| Ningde | |
| Nativename: | 寧德話 |
| States: | Ningde, Fujian |
| Speakers: | ? |
| Familycolor: | Sino-Tibetan |
| Fam2: | Sinitic |
| Fam3: | Chinese |
| Fam4: | Min |
| Fam5: | Coastal Min |
| Fam6: | Eastern Min |
| Fam7: | Funing |
| Ancestor: | Proto-Sino-Tibetan |
| Ancestor2: | Old Chinese |
| Ancestor3: | Proto-Min |
| Isoexception: | dialect |
| Glotto: | none |
| Lingua: | 79-AAA-icb |
| Notice: | IPA |
The Ningde dialect (Eastern Min: 寧德話) is a dialect of Eastern Min Chinese spoken in urban areas of Ningde, China, which is a prefecture-level city in the northeastern coast of Fujian province.
The Ningde dialect has 15 initials, 78 rimes and 7 tones.
pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/
10 monophthongs: pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/
18 compound vowels: pronounced as /ai/, pronounced as /ei/, pronounced as /ɔi/, pronounced as /oi/, pronounced as /øy/, pronounced as /au/, pronounced as /ɛu/, pronounced as /eu/, pronounced as /ou/, pronounced as /ia/, pronounced as /ie/, pronounced as /iu/, pronounced as /iɐu/, pronounced as /ua/, pronounced as /uo/, pronounced as /ui/, pronounced as /uai/, pronounced as /uoi/
15 nasal rimes: pronounced as /aŋ/, pronounced as /ɛŋ/, pronounced as /eŋ/, pronounced as /œŋ/, pronounced as /øŋ/, pronounced as /ɔŋ/, pronounced as /oŋ/, pronounced as /iŋ/, pronounced as /uŋ/, pronounced as /yŋ/, pronounced as /iaŋ/, pronounced as /iɛŋ/, pronounced as /uaŋ/, pronounced as /uoŋ/, pronounced as /yøŋ/
26 checked rimes: pronounced as /aʔ/, pronounced as /ɛʔ/, pronounced as /œʔ/, pronounced as /øʔ/, pronounced as /ɔʔ/, pronounced as /iʔ/, pronounced as /iaʔ/, pronounced as /iɛʔ/, pronounced as /uaʔ/, pronounced as /uoʔ/, pronounced as /yøʔ/, pronounced as /ak̚/, pronounced as /ɛk̚/, pronounced as /ek̚/, pronounced as /œk̚/, pronounced as /øk̚/, pronounced as /ɔk̚/, pronounced as /ok̚/, pronounced as /ik̚/, pronounced as /uk̚/, pronounced as /yk̚/, pronounced as /iak̚/, pronounced as /iɛk̚/, pronounced as /uak̚/, pronounced as /uok̚/, pronounced as /yøk̚/
These 6 nasal rimes tend to merge into nasal rimes ending with coda pronounced as /-ŋ/, and will disappear in future: pronounced as /am/, pronounced as /ɛm/, pronounced as /em/, pronounced as /im/, pronounced as /iɛm/, pronounced as /ɔn/
These 5 checked rimes tend to merge into nasal rimes ending with coda pronounced as /-k̚/, and will disappear in future: pronounced as /ap̚/, pronounced as /ɛp̚/, pronounced as /ep̚/, pronounced as /ip̚/, pronounced as /iɛp̚/
| No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tone name | dark level 陰平 | light level 陽平 | rising 上聲 | dark departing 陰去 | light departing 陽去 | dark entering 陰入 | light entering 陽入 |
| Tone contour | pronounced as /˦/ (44) | pronounced as /˨/ (22) | pronounced as /˦˨/ (42) | pronounced as /˧˥/ (35) | pronounced as /˧˧˨/ (332) | pronounced as /˨/ (2) | pronounced as /˥/ (5) |
The two-syllable initial assimilation rules are shown in the table below:
| Coda of the Former Syllable | Initial Assimilation |
|---|---|
| Null coda | The initial of the latter syllable may change:
|
| Nasal coda | The initial of the latter syllable may change:
|
| checked coda | The former syllable lost its checked coda at first; then, the initial assimilation of latter syllable follow the law above. |
| checked coda pronounced as //-p̚// | The Initial of latter syllable change to pronounced as //p// while the former syllable lost its checked coda pronounced as //-p̚// |
The Ningde dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules. The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the columns give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the rows give the citation tone of the second syllable):
| dark level 44 | light level 22 | rising 42 | dark departing 35 | light departing 332 | dark entering 2 | light entering 5 | |
| dark level 44 | 44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | |
| light level 22 | remain unchanged | ||||||
| rising 42 | 55 | ||||||
| dark departing 35 | 55 | ||||||
| light departing 332 | 44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | |
| dark entering 2 | 55 | ||||||
| light entering 5 | 44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | |