Nineteen Articles Explained
The Nineteen Articles[3], officially the Nineteen Major Articles of Good Faith on the Constitution[4], also known as the Doctrine of Nineteen Articles[5] and 19 Fundamental Articles,[6] was a constitutional document,[7] and the only constitution of the late Qing dynasty,[8] which was promulgated by the Qing government on 3 November 1911.[9]
The purpose of Nineteen Articles was to establish a British-style system of ministerial responsibility, and reconstitute the Qing government as a constitutional monarchy.[10] These articles restrained the power of the emperor and expanded the power of the congress. However, after only 3 months (February 1912) the monarchy was abolished following the end of the Xinhai Revolution.[11]
See also
Notes and References
- Book: Jianfu Chen. Chinese Law: Towards an Understanding of Chinese Law, Its Nature and Developments. 14 July 1999. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 90-411-1186-7. 59–.
- Web site: The establishment of National Constitution Day to promote the rule of law and civilization. https://web.archive.org/web/20200805181733/http://jjckb.xinhuanet.com/opinion/2014-12/03/content_529623.htm. dead. August 5, 2020. 2014-12-03. Economic Information Daily.
- Book: Michael J. Walsh. Stating the Sacred: Religion, China, and the Formation of the Nation-State. 25 February 2020. Columbia University Press. 978-0-231-55039-0. 103–.
- Book: Mao Tse-tung. Zedong Mao. Laifong Leung. The Writings of Mao Zedong, 1949-1976: September 1945 - December 1955. 1986. M.E. Sharpe. 978-0-87332-391-8. 460–.
- Book: Qianfan Zhang. The Constitution of China: A Contextual Analysis. 1 August 2012. Bloomsbury Publishing. 978-1-84731-991-3. 9–.
- Book: Jana S. Rošker. Nataša Vampelj Suhadolnik. Modernisation of Chinese Culture: Continuity and Change. 26 September 2014. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 978-1-4438-6772-6. 73–.
- Book: Han Zhai. The Constitutional Identity of Contemporary China: The Unitary System and Its Internal Logic. 16 December 2019. Brill Publishers. 978-90-04-38814-7. 27–.
- Book: Jiang Bikun. A Brief History of China's Modern Constitutionalism. 1988. Law Press. 978-7-5036-0340-2. 86–.
- Book: Sebastian Riebold. Revisiting the Sick Man of Asia": Discourses of Weakness in Late 19th and Early 20th Century China. May 2020. Campus Verlag. 978-3-593-50902-0. 315–.
- Book: Jason Buhi. Global Constitutional Narratives of Autonomous Regions: The Constitutional History of Macau. 29 March 2021. Routledge. 978-1-00-036947-2. 97–.
- Book: Xiaobing Li. Qiang Fang. Modern Chinese Legal Reform: New Perspectives. 2013. University Press of Kentucky. 0-8131-4120-6. 5–.
