Nitocris of Babylon explained

Nitocris of Babylon (c. 550 BC) is an otherwise unknown queen regnant^[1] of Babylon described by Herodotus in his Histories. According to Histories of Herodotus, among sovereigns of Babylon two were women, Semiramis and Nitocris.^[2] Nitocris is credited by Herodotus with various building projects in Babylon. She is also said to have tricked Darius I by placing her tomb above a gate so that no Persian could pass below and enter through. According to the account, Darius was lured in by a mysterious inscription that served as a trap for greedy kings.^{[3] [4]} According to Herodotus she was the wife of Nabonidus (Gr. Labynetus) against whose son an expedition was launched by Cyrus the Great.^{[5] [6]} Dougherty and Beaulieu identify the son as Belshazzar.^[7]

If this is the case, she is most likely the queen in the story of Belshazzar's feast, and she is identified as such in Handel's oratorio Belshazzar.

Identity of Nitocris

In the past, various hypotheses have been proposed to link her with one or several known persons:^[8]

• Naqi'a, wife of Sanherib, known for building activities
• Adad-happe, the historical mother of Nabonidus, last king of Babylon
• an otherwise unknown wife of Nebuchadnezzar II or a daughter of his.^[9] The latter view is the most commonly accepted.

It is possible as well that Nabonidus married one of Nebuchadnezzar II's daughters, a marriage which could potentially have been secured through his mother's influence. Not only would such a connection explain Nabonidus's rise to the throne (being connected to the royal family) but it would also explain later historical traditions in which Nabonidus's son, Belshazzar, is described as Nebuchadnezzar II's descendant; as in the Book of Daniel in the Hebrew Bible, where Belshazzar is referred to as Nebuchadnezzar II's (grand)son.^[10] William H. Shea proposed in 1982 that Nitocris may tentatively be identified as the name of Nabonidus's wife and Belshazzar's mother.^[11]

It is conjectured that Nabonidus married Queen regnant Nitocris, a daughter of Nebuchadnezzar, and that Nitocris was credited with many constructions as co-sovereign with her husband.^[12]

See also

• Kings of Babylon

Notes and References

1. Book: Smith, Philip . The Ancient History of the East: From the Earliest Times to the Conquest by Alexander the Great : Including Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia, Media, Persia, Asia Minor, and Phoenicia . 1871 . Harper . 344 . en. Herodotus (i. 185) ascribes these works to Nitocris, whom he clearly regards as a queen regnant, and whom he makes the mother of "Labynetus" (i. e., Nabonadius) the last king of Babylon (i. 188)..
2. Web site: Herodotus. History. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Classics dept..
3. https://www.jstor.org/pss/269686 Notes and Discussions Darius and the Tomb of Nitocris
4. [Herodotus]
5. Book: Dougherty, Raymond Philip. Nabonidus and Belshazzar: A Study of the Closing Events of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 2008. 978-1-55635-956-9. Eugene, Oregon. 38, 40-42, 65. Citing Herodotus, The Histories, 1.188
6. Cf. Book: Wiseman, D.J.. Nebuchadnezzar and Babylon: The Schweich Lectures. Oxford University Press. 2004. 0-19-726100-0. Oxford. 104. According to Wiseman, "Nabonidus is known to have been in his self-imposed exile for ten . . . years. Belshazzar was co-regent during his absence".
7. Book: Beaulieu, Paul-Alain. The Reign of Nabonidus King of Babylon 556-559 B.C.. Yale University Press. 1989. 0-300-04314-7. New Haven and London. 80, 81.
8. Röllig Wolfgang, Nitokris von Babylon, in Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte und deren Nachleben, Festschrift F. Altheim zum 6.10.1968, Berlin, 1969, p 128
9. O. E. Ravn, Herodotus' Description of Babylon. Copenhagen, 1942, p. 76.
10. Book: Boardman . John . The Cambridge Ancient History . Edwards . I. E. S. . Sollberger . E. . Hammond . N. G. L. . 1992-01-16 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-22717-9 . 244 . en.
11. Shea. William H.. 1982. Nabonidus, Belshazzar, and the Book of Daniel: an Update. Andrews University Seminary Studies. 20. 2. 133–149.
12. Book: Ripley . George . The American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge . 2. Dana . Charles Anderson . 1873 . Appleton . 190 . en. He appears to have belonged, like Neriglissar, to the priestly order; and it has been conjectured that he was married to Nitocris, a daughter of Nebuchadnezzar, and that she was queen regnant. This conjecture, if admitted, would confirm the statement of Herodotus that many of the defensive works at Babylon, especially designed to repel the Medes, were the work of a queen named Nitocris. It is certain that some of these were constructed during the reign of Nabonadius. If we may assume that his queen was a daughter of the great Nebuchadnezzar, and co-sovereign with her husband, it would be quite natural that tradition should give her the credit for these constructions..