| Dniester | |||||||||||
| Map: | Dniester map.png | ||||||||||
| Map Size: | 250 | ||||||||||
| Pushpin Map Size: | 250 | ||||||||||
| Subdivision Type1: | Country | ||||||||||
| Subdivision Type5: | Cities | ||||||||||
| Length: | 1362km (846miles) | ||||||||||
| Discharge1 Avg: | 310m3/s | ||||||||||
| Source1 Location: | Eastern Beskids (Ukrainian Carpathians) | ||||||||||
| Source1 Coordinates: | 49.2122°N 22.9278°W | ||||||||||
| Source1 Elevation: | 900m (3,000feet) | ||||||||||
| Mouth: | Black Sea | ||||||||||
| Mouth Location: | Odesa Oblast | ||||||||||
| Mouth Coordinates: | 46.35°N 30.2333°W | ||||||||||
| Mouth Elevation: | 0m (00feet) | ||||||||||
| Basin Size: | 68627km2 | ||||||||||
| Tributaries Left: | Murafa, Smotrych, Zbruch, Seret, Strypa, Zolota Lypa, Stryi | ||||||||||
| Tributaries Right: | Botna, Bîc, Răut, Svicha, Lomnytsia, Ichel | ||||||||||
| Custom Label: | Designation | ||||||||||
| Extra: |
| ||||||||||
The Dniester [1] is a transboundary river in Eastern Europe. It runs first through Ukraine and then through Moldova (from which it more or less separates the breakaway territory of Transnistria), finally discharging into the Black Sea on Ukrainian territory again.
The name Dniester derives from Sarmatian dānu nazdya "the close river."[2] (The Dnieper, also of Sarmatian origin, derives from the opposite meaning, "the river on the far side".) Alternatively, according to Vasily Abaev Dniester would be a blend of Scythian dānu "river" and Thracian Ister, the previous name of the river, literally Dān-Ister (River Ister).[3] The Ancient Greek name of Dniester, Tyras (Τύρας), is from Scythian tūra, meaning "rapid."
The names of the Don and Danube are also from the same Indo-Iranian word *dānu "river". Classical authors have also referred to it as Danaster. These early forms, without -i- but with -a-, contradict Abaev's hypothesis. Edward Gibbon refers to the river both as the Niester and Dniester in his History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.[4]
In Ukrainian, it is known as Ukrainian: Дністе́р (translit. Dnister), in Romanian as Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Nistru, in Russian as Russian: Днестр (translit. Dnestr), in Polish as Dniestr, in Yiddish as Nester נעסטער; in Turkish as Turla (ota|طورلا ، طورله), and in Lithuanian as Dniestras.
The Dniester rises in Ukraine, near the city of Turka, close to the border with Poland, and flows toward the Black Sea. Its course marks part of the border of Ukraine and Moldova, after which it flows through Moldova for, separating the main territory of Moldova from its breakaway region Transnistria. It later forms an additional part of the Moldova-Ukraine border, then flows through Ukraine to the Black Sea, where its estuary forms the Dniester Liman.
Along the lower half of the Dniester, the western bank is high and hilly while the eastern one is low and flat. The river represents the de facto end of the Eurasian Steppe. Its most important tributaries are Răut and Bîc.
During the Neolithic, the Dniester River was the centre of one of the most advanced civilizations on earth at the time. The Cucuteni–Trypillian culture flourished in this area from roughly 5300 to 2600 BC, leaving behind thousands of archeological sites. Their settlements had up to 15,000 inhabitants, making them among the first large farming communities in the world.[5] In antiquity, the river was considered one of the principal rivers of European Sarmatia, and it was mentioned by many Classical geographers and historians. According to Herodotus (iv.51) it rose in a large lake, whilst Ptolemy (iii.5.17, 8.1 &c.) places its sources in Mount Carpates (the modern Carpathian Mountains), and Strabo (ii) says that they are unknown. It ran in an easterly direction parallel with the Ister (lower Danube), and formed part of the boundary between Dacia and Sarmatia. It fell into the Pontus Euxinus to the northeast of the mouth of the Ister, the distance between them being 900 stadia – approximately 130abbr=onNaNabbr=on – according to Strabo (vii.), while 130abbr=onNaNabbr=on (from the Pseudostoma) according to Pliny (iv. 12. s. 26). Scymnus (Fr. 51) describes it as of easy navigation, and abounding in fish. Ovid (ex Pont. iv.10.50) speaks of its rapid course.
Greek authors referred to the river as Tyras .[6] At a later period it obtained the name of Danastris or Danastus,[7] whence its modern name of Dniester (Niester), though the Turks still called it Turla during the 19th century.[8] The form Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Τύρις is sometimes found.[9]
According to Constantine VII, the Varangians used boats on their trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, along Dniester and Dnieper and along the Black Sea shore. The navigation near the western shore of Black Sea contained stops at Aspron (at the mouth of Dniester), then Conopa, Constantia (localities today in Romania) and Messembria (today in Bulgaria).
From the 14th century to 1812, part of the Dniester formed the eastern boundary of the Principality of Moldavia.
Between the World Wars, the Dniester formed part of the boundary between Romania and the Soviet Union. In 1919, on Easter Sunday, the bridge was blown up by the French Army to protect Bender from the Bolsheviks.[10] During World War II, German and Romanian forces battled Soviet troops on the western bank of the river.
After the Republic of Moldova declared its independence in 1991, the small area to the east of the Dniester that had been part of the Moldavian SSR refused to participate and declared itself the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, or Transnistria, with its capital at Tiraspol on the river.
In Moldova, the Dniester Day (ro|Ziua Nistrului) is celebrated every year in the last Sunday of May.[11]
From source to mouth, right tributaries, i.e. on the southwest side, are the Stryi,,, Bystrytsia (101 km), Răut,, Bîc, and Botna .
Left tributaries, on the northeast side, are the Strwiąż, Zubra, Hnyla Lypa, Zolota Lypa, Koropets, Strypa, Seret, Zbruch, Smotrych,,,, Murafa,,, and Kuchurhan .[12]