. August 6, 2016. Indian Country Today Media Network. April 28, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160904170525/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2016/04/27/dakota-access-pipeline-three-federal-agencies-side-standing-rock-sioux-demand-review. September 4, 2016. dead.
  91. Web site: Bakken pipeline opposition presents petitions to U.S. Justice Department . Radio Iowa . September 15, 2016 . September 25, 2016 . Michael Leland, Iowa Public Radio . September 27, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160927071550/http://www.radioiowa.com/2016/09/15/bakken-pipeline-opposition-presents-petitions-to-u-s-justice-department/ . live .
  92. Web site: 2021-08-06. More oil shipped as Dakota Access Pipeline expansion starts. 2021-10-25. AP NEWS. en.
  93. Web site: Why the Founder of Standing Rock Sioux Camp Can't Forget the Whitestone Massacre. September 3, 2016. Yes! Magazine. October 25, 2016. Bravebull Allard, LaDonna. November 28, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161128184825/http://www.yesmagazine.org/people-power/why-the-founder-of-standing-rock-sioux-camp-cant-forget-the-whitestone-massacre-20160903. live.
  94. Web site: Background on the Dakota Access Pipeline. September 26, 2016. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160909050159/http://standingrock.org/data/upfiles/media/Backgrounder%20DAPL%20SRST%20FINAL.pdf. September 9, 2016. mdy-all.
  95. News: Tannous . Nadya Raja . Palestinians join Standing Rock Sioux to protest Dakota Access Pipeline Activism . . October 24, 2016 . October 26, 2016 . October 27, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161027010457/http://mondoweiss.net/2016/10/palestinians-standing-pipeline/ . live .
  96. Web site: Begay . Jade . Indigenous Women Leaders of Dakota Access Pipeline Resistance to Speak Out For Protection of Earth and Water . About IEN . . September 28, 2016 . October 26, 2016 . October 28, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161028084323/http://www.commondreams.org/newswire/2016/09/28/indigenous-women-leaders-dakota-access-pipeline-resistance-speak-out-protection . live.
  97. News: Standing Rock: The Biggest Story That No One's Covering. September 8, 2016. Indian Country Today Media Network. Gray. Jim. October 25, 2016. November 14, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161114131349/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2016/09/08/standing-rock-biggest-story-no-ones-covering. dead.
  98. Web site: Dakota Pipeline Company Buys Ranch Near Sioux Protest Site, Records Show . NBC News . September 23, 2016 . September 24, 2016 . Medina, Daniel A. . September 23, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160923223933/http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/dakota-pipeline-company-buys-ranch-near-sioux-protest-site-records-n653051 . live .
  99. News: Protesters dig in amid fears of law enforcement raid. The Bismarck Tribune. October 24, 2016. Grueskin, Caroline. October 25, 2016. October 27, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161027165135/http://bismarcktribune.com/news/state-and-regional/protesters-dig-in-amid-fears-of-law-enforcement-raid/article_a4578e78-065b-51da-a1fa-ea795974afb9.html. live.
  100. News: Citing 1851 Treaty, Water Protectors Establish Road Blockade and Expand Frontline #NoDAPL Camp Indigenous Rising. October 23, 2016. Indigenous Rising. October 28, 2016. October 27, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161027142405/http://indigenousrising.org/citing-1851-treaty-water-protectors-establish-road-blockade-and-expand-frontline-nodapl-camp/. live.
  101. News: Live updates from Dakota Access Pipeline protests: 'It will be a battle here'. October 26, 2016. The Seattle Times. October 26, 2016. The Seattle Times staff. October 31, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161031040637/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/live-updates-from-dakota-access-pipeline-protests-day-1/. live.
  102. Web site: 2016-10-27. Watch: Shots reportedly fired, 141 arrested at Dakota Access Pipeline protests. 2021-10-23. The Seattle Times. en-US.
  103. Web site: Dakota Access Pipeline: More Than 100 Arrested as Protesters Ousted From Camp . NBC News . October 27, 2016 . October 28, 2016 . Silva, Daniella . October 27, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161027224810/http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/dakota-access-pipeline-authorities-start-arresting-protesters-new-camp-n674066 . live .
  104. Web site: Developing: 100+ Militarized Police Raiding #NoDAPL Resistance Camp Blocking Pipeline's Path. October 27, 2016. Democracy Now!. November 2, 2016. November 29, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161129145643/https://www.democracynow.org/2016/10/27/developing_100_militarized_police_demolishing_nodapl. live.
  105. Standing Rock Sioux Tribe v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief. In the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. 1:16-cv-01534-Document 1. August 6, 2016. July 27, 2016. August 26, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160826135719/http://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/3154%201%20Complaint.pdf. live.
  106. Standing Rock Sioux Tribe v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Memorandum in Support of Motion for Preliminary Injunction Expedited Hearing Requested. United States District Court for the District of Columbia. 1:16-cv-1534-JEB. August 6, 2016. August 4, 2016. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160807104201/http://standingrock.org/data/upfiles/media/Memo%20ISO%20Mtn%20for%20Preliminary%20Injunction_3.pdf. August 7, 2016. mdy-all.
  107. Web site: Monet. Jenni. Standing Rock Sioux tribe claims small victory in pipeline battle. September 17, 2016. pbs.org. September 10, 2016. September 16, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160916120246/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/standing-rock-sioux-tribe-claims-small-victory-pipeline-battle/. live.
  108. Web site: Key points of judge's ruling in Dakota Access pipeline case. Associated Press. Karnowski, Steve. 9 September 2016. December 16, 2020. April 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210418013905/https://apnews.com/article/a36bd062142e4db6aeb7ba5009362f2c. live.
  109. Web site: Joint Statement from the Department of Justice, the Department of the Army and the Department of the Interior Regarding Standing Rock Sioux Tribe v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Office of Public Affairs, United States Department of Justice. 17 September 2016. 9 September 2016. September 18, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160918085917/https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/joint-statement-department-justice-department-army-and-department-interior-regarding-standing. live.
  110. Web site: Dakota Access Pipeline: What's Behind the Protests? . NBC News . November 4, 2016 . November 5, 2016 . Medina, Daniel A. . November 4, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161104183833/http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/dakota-pipeline-protests/dakota-access-pipeline-what-s-behind-protests-n676801 . live .
  111. News: Gaudiano. Nicole. Bernie Sanders, Native Americans say oil pipeline will poison drinking water. USA Today. September 13, 2016. August 26, 2017. March 5, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170305001045/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/09/13/sen-bernie-sanders-native-americans-protest-pipeline/90306142/. live.
  112. Web site: Corps: More discussion needed before agency will approve Dakota.... November 18, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161129211132/http://www.bemidjipioneer.com/news/region/4159150-corps-more-discussion-needed-agency-will-approve-dakota-access-easement. November 29, 2016. dead.
  113. Web site: James MacPherson. Blake Nicholson. Pipeline Company Seeks Court Permission to Proceed With Plan. ABC news. November 18, 2016. November 15, 2016. November 17, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161117183500/http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/robert-kennedy-jr-join-dakota-access-pipeline-protests-43539715. live.
  114. Web site: Forum News Service. Corps: More discussion needed before agency will approve Dakota Access easement. Bemidji Pioneer. Bemidji Pioneer and Forum Communications Company. November 18, 2016. November 14, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161129211132/http://www.bemidjipioneer.com/news/region/4159150-corps-more-discussion-needed-agency-will-approve-dakota-access-easement. November 29, 2016. dead.
  115. Web site: CEO behind Dakota Access to protesters: 'We're building the pipeline'. PBS Newshour. November 22, 2016. November 16, 2016. November 22, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161122041112/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/ceo-behind-dakota-access-protesters-building-pipeline/. live.
  116. News: Healy. Jack. Fandos. Nicholas. Protesters Gain Victory in Fight over Oil Pipeline near Sioux Reservation: Army Blocks Drilling and Says It Will Seek a New Route. December 5, 2016. The New York Times. December 5, 2016. A1. December 5, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161205001357/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/04/us/federal-officials-to-explore-different-route-for-dakota-pipeline.html. live.
  117. News: Army will not grant easement for Dakota Access Pipeline crossing. 5 December 2016. U.S. Army ASA (CW) Press Release. 4 December 2016. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20161204235307/https://www.army.mil/article/179095/army_will_not_grant_easement_for_dakota_access_pipeline_crossing. December 4, 2016. mdy-all.
  118. Energy Transfer Partners and Sunoco Logistics Partners Respond to the Statement from the Department of the Army – Business Wire. December 5, 2016. December 14, 2016. December 11, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161211221931/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20161204005090/en/Energy-Transfer-Partners-Sunoco-Logistics-Partners-Respond. live.
  119. Web site: Trump advances controversial oil pipelines with executive action. CNN. January 24, 2017. December 11, 2017. June 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210613055416/https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/24/politics/trump-keystone-xl-dakota-access-pipelines-executive-actions/index.html. live.
  120. News: FAQ: Standing Rock Litigation. 2017-02-14. Earthjustice. 2017-12-11. December 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171211213539/https://earthjustice.org/features/faq-standing-rock-litigation#documents. live.
  121. Web site: The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe's Litigation on the Dakota Access Pipeline. Earth Justice. December 11, 2017. December 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171211213539/https://earthjustice.org/features/faq-standing-rock-litigation. live.
  122. 2017-06-15. Judge Orders More Reviews of Dakota Access Pipeline.
  123. News: Federal judge orders more environmental analysis of Dakota pipeline. 2017-06-15. Reuters. 2017-12-11. December 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171211161028/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northdakota-pipeline-dapl/federal-judge-asks-army-to-revisit-environmental-analysis-of-dakota-pipeline-idUSKBN19538I. live.
  124. Web site: Beitsch. Rebecca. March 25, 2020. Court sides with tribes in Dakota Access Pipeline case, ordering full environmental review. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210215202319/https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/489488-court-sides-with-tribes-in-dakota-access-pipeline-case-ordering. February 15, 2021. June 19, 2020. The Hill.
  125. Web site: Court reverses order to shut down Dakota Access pipeline. September 15, 2020. MPR News Presents. August 5, 2020 .
  126. Web site: 2021-06-23. Dakota Access lawsuit dismissed; future challenges possible. 2021-10-25. AP NEWS. en.
  127. Web site: Home. www.nodaplpoliticalprisoners.org. 2019-06-12. September 29, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190929065931/https://nodaplpoliticalprisoners.org/. live.
  128. Web site: Native Americans who protested Dakota Access get handed the longest prison sentences. July 12, 2018 . 2021-10-23. en-US.
  129. Web site: Water Protector Prisoners. Water Protector Legal Collective. 2019-06-12. March 4, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200304172140/https://waterprotectorlegal.org/water-protector-prisoners/. live.
  130. News: Standing Rock activist accused of firing at police gets nearly five years in prison. Associated Press. 2018-07-12. The Guardian. 2019-06-12. 0261-3077. July 9, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190709211217/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/11/red-fawn-fallis-standing-rock-activist-prison-officer-shooting. live.
  131. Web site: 2018-06-22. 'He's a political prisoner': Standing Rock activists face years in jail. 2021-10-23. the Guardian. en.
  132. Web site: Donovan. Lauren. Standing Rock Sioux Chairman Dave Archambault arrested at Dakota Access Pipeline protest. Bismarck Tribune. November 3, 2016. August 12, 2016. November 22, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161122052318/http://bismarcktribune.com/news/state-and-regional/standing-rock-sioux-chairman-dave-archambault-arrested-at-dakota-access/article_fb12da36-3e84-5694-8eba-000013930cb2.html. live.
  133. Web site: MacPherson. James. Dakota Access pipeline owners sue North Dakota protesters. Big Story. Associated Press. November 3, 2016. August 15, 2016. November 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161104021504/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/d4f1627631bf44df9cc52853f09f4256/dakota-access-pipeline-owners-sue-north-dakota-protesters. live.
  134. Web site: Dakota Access Pipeline Activists Face 110 Years in Prison, Two Years After Confessing Sabotage. Brown. Alleen. 2019-10-04. The Intercept. 2020-03-13. February 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200215220654/https://theintercept.com/2019/10/04/dakota-access-pipeline-sabotage/. live.
  135. News: Fortin. Jacey. 2 Dakota Pipeline Protesters Face Federal Charges Over 2017 Damage. 2019-10-02. The New York Times. 2020-03-13. 0362-4331. June 30, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200630145724/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/02/us/two-women-charged-dakota-access-pipeline.html. live.
  136. News: Joens. Philip. June 30, 2021. Iowa climate activist sentenced to eight years in federal prison for Dakota Access pipeline sabotage. The Des Moines Register.
  137. Web site: Dennis J Bernstein. Green Party Candidates Face Arrest: An Interview with Green Party VP Candidate Ajamu Baraka. reader supported news. September 10, 2016. September 17, 2016. September 13, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160913133449/http://readersupportednews.org/opinion2/277-75/39068-focus-green-party-candidates-face-arrest-an-interview-with-green-party-vp-candidate-ajamu-baraka. live.
  138. News: Democracy Now reporter to return to state to face charges . Bismarck Tribune . October 11, 2016 . October 20, 2016 . Grueskin, Caroline . October 16, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161016170831/http://bismarcktribune.com/news/state-and-regional/democracy-now-reporter-to-return-to-state-to-face-charges/article_644cb3c1-ae67-552a-bed8-9c6e171f3565.html . live .
  139. Journalist Amy Goodman Shouldn't Be Arrested for Covering Dakota Pipeline Story . Rolling Stone . October 13, 2016 . October 20, 2016 . Taibbi, Matt . October 18, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161018231014/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/taibbi-on-amy-goodman-arrest-for-covering-dakota-pipeline-story-w444754 . live .
  140. Web site: Canadian photojournalist detained for hours, refused entry to U.S. . November 30, 2016 . December 5, 2016 . December 4, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161204072200/http://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-wednesday-edition-1.3874554/canadian-photojournalist-detained-for-hours-refused-entry-to-u-s-1.3874563 . live .
  141. Web site: U.S. border agents stopped Canadian journalist from entry and confiscated his phones without a warrant. December 14, 2016. March 26, 2020. http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20200326163708/https://nationalpost.com/category/news/. live.
  142. Web site: Amnesty International USA to Monitor to North Dakota Pipeline Protests. Amnesty International USA. October 29, 2016.
  143. News: Ratner. Lizzy. Amy Goodman Is Facing Prison for Reporting on the Dakota Access Pipeline. That Should Scare Us All.. October 15, 2016. The Nation. October 15, 2016. October 16, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161016035451/https://www.thenation.com/article/amy-goodman-is-facing-prison-for-reporting-on-the-dakota-access-pipeline-that-should-scare-us-all/. live.
  144. Web site: MEDIA ADVISORY: Journalist Amy Goodman to Turn Herself in to North Dakota Authorities. October 13, 2016. Democracy Now!. October 13, 2016. October 13, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161013231054/http://www.democracynow.org/2016/10/13/media_advisory_journalist_amy_goodman_to. live.
  145. Web site: Arrest warrant for muckraking U.S. journalist – Committee to Protect Journalists. September 12, 2016. Committee to Protect Journalists. October 13, 2016. October 18, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161018195346/https://cpj.org/2016/09/arrest-warrant-for-muckraking-us-journalist.php. live.
  146. News: Charge against reporter 'raises a red flag'. Grueskin. Caroline". September 12, 2016. Bismarck Tribune. October 13, 2016. September 20, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160920170325/http://bismarcktribune.com/news/state-and-regional/charge-against-reporter-raises-a-red-flag/article_a38cb3b6-2a69-5e53-b5d2-0b062c1bfee3.html. live.
  147. News: Greenberg. Will. Judge Throws Out Charges Against Journalist Who Covered Dakota Access Pipeline. Mother Jones. October 17, 2016. July 5, 2018. August 14, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180814000832/https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2016/10/amy-goodman-dakota-access-pipeline-press-freedom/. live.
  148. Web site: Press Freedom Victory: Riot Charges Dropped Against Amy Goodman Over Dakota Pipeline Coverage . Democracy Now! . October 18, 2016 . October 18, 2016 . October 20, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161020014635/http://www.democracynow.org/2016/10/18/victory_for_press_freedom_amy_goodman . live .
  149. Web site: ND State Criminal Cases. Water Protector Legal Collective. 2019-06-23. March 4, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200304172256/https://waterprotectorlegal.org/nd-state-criminal-defense/. live.
  150. News: 2019-02-15 . U.S. court dismisses Energy Transfer Partners lawsuit against Greenpeace . en . Reuters . 2022-05-01.
  151. News: Dwyer . Colin . 2017-08-22 . Dakota Access Pipeline Owner Sues Greenpeace For 'Criminal Activity' . en . NPR . 2022-05-01.
  152. Web site: Cama . Timothy . 2019-02-15 . Court dismisses Dakota Access company's lawsuit against greens . 2022-05-01 . The Hill . en-US.
  153. Web site: Brown . Alleen . Parrish . Will . Speri . Alice . Dakota Access Pipeline Company Paid Mercenaries to Build Conspiracy Lawsuit Against Environmentalists . 2022-05-01 . The Intercept . November 15, 2017 . en.
  154. Web site: Show of support: Local tribes among those backing Standing Rock Sioux effort. August 30, 2016. The Shawnee News Star. September 26, 2016. Hutson-Miller, Kaylea M.. September 27, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160927151727/http://www.news-star.com/news/20160830/show-of-support-local-tribes-among-those-backing-standing-rock-sioux-effort. live.
  155. News: Jordan Chariton. March 13, 2016. TYT Network. December 3, 2016. December 20, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161220044857/https://tytnetwork.com/about/host-bios/jordan-chariton/. live.
  156. Web site: STOP THE DAKOTA ACCESS PIPELINE. Rezpect Our Water. December 13, 2017. December 14, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171214014323/http://rezpectourwater.com/. live.
  157. Web site: Dhillon. Jaskiran. Indigenous Youth Are Building a Climate Justice Movement by Targeting Colonialism. Truthout. June 20, 2016 . December 13, 2017. December 14, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171214014250/http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/36482-indigenous-youth-are-building-a-climate-justice-movement-by-targeting-colonialism. live.
  158. Web site: Revesz. Rachael. 13-year-old Native American's petition to stop oil pipeline reaches 80,000 signatures. Independent. May 11, 2016. December 13, 2017. December 14, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171214014901/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/13-year-old-native-american-s-petition-to-stop-oil-pipeline-reaches-80000-signatures-a7024426.html. live.
  159. Web site: Bengal. Rebecca. Inside the Movement to Stop the Dakota Access Pipeline. Vogue. November 23, 2016. December 13, 2017. December 14, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171214124922/https://www.vogue.com/projects/13505511/standing-rock-movement-dakota-access-pipeline/. live.
  160. News: Standing Rock tribe sues over Dakota Access pipeline permits. July 29, 2016. Grand Forks Herald. Amundson. Barry. August 6, 2016. November 3, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161103021321/http://www.grandforksherald.com/news/region/4083858-standing-rock-tribe-sues-over-dakota-access-pipeline-permits. live.
  161. Web site: Run For Your Life: NO DAPL A Relay Run In Opposition of Dakota Access Pipeline. Last Real Indians. December 13, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171214014301/http://lastrealindians.com/run-for-your-life-no-dapl-a-relay-run-in-opposition-of-dakota-access-pipeline/. December 14, 2017. dead.
  162. Web site: Petronzio. Matt. How young Native Americans used social media to build up the #NoDAPL movement. Mashable. December 7, 2016. December 13, 2017. December 25, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171225020646/http://mashable.com/2016/12/07/standing-rock-nodapl-youth/#FYOoczmbpqq5. live.
  163. Web site: 15 Indigenous Women on the Frontlines of the Dakota Access Pipeline Resistance. EcoWatch. October 29, 2016. December 14, 2017. December 15, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110630/https://www.ecowatch.com/indigenous-women-dakota-access-pipeline-2069613663.html. live.
  164. News: North Dakota oil pipeline protest finds support in Denver, hundreds gather at State Capitol. September 8, 2016. The Denver Post. September 30, 2016. Kieran Nicholson. October 2, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161002184615/http://www.denverpost.com/2016/09/08/north-dakota-oil-pipeline-protest-denver/. live.
  165. News: Tribes march in Seattle to back Standing Rock Sioux in North Dakota pipeline fight. September 17, 2016. The Seattle Times. September 29, 2016. Lynda V. Mapes. September 20, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160920140129/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/tribes-march-in-seattle-to-back-standing-rock-sioux-in-pipeline-fight/. live.
  166. News: Sanders, 4 other senators request Dakota pipeline review as 19 cities support tribe. October 13, 2016. Grand Forks Herald. October 14, 2016. Valerie Volcovici. October 16, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161016233052/http://www.grandforksherald.com/news/4135798-sanders-4-other-senators-request-dakota-pipeline-review-19-cities-support-tribe. live.
  167. News: Dane County sends 10 deputies to North Dakota to help at pipeline protests. Ed Treleven. Wisconsin State Journal. November 22, 2016. October 13, 2016. March 5, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170305013332/http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/crime-and-courts/dane-county-sends-deputies-to-north-dakota-to-help-at/article_6d818eaa-038c-5019-a571-57911833e906.html. live.
  168. News: Dane County sheriff pulls deputies back from North Dakota pipeline deployment. George Hesselberg. Wisconsin State Journal. November 22, 2016. October 13, 2016. November 17, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161117121052/http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/dane-county-sheriff-pulls-deputies-back-from-north-dakota-pipeline/article_9739055c-70e9-55ce-969d-4a76acf5be89.html. live.
  169. News: Dakota Access Pipeline Protests Spread to 300 Cities as Pipeline Owner Sues to Continue Construction. November 16, 2016. Democracy Now. November 16, 2016. November 16, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161116175952/http://www.democracynow.org/2016/11/16/nodapl_protests_spread_to_300_cities. live.
  170. Web site: Daniel A. Medina. Chiara Sottile. Scores Arrested in Dakota Access Pipeline Protests Nationwide. NBC news. November 22, 2016. November 16, 2016. November 22, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161122024253/http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/dakota-pipeline-protests/scores-arrested-dakota-access-pipeline-protests-nationwide-n684531. live.
  171. News: Protesters Mark A Solemn Thanksgiving Day At Standing Rock. National Public Radio. November 25, 2016. November 28, 2016. November 28, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161128094130/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/25/503278053/protesters-mark-a-solemn-thanksgiving-day-at-standing-rock. live. Alexandra. Cassi. Zambelich. Ariel.
  172. Web site: Hundreds pour into Standing Rock ahead of Thanksgiving. November 24, 2016 . November 28, 2016. November 28, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161128134525/https://www.maoritelevision.com/news/politics/hundreds-pour-standing-rock-ahead-thanksgiving. live.
  173. Web site: San Jose helps Standing Rock Sioux protest Big Oil, pipeline. November 23, 2016. November 28, 2016. November 28, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161128052623/http://www.mercurynews.com/2016/11/23/ponciano-standing-rock-sioux-need-silicon-valleys-help/. live.
  174. Web site: KEZI.com – Eugene Group Heads to Standing Rock for Thanksgiving. November 21, 2016. November 28, 2016. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20161128050659/http://www.kezi.com/news/local/402355836.html. November 28, 2016. mdy-all.
  175. Web site: Northcentral Wisconsin pipeline protesters spend Thanksgiving at Standing Rock. Alexandra. Burnley. November 28, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161128133308/http://www.waow.com/story/33790499/northcentral-wisconsin-pipeline-protesters-spend-thanksgiving-at-standing-rock. November 28, 2016. dead.
  176. Web site: Durango Protesters To Join Standing Rock For Thanksgiving. November 27, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20170305181637/https://www.cpr.org/news/newsbeat/durango-protesters-to-join-standing-rock-for-thanksgiving. March 5, 2017. dead.
  177. Web site: Charlestonians from Standing Rock on Thanksgiving week: "We need people". Kelly Rae. Smith. November 28, 2016. November 28, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161128050318/http://www.charlestoncitypaper.com/TheBattery/archives/2016/11/22/charlestonians-from-standing-rock-on-thanksgiving-week-we-need-more-bodies-and-warm-spaces. live.
  178. Web site: Standing Rock caravan leaves from Port Townsend – Peninsula Daily News. November 21, 2016. November 28, 2016. November 28, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161128133600/http://www.peninsuladailynews.com/news/standing-rock-caravan-leaves-from-port-townsend-today/. live.
  179. Web site: Protesters vow to "reclaim" land, bridge Thursday. Blair. Emersono. Bismarck Tribune. November 24, 2016 . November 28, 2016. March 5, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170305004941/http://bismarcktribune.com/news/local/protesters-rally-in-multiple-locations/article_f8c6c5b1-bf84-5cd2-a191-1f65afb106e5.html. live.
  180. Web site: Standing Rock activists asking white people to stop treating pipeline protest like Burning Man . Katie . Dowd . November 30, 2016 . San Francisco Chronicle . December 1, 2016 . December 1, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161201185909/http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Standing-Rock-protest-white-people-Burning-Man-10640250.php . live .
  181. Web site: Jane Fonda Will Serve Thanksgiving Dinner To The Standing Rock Protestors. Carey. O'Donnell. November 22, 2016. November 28, 2016. November 28, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161128053452/http://www.papermag.com/jane-fonda-will-serve-thanksgiving-dinner-standing-rock-protestors-2105357027.html. live.
  182. Web site: Thorbecke, Catherine. Thanksgiving at Dakota Access Pipeline Protest. November 24, 2016. November 28, 2016. November 28, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161128051545/https://abc13.com/news/thanksgiving-at-dakota-access-pipeline-protest/1624314/. live.
  183. Web site: Gentile, Derek. Great Barrington chef cooks Thanksgiving dinner at Standing Rock. November 22, 2016 . November 28, 2016. November 28, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161128133527/http://www.berkshireeagle.com/stories/great-barrington-chef-cooks-thanksgiving-dinner-at-standing-rock,490194. live.
  184. Web site: Gammage, Jeff. Philly restaurateurs to serve Thanksgiving dinner at Standing Rock. Philly.com. The Philadelphia Inquirer. December 14, 2016. November 23, 2016. November 28, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161128050415/http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20161124_Philly_pilgrims_travel_west_to_serve_Thanksgiving_dinner_to_Indians.html. live.
  185. Web site: Theen, Andrew. Standing Rock rally draws hundreds to downtown Portland. December 14, 2016. November 24, 2016. March 5, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170305001813/http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/11/standing_rock_rally_draws_hund.html. live.
  186. News: 2 Cities To Pull More Than $3 Billion From Wells Fargo Over Dakota Access Pipeline . Chappell . Bill . February 8, 2017 . April 5, 2018 . April 5, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180405042103/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/08/514133514/two-cities-vote-to-pull-more-than-3-billion-from-wells-fargo-over-dakota-pipelin . live . 2 Cities To Pull More Than $3 Billion From Wells Fargo Over Dakota Access Pipeline
  187. News: Gambino. Lauren. Native Americans take Dakota Access pipeline protest to Washington. March 10, 2017. The Guardian. March 10, 2017. March 10, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170310232220/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/mar/10/native-nations-march-washington-dakota-access-pipeline. live.
  188. Web site: Veterans to Serve as 'Human Shields' for Dakota Pipeline Protesters. November 29, 2016. The New York Times. December 2, 2016. December 2, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161202000106/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/29/us/veterans-to-serve-as-human-shields-for-pipeline-protesters.html. live.
  189. Stuart. Tessa. 2016-12-05. Standing Rock: Tulsi Gabbard on What the Dakota Pipeline Decision Means. 2021-01-19. Rolling Stone. January 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210117073251/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/standing-rock-tulsi-gabbard-on-what-the-dakota-pipeline-decision-means-113675/. live.
  190. News: US veterans return to Standing Rock to form human shield to protect Dakota Access pipeline protesters . Osborne . Samuel . February 10, 2017 . August 26, 2017 . February 26, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170226133836/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/us-army-veterans-human-shield-dakota-access-pipeline-standing-rock-a7576291.html . live .
  191. Web site: How the Nation's Artists Are Standing with Standing Rock. J. H.. Fearless. November 24, 2016. June 7, 2019. June 7, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190607164255/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/9anxk8/artists-standing-with-standing-rock. live.
  192. Web site: How young Native Americans built and sustained the #NoDAPL movement. Matt. Petronzio. Mashable. December 7, 2016. June 7, 2019. June 7, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190607164256/https://mashable.com/2016/12/07/standing-rock-nodapl-youth/. live.
  193. Web site: Petronzio. Matt. How young Native Americans used social media to build up the #NoDAPL movement. Mashable. December 7, 2016. October 18, 2017. October 19, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171019055618/http://mashable.com/2016/12/07/standing-rock-nodapl-youth/#FYOoczmbpqq5. live.
  194. Klein. Naomi. The Lesson from Standing Rock: Organizing and Resistance Can Win. The Nation. December 5, 2016. November 6, 2017. November 7, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171107032509/https://www.thenation.com/article/the-lesson-from-standing-rock-organizing-and-resistance-can-win/. live.
  195. News: Mufson. Steven. January 24, 2017. Trump gives green light to dakota access keystone xl oil pipelines. Washington Post. Washington, DC. live. January 24, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170317233425/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/01/24/trump-gives-green-light-to-dakota-access-keystone-xl-oil-pipelines/. March 17, 2017.
  196. News: Jacobs. Jennifer. Dlouhy. Jennifer A.. Vamburkar. Meenal. January 24, 2017. Trump Pins Keystone and Dakota Pipeline Fate on Renegotiation. Bloomberg. live. January 24, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170125004134/https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2017-01-24/trump-advances-keystone-and-dakota-pipelines-fulfilling-pledge. January 25, 2017.
  197. Nobel. Justin. 2019-06-04. Standing Rock Fights On: Tribal Activism Goes Solar. 2021-10-23. Rolling Stone. en-US.
  198. News: Harder. Amy. Matthews. Christopher M.. 2017-02-07. Trump Administration Gives Final Approval for Dakota Access Pipeline. Wall Street Journal. live. 2017-02-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20170207230936/https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-administration-gives-final-approval-for-dakota-access-pipeline-1486500445. February 7, 2017. 0099-9660.
  199. News: Army Approves Dakota Access Pipeline Route, Paving Way For The Project's Completion . Hersher . Rebecca . February 7, 2017.
  200. News: Standing Rock protesters 'won't back down' over Dakota Access Pipeline after Donald Trump executive action . The Independent . Sharman . Jon . August 26, 2017 . December 15, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110942/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/standing-rock-protesters-dakota-access-pipeline-donald-trump-executive-order-action-keystone-xl-oil-a7544796.html . live .
  201. News: Actress Woodley urges boycott of Dakota Access pipeline banks on 'Late Show with Stephen Colbert' . Von Pinnon . Matthew . February 13, 2017 . February 15, 2017 . February 16, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170216061702/http://www.inforum.com/news/4217692-actress-woodley-urges-boycott-dakota-access-pipeline-banks-late-show-stephen-colbert . live .
  202. http://www.ksfy.com/content/news/Bernie-Sanders-releases-statement-opposing-Dakota-Access-Pipeline-391318252.html Bernie Sanders releases a statement opposing Dakota Access Pipeline
  203. Web site: Sanders Calls on President to Intervene in Dakota Access Pipeline Dispute . Bernie Sanders . October 28, 2016 . October 29, 2016 . October 30, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161030201633/http://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/sanders-calls-on-president-to-intervene-in-dakota-access-pipeline-dispute . live .
  204. News: On Dakota Access, Obama says Army Corps is weighing whether to 'reroute' pipeline . The Washington Post . November 1, 2016 . November 3, 2016 . Eilperin, Juliet . Hawkins, Derek . November 2, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161102192602/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/11/02/dakota-access-obama-says-army-corps-is-weighing-whether-to-reroute-pipeline/ . live .
  205. News: Looking Horse. Chief Arvol. October 28, 2016. Chief Arvol Looking Horse to Obama: Keep Your Word. Indian Country Today Media Network. live. October 29, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161030142936/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2016/10/28/chief-arvol-looking-horse-obama-keep-your-word-166266. October 30, 2016.
  206. News: Congress finally begins to notice the Dakota Access Pipeline protests at Standing Rock . November 29, 2016 . Sophia . Tesfaye . Salon . December 2, 2016 . December 3, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161203011516/http://www.salon.com/2016/11/29/congress-finally-begins-to-notice-the-dakota-access-pipeline-protests-at-standing-rock/ . live .
  207. Web site: Grossman. Evan. Leading lacrosse figures join resistance against President Trump and Dakota Access Pipeline. Daily News. January 25, 2017 . December 11, 2017. December 12, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171212031650/http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/leading-lacrosse-figures-join-fight-dapl-article-1.2955328. live.
  208. Web site: Paiella . Gabriella . The 28-Year-Old at the Center of One of This Year's Most Exciting Primaries . The Cut . June 25, 2018 . July 2, 2018 . June 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180628013441/https://www.thecut.com/2018/06/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-interview.html . live .
  209. Web site: Ahtone. Tristan. How media did and did not report on Standing Rock. 2021-08-19. www.aljazeera.com.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Dakota Access Pipeline protests".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.