Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast Explained
| Conventional Long Name: | Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast |
| Common Name: | Nagorno-Karabakh |
| Subdivision: | Autonomous oblast |
| Nation: | the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic |
| Year Start: | 1923 |
| Date Start: | 7 July |
| Event End: | Abolished |
| Year End: | 1991 |
| Date End: | 26 November |
| P1: | Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet RepublicTranscaucasian SFSR |
| Flag P1: | Flag of Transcaucasian SFSR (1925-1936).svg |
| S1: | Republic of ArtsakhRepublic of Nagorno-Karabakh |
| Flag S1: | Flag of Armenia.svg |
| S2: | Azerbaijan |
| Flag S2: | Flag of Azerbaijan (1991–2013).svg |
| Capital: | Stepanakert |
| Government Type: | Autonomous Oblast |
| Stat Year1: | 1989[1] |
| Stat Pop1: | 189,085 |
| Stat Area1: | 4388 |
The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) was an autonomous oblast within the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic that was created on July 7, 1923. Its capital was the city of Stepanakert. The majority of the population were ethnic Armenians.[2] [3] [4]
History
The area was disputed between Armenia and Azerbaijan during their short-lived independence from 1918 and 1920. After the Sovietization of Armenia and Azerbaijan, the Kavbiuro organisation decided to keep the area within the Azerbaijan SSR whilst granting it broad regional autonomy.[5] Initially, the principal city of Karabakh, Shusha, and its surrounding villages were to be excluded from the autonomy as they were predominantly Azerbaijani, particularly after the massacre and expulsion of the majority Armenian population of Shusha—this decision was later reversed in 1923 when Shusha was decided to join the NKAO despite protests from Muslim villages who favoured its inclusion into the Kurdistan uezd instead.[6]
On July 7, 1923, Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast was created and the capital was moved to Stepanakert.[7] At the time of its formation, its area was . According to the 1926 census, the population of the region was 125,200 people, among whom the Armenians accounted for 89.2 percent. However, by 1989, the share of Armenians dropped to 76.9 percent of the population of the autonomous region.[8] Reasons for this include the policy of Soviet Azerbaijani authorities to settle Azerbaijanis in the region and some out-migration of Karabakh Armenians, as well as the generally higher birthrate among Azerbaijanis than among Armenians.[9]
Although the question of Nagorno-Karabakh's status did not become a major public issue until the mid-1980s, Armenian intellectuals, Soviet Armenian and Karabakh Armenian leadership periodically made appeals to Moscow for the region's transfer to Soviet Armenia.[9] In 1945, the leader of Soviet Armenia Grigory Arutinov appealed to Stalin to attach the region to Soviet Armenia, which was rejected.[9] In 1965, thirteen Karabakh Armenian party officials wrote to Soviet leadership with their grievances about the attitude of Soviet Azerbaijani officials towards the NKAO. Many of these Karabakh Armenian officials were dismissed or moved to Armenia.[9] The rise of Heydar Aliyev to the leadership of the Azerbaijani SSR in 1969 saw increasing attempts to tighten Baku's control over the autonomous region. In 1973–74 Aliyev purged the entire leadership of the NKAO, who were regarded as Armenian nationalists. He appointed Boris Kevorkov, an Armenian from outside Karabakh, as the First Secretary of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan.[9]
In 1977, the prominent Armenian author Sero Khanzadyan wrote an open letter to Leonid Brezhnev calling for Nagorno-Karabakh's annexation to Soviet Armenia.[10]
Administrative divisions
There were five administrative divisions or raions in the NKAO :
Demographics
Ethnic group! colspan="2" | 1921[11] [12] | 1923[13] | 1925 | 1926[14] | 1939[15] | 1959[16] | 1970[17] | 1979[18] | 1989[19] |
|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % |
|---|
| Armenians | 122,715 | 88.62 | 149,600 | 94.8 | 142,470 | 90.28 | 111,694 | 89.24 | 132,800 | 88.04 | 110,053 | 84.39 | 121,068 | 80.54 | 123,076 | 75.89 | 145,450 | 76.92 |
| Azerbaijanis | 15,444 | 11.15 | 7,700 | 4.9 | 15,261 | 9.67 | 12,592 | 10.06 | 14,053 | 9.32 | 17,995 | 13.80 | 27,179 | 18.08 | 37,264 | 22.98 | 40,688 | 21.52 |
| Russians | 307 | 0.22 | 500 | 0.3 | 46 | 0.03 | 596 | 0.48 | 3,174 | 2.10 | 1,790 | 1.37 | 1,310 | 0.87 | 1,265 | 0.78 | 1,922 | 1.02 |
| Ukrainians | 30 | 0.02 | 35 | 0.03 | 436 | 0.29 | 238 | 0.18 | 193 | 0.13 | 140 | 0.09 | 416 | 0.22 |
| Belarusians | 12 | 0.01 | 11 | 0.01 | 32 | 0.02 | 35 | 0.02 | 37 | 0.02 | 79 | 0.04 |
| Greeks | 68 | 0.05 | 74 | 0.05 | 67 | 0.05 | 33 | 0.02 | 56 | 0.03 | 72 | 0.04 |
| Tatars | 6 | 0.00 | 29 | 0.02 | 36 | 0.03 | 25 | 0.02 | 41 | 0.03 | 64 | 0.03 |
| Georgians | 5 | 0.00 | 25 | 0.02 | 16 | 0.01 | 22 | 0.01 | 17 | 0.01 | 57 | 0.03 |
| Others | 151 | 0.12 | 235 | 0.16 | 179 | 0.14 | 448 | 0.30 | 285 | 0.18 | 337 | 0.18 |
| TOTAL | 138,466 | 100.00 | 157,800 | 100.0 | 157,807 | 100.00 | 125,159 | 100.00 | 150,837 | 100.00 | 130,406 | 100.00 | 150,313 | 100.00 | 162,181 | 100.00 | 189,085 | 100.00 | |
|---|
First Secretaries
The First Secretary of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan was the Communist Party of Azerbaijan's head and highest executive power within the oblast. The position was created in July 1923, and abolished on August 27, 1990. The position of First Secretary was de facto appointed by the Politburo of the Soviet Union or by the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Below is a list of office-holders:
| Name | Term of Office | Lifespan |
|---|
| Start | End |
|---|
| First Secretaries of the Oblast Committee of the Communist Party |
|---|
| Sero Manutsyan | July 1923 | December 1923 | |
| Akop Bendzhanyan | December 1923 | April 1924 | |
| Nikolai Sarkisov | April 1924 | October 1924 | |
| Hayk Silanyan | October 1924 | 1925 | ?–1938 |
| Artvazd Saakyants | 1925 | 1929 | 1895–1939 |
| M.K. Danilyan | 1929 | December 1929 | |
| Ashot Karamyan | 1929 | May 1930 | 1898–? |
| ? | May 1930 | 1937 | |
| Mikhail Manukyants | 1937 | 1940 | 1909–1968 |
| ? | 1940 | 1942 | |
| Yegishe Grigoryan | October 1942 | 1946 | 1902–? |
| Tigran Grigoryan | 1946 | ? | |
| Yegishe Grigoryan | 1952 | December 1958 | 1902–? |
| Nikolay Shakhnazarov | December 1958 | October 1962 | 1908– |
| Gurgen Melkumyan | October 1962 | June 1973 | 1915– |
| Boris Kevorkov | June 1973 | February 24, 1988 | 1932–1998 |
| Genrikh Poghosyan | February 24, 1988 | January 20, 1989 | 1931–2000 |
| Vagan Gabrielyan | January 20, 1989 | August 27, 1990 | 1936– | |
Abolition
A conflict between the Armenians in the oblast and the government of the Azerbaijan SSR broke out in 1987. The fighting escalated into the First Nagorno-Karabakh War by the end of 1991. On 26 November 1991, the Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan abolished the autonomous status of the oblast. Its internal administrative divisions were also abolished, and its territory was split up and redistributed amongst the neighbouring administrative rayons of Khojavend, Tartar, Goranboy, Shusha, and Kalbajar.[20] In response, the majority Armenian population of the oblast declared their independence as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic which was supported by Armenia.[21] [22] [23]
See also
External links
Notes and References
- НАГОРНО-КАРАБАХСКАЯ АО (1989 г.)
- Ardillier-Carras. Françoise. 2006. Sud-Caucase: conflit du Karabagh et nettoyage ethnique. Bulletin de l'Association de Géographes Français. 83. 4. South Caucasus: Nagorny Karabagh conflict and ethnic cleansing. fr. 409–432. 10.3406/bagf.2006.2527. January 13, 2023. December 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201212051145/https://www.persee.fr/doc/bagf_0004-5322_2006_num_83_4_2527. live.
- News: Conflicts in the Caucasus . UNHCR publication for CIS Conference (Displacement in the CIS) . . en . January 13, 2023 . September 22, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200922014455/https://www.unhcr.org/publications/refugeemag/3b5583fd4/unhcr-publication-cis-conference-displacement-cis-conflicts-caucasus.html . live . 1996.
- Yamskov. A. N.. Ethnic Conflict in the Transcausasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh . Theory and Society. 20. 5. 1991. 659 . en .
- Web site: Q&A with Arsène Saparov: No Evidence that Stalin 'Gave' Karabakh to Aхerbaijan . . 10 December 2018 . armenian.usc.edu . Of all the documents I have seen, there is no direct evidence of Stalin doing or saying something in those 12 days in the summer of 1921 that [resulted in this decision on Karabakh]. A lot of people just assume that since Stalin was an evil person, it would be typical of someone evil to take a decision like that. . January 13, 2023 . December 15, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201215061933/https://armenian.usc.edu/qa-with-arsene-saparov-no-evidence-that-stalin-gave-karabakh-to-azerbaijan/ . live .
- Web site: Həmid . Tural . 15 December 2020 . Dağlıq Qarabağın sərhədləri necə cızılırdı? . How were the borders of Nagorno-Karabakh drawn? . Azlogos . August 23, 2022 . January 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230113131915/https://azlogos.eu/dagliq-qarabagin-s%C9%99rh%C9%99dl%C9%99ri-nec%C9%99-cizilirdi/ . live .
- Book: 1928 . Атлас Союза Советских Социалистических Республик . Atlas of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . Moscow: Central Executive Committee of the USSR . The Autonomous Region of Nagorno-Karabakh, which is part of the SSR of Azerbaijan, was formed by the decree of the AzCEC 7 / VI 1923 from Armenian parts of the former Jevanshir, Shulgan, Karyaginsky, and Kubatly uyezds. The territory of the Region is 4.161 sq. km. According to the administrative division on 1 / I of 1927, it is divided into 5 sections or parishes. Its administrative and political center is mountains. Stepanakert (formerly the village of Khankendy). Another city of the Region is Shusha..
- Web site: All-Union Population Census of 1926. Ethnic composition of the population by regions of the republics of the USSR . . 1926 . demoscope.ru . January 13, 2023 . November 28, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201128164406/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_26.php?reg=2304 . live .
- Book: de Waal, Thomas . Black Garden . . 2003 . 0-8147-1944-9 . New York and London . 3 & 137–140 . Thomas de Waal.
- Web site: The Armenian Diasporan Press on Mountainous Karabagh, 1923-1985 . Sanjian . Ara . 6 January 2021 . entriessas.com . Entries of the Society for Armenian Studies . 21 January 2021 . This ‘silence’ was only broken in the Diaspora with the publication of Yerevan-based novelist Sero Khanzadyan’s open letter to the Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev in 1977, demanding Mountainous Karabagh’s annexation to Soviet Armenia. . January 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230113131916/http://entriessas.com/articles/armenian-diaspora/#_ftnref25 . live .
- Book: Cory D., Welt . Explaining ethnic conflict in the South Caucasus: Mountainous Karabagh, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia . . 2004 . 77 . 59823134 . Out of a population of approximately 20,000, at least several hundred were killed; the rest were forced to flee. In the fighting that followed, several nearby villages were also razed. . https://web.archive.org/web/20220911110408/https://home.gwu.edu/~cwelt/ExplainingEthnicConflict_Welt.pdf . 11 September 2022 . live.
- Web site: Перепись населения АзССР в 1921 г. . Census of the population of the AzSSR in 1921 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110526195503/http://www.karabagh.am/6DokiSvid/Perepis21.htm . 26 May 2011 . 26 June 2022 . karabagh.am.
- Web site: Beglaryan . Ashot . The population of Nagorno-Karabakh for a year. Union of Armenians of Russia - Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Excursion into history . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221031102313/https://losevskaya.ru/en/zdorove/chislennost-naseleniya-nagornogo-karabaha-na-god-soyuz-armyan.html . 31 October 2022 . 31 October 2022 . losevskaya.ru . Stepanakert.
- http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_26.php?reg=2304 Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам республик СССР
- http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rer_nac_39_gs.php?reg=25&gor=3&Submit=OK Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года. Распределение городского и сельского населения областей союзных республик по национальности и полу
- http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/resp_nac_59.php?reg=67 Всесоюзная перепись населения 1959 года. Городское и сельское население областей республик СССР (кроме РСФСР) по полу и национальности
- http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/resp_nac_70.php?reg=74 Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 года. Городское и сельское население областей республик СССР (кроме РСФСР) по полу и национальности
- http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/resp_nac_79.php?reg=77 Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года. Городское и сельское население областей республик СССР (кроме РСФСР) по полу и национальности
- http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/resp_nac_89.php?reg=71 Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года.Распределение городского и сельского населения областей республик СССР по полу и национальности
- Svante Cornell, Turkey and the Conflict in Nagorno Karabakh: A Delicate Balance , in Middle Eastern Studies Journal Vol 34, No. 1 (London: Frank Cass Publications, January 1998), pp. 51–72
- Web site: Oskanian. Kevork. 29 September 2020. Nagorno-Karabakh: are Armenia and Azerbaijan sliding towards all-out war?. 2020-10-19. The Conversation. en. November 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201129062744/https://theconversation.com/nagorno-karabakh-are-armenia-and-azerbaijan-sliding-towards-all-out-war-147066. live.
- Web site: Minasyan. Karen. 2 October 2020. Why Nagorno-Karabakh? The history (both ancient and modern) that fuels the deadly conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan. 2020-10-19. meduza.io. December 21, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201221072452/https://meduza.io/en/feature/2020/10/01/why-nagorno-karabakh. live.
- Web site: Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information. Bureau of Public Affairs. 1993 UN Security Council Resolutions on Nagorno-Karabakh. 2020-10-19. 2001-2009.state.gov. en. January 22, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200122150300/https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eur/rls/or/13508.htm. live.
