Nilgiri Mountains Explained

Nilgiri Mountains
Elevation M:2637
Range:Western Ghats Eastern Ghats
Listing:Ultra
List of Indian states and territories by highest point
Translation:Blue Mountains in Tamil
Location:Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka
Coordinates:11.375°N 76.7583°W
Type:Fault[1]
Age:Archean Eon, 3000 to 500 mya
Easiest Route:NH 67 or Nilgiri Mountain Railway
Highest:Doddabetta
Highest Location:Tamil Nadu

The Nilgiri Mountains form a part of the Western Ghats in northwestern Tamil Nadu, southern Karnataka and eastern Kerala in South India. They are located at the trijunction of the three states and connect the Western Ghats to the Eastern Ghats. At least 24 of the Nilgiri Mountains' peaks are above, with the highest peak being Doddabetta at .

Etymology

The word Nilgiri, comes from Tamil words neelam (blue) + giri (mountain), has been in use since at least 1117 CE. In Tamil literature it is mentioned as Iraniyamuttam[2] [3] It is thought that the bluish flowers of kurinji shrubs gave rise to the name.[4]

Location

The Nilgiri Hills are separated from the Karnataka Plateau to the north by the Moyar River.[5]

Three national parks border portions of the Nilgiri mountains. Mudumalai National Park lies in the northern part of the range where Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu meet, covering an area of . Mukurthi National Park lies in the southwest part of the range, in Kerala, covering an area of, which includes intact shola-grassland mosaic, habitat for the Nilgiri tahr. Silent Valley National Park lies just to the south and contiguous with those two parks, covering an area of .

Conservation

The Nilgiri Hills are part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (itself part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves.[6]), and form a part of the protected bio-reserves in India.

History

The high steppes of the Nilgiri Hills have been inhabited since prehistoric times, demonstrated by a large number of artifacts unearthed by excavators. A particularly important collection from the region can be seen in the British Museum, including those assembled by colonial officers James Wilkinson Breeks, Major M. J. Walhouse and Sir Walter Elliot.[7]

The first recorded use of the word Nila applied to this region can be traced back to 1117 CE. In the report of a general of Vishnuvardhana, King of Hoysalas, who in reference to his enemies, claimed to have "frightened the Thodas, driven the Kongas underground, slaughtered the Poluvas, put to death the Maleyalas, terrified Chieftain Kala Nirpala and then proceeded to offer the peak of Nila Mountain.(presumably Doddabetta or Rangaswami peak of Peranganad in East Nilgiris) to Lakshmi, Goddess of Wealth. Neelagiri was ruled by Baduga King Kala Raja before 1117 CE."[8]

A hero stone (Veeragallu) with a Kannada inscription at Vazhaithottam (Bale thota) in the Nilgiri District, dated to 10th century CE, has been discovered. A Kannada inscription of Hoysala king Ballala III (or his subordinate Madhava Dannayaka's son) from the 14th century CE has been discovered at the Siva (or Vishnu) temple at Nilagiri Sadarana Kote (present-day Dannayakana Kote), near the junction of Moyar and Bhavani rivers, but the temple has since been submerged by the Bhavani Sagar dam.[9] [10]

In 1814, as part of the Great Trigonometrical Survey, a sub-assistant named Keys and an apprentice named McMahon ascended the hills by the Danaynkeucottah (Dannayakana Kote) Pass, penetrated into the remotest parts, made plans, and sent in reports of their discoveries. As a result of these accounts, Messrs. Whish and Kindersley, two young Madras civilians, ventured up in pursuit of some criminals taking refuge in the mountains, and proceeded to observe the interior. They soon saw and felt enough favorable climate and terrain to excite their own curiosity, and that of others.[11]

After the early 1820s, the hills were developed rapidly under the British Raj, because most of the land was already privately owned by British citizens. It was a popular summer and weekend getaway for the British during the colonial days. In 1827, Ooty became the official sanatorium and the summer capital of the Madras Presidency. Many winding hill roads were built. In 1899, the Nilgiri Mountain Railway was completed by influential and enterprising British citizens, with venture capital from the Madras government.[12] [13]

In the 19th century, when the British Straits Settlement shipped Chinese convicts to be jailed in India, the Chinese men settled in the Nilgiri mountains near Naduvattam after their release and married Tamil Paraiyan women, having mixed Chinese-Tamil children with them. They were documented by Edgar Thurston.[14]

Peaks in the Nilgiris

The highest point in the Nilgiris and the southern extent of the range is Doddabetta Peak (2637m (8,652feet)),[15] 4 km east southeast of Udhagamandalam, 11.4028°N 76.7372°W.

Closely linked peaks in the west of Doddabetta range and nearby Udhagamandalam include:

Snowdon (height: (2530m (8,300feet)) 11.4333°N 122°W is the northern extent of the range. Club Hill (2448m (8,031feet)) and Elk Hill (2466m (8,091feet)) 11.3986°N 76.7108°W are significant elevations in this range. Snowdon, Club Hill and Elk Hill with Doddabetta, form the impressive Udhagamandalam Valley.

Devashola (height: 2261m (7,418feet)), notable for its blue gum trees, is in the south of Doddabetta range.

Kulakombai (1707m (5,600feet)) is east of the Devashola. The Bhavani Valley and the Lambton's peak range of Coimbatore district stretch from here.

Muttunadu Betta (height: 2323m (7,621feet)) 11.45°N 119°W is about 5 km, north northwest of Udhagamandalam. Tamrabetta (Coppery Hill) (height: 2120m (6,960feet)) 11.3667°N 124°W is about 8 km southeast of Udhagamandalam. Vellangiri (Silvery Hill) (2120m (6,960feet)) is 16 km west-northwest of Udhagamandalam.[16]

Waterfalls

The highest waterfall, Kullakamby Fall, north of Kolakambai hill, has an unbroken fall of 400feet. Nearby is the 150feet Halashana falls. The second highest is Catherine Falls, near Kotagiri, with a 250abbr=onNaNabbr=on fall, named after the wife of M.D. Cockburn, believed to have introduced coffee plantations to the Nilgiri Hills. The Upper and Lower Pykara falls have falls of 180feet, and 200feet, respectively. The 170feet Kalhatti Falls is off the Segur Peak. The Karteri Fall, near Aruvankadu had the first power station which supplied the original Cordite Factory with electricity. Law's Fall, near Coonoor, is interesting due to its association with the engineer Major G. C. Law who supervised building of the Coonoor Ghat road.[17]

Flora and fauna

Over 2,800 species of flowering plants, 160 species of fern and fern allies, countless types of flowerless plants, mosses, fungi, algae, and land lichens are found in the sholas of the Nilgiris. No other hill station has as many species.[18] It is also home to mammals like the Bengal tiger, Indian elephant, Indian leopard, chital deer, gaur, sambar deer, dhole, golden jackal, Indian boar, Nilgiri tahr, Indian spotted chevrotain, black buck, Asian palm civet, sloth bear, four-horned antelope, Nilgiri marten, Indian crested porcupine, Malabar giant squirrel, honey badger, Indian grey mongoose, Indian pangolin, Indian fox, smooth coated otter, and painted bat. The Indian python, king cobra, common krait, Indian cobra, Malabar pit viper, Nilgiri keelback, Oriental garden lizard, Eryx whitakeri and mugger crocodile are reptiles found here. Primates include the lion tailed macaque, Nilgiri langur, gray langur and bonnet macaque. The birds found here are Indian peacock, Nilgiri laughing thrush, Nilgiri flycatcher, grey junglefowl, Malabar pied hornbill, Malabar parakeet, great hornbill, Nilgiri wood pigeon, Indian vulture, black-hooded oriole, grey-headed bulbul and Malabar grey hornbill. Amphibians on the list are the purple frog, Silent valley brush frog, Malabar gliding frog, Beddomixalus and many more. It is the only place in South India to have the white tiger.The dominant type of habitat is tropical rainforest. Montane forests and tropical moist forests are also found here. Much of the forest habitats have been much disturbed or destroyed by extensive tea plantations, easy motor-vehicle access, extensive commercial planting and harvesting of non-native eucalyptus and wattle (Acacia dealbata, Acacia mearnsii) plantations, and cattle grazing.[19] The area also features one large and several smaller hydro-electric impoundments.[20] Scotch broom has become an ecologically damaging invasive species.[21]

Threatened plants of the Nilgiris include:

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Application of GPS and GIS for the detailed Development planning. Map India 2000. 10 April 2000. https://web.archive.org/web/20080603023512/http://www.gisdevelopment.net/events/mapindia/mapindia2000/c_m_doss.htm. 2008-06-03. 2011-06-05.
  2. Book: The Missionary Herald of the Baptist Missionary Society. 1886. Baptist Mission House. 398. en.
  3. Book: Lengerke. Hans J. von. The Nilgiris: Weather and Climate of a Mountain Area in South India. 1977. Steiner. 9783515026406. 5. en.
  4. Web site: Decline of a Montane Ecosystem. Kartik Shanker Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science. February 1997.
  5. Encyclopedia: Nilgiri Hills . . 25 April 2019.
  6. UNESCO, World Heritage sites, Tentative lists, Western Ghats (subcluster nomination), retrieved 4/20/2007 World Heritage sites, Nilgiri Sub-Cluster
  7. Web site: Collection search: You searched for Nilgiri. British Museum. 2016-08-09.
  8. Book: Pai, Mohan . ...and they created little England. 15 January 2009 . The Western Ghats - Hill Stations. the-western-ghats-by-mohan-pai-hill-stations, Egmore, Chennai . Ootacamund.
  9. Web site: Kannada script (10600). Department of Archaeology - Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu Government. 25 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20170301220013/http://www.tnarch.gov.in/epi/kan.htm. 1 March 2017. dead.
  10. Book: Francis. Walter. Madras District Gazetteers: The Nilgiris. 1. 1908. Asian Educational Services. New Delhi. 978-81-2060-546-6 . 90–94, 102–105.
  11. Book: Burton, Richard Francis. Goa, and the Blue Mountains, or, Six months of sick leave . R. Bentley. London. 1851. Nilgiri Hills (India), Description and travel; Nilgiri Hills (India), Social life and customs. https://archive.org/details/goabluemountains00burtrich.
  12. Web site: Ooty Queen of hill stations. www.ooty.com. 2011-06-05.
  13. Web site: Nilgiri Mountain Railway. railtourismindia.com. 8 March 2013.
  14. Book: 309. 1959. 2 March 2012. A. K. Bose. d: Tamil-Chinese Crosses in the Nilgiris, Madras. S. S. Sarkar* (Received on 21 September 1959) During May 1959, while working on the blood groups of the Kotas of the Nilgiri Hills in the village of Kokal in Gudalur, inquiries were made regarding the present position of the Tamil-Chinese cross described by Thurston (1909). It may be recalled here that Thurston reported the above cross resulting from the union of some Chinese convicts, deported from the Straits Settlement, and local Tamil Paraiyan. Man in India, Volume 39. Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai Bahadur).
  15. Book: Natural Wonders of the World. registration. Reader's Digest Association, Inc. 1980. 0-89577-087-3. Scheffel. Richard L.. United States of America. 271. Wernet. Susan J..
  16. District Administration, Nilgiris (8/20/2007) National Informatics Centre, Nilgiris, retrieved 8/31/2007 Hills and Peaks
  17. Book: Eagan, J. S. C. The Nilgiri Guide And Directory. S.P.C.K. Press. 1916. Vepery.
  18. The District Collector, Collector's Office, Udhagamandalam, The Nilgiris District, Tamil Nadu, General Information, Rare Trees, Fruits, Flowers & Animals retrieved 9/2/2007.
  19. Davidar, E. R. C. 1978. Distribution and status of the Nilgiri tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius) 1975-1978. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society; 75: 815-844.
  20. Rice, C G Dr (1984) US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, USA, "The behaviour and ecology of Nilgiri Tahr", Tahr Foundation, retrieved 4/17/2007.
  21. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 103 (2-3), May-Dec 2006 356-365 Habitat Modifications By Scotch Broom Cytisus scoparius Invasion of Grasslands of the Upper Nilgiris in India, Ashfaq Ahmed Zarr, Asad R. Rahmani, and Mark J. Behan
  22. Nayar & Sastry (1987-88) Red Data Book, Plants of India Threatened Plants of Tamil Nadu