Nikolaus Riehl Explained

Nikolaus Riehl
Birth Name:Ril, Nikolai Vasily'evich
Birth Date:1901
Death Date:2 August 1990
(aged 89 or 90)
Death Place:Munich, Bavaria, Germany
Nationality:Russian
Workplaces:Auergesellschaft AG
Laboratory B in Sungulʹ
Technical University of Munich
Alma Mater:Humboldt University of Berlin
Thesis Title:Physik und technische Anwendungen der Lumineszenz
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Thesis Year:1929
Doctoral Advisor:Lise Meitner
Academic Advisors:Otto Hahn
Known For:Soviet program of nuclear weapons
Awards: Stalin Prize (1949)
Lenin Prize (1949)
Hero of Socialist Labor (1949)
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Nikolaus Vasilyevich Riehl (Russian: Никола́й Васи́льевич Риль; 1901—2 August 1990) was a German nuclear chemist of Russian-Jewish descent.[1] Before the fall of Berlin, he was director of the scientific headquarters of the Auergesellschaft AG, and was taken to the Soviet Union.

Riehl was one of many of the German nuclear physicist in the former Soviet program of nuclear weapons, for which, he was recruited in 1945 until 1955 when he was released from the Soviet custody after accepting a technical position at the Technical University of Munich in Germany. He was a recipient of many former Soviet honors which he was awarded for his work in the Soviet Union.

Education

Nikolaus Riehl was born in Saint Petersburg in Russian Empire in 1901.[2] [3] His birth year is confirmed to be in 1901 by various literary sources[4] – however, the Russian language Wikipedia noted his date of birth as 24 May 1901.[5]

His father, Wilhelm Gottfried Riehl– a German– was working in Russia as an engineer employed by the Siemens AG; his mother, Elena Riehl (née Kagan) was Russian and was of the Jewish descent.[6] [7] Riehl was fluent in both German and Russian languages, and attended the German language schools in Russia.[8] The family stayed throughout the World War I and left for Berlin in 1918; he enrolled to attend the chemistry program at the University of Berlin in 1920.[3]

On topics of nuclear science, he collaborated with Otto Hahn on behalf of the Auer Company.[9] Between 1927–29, Riehl defended his thesis in nuclear chemistry, working under Lise Meitner; his thesis contained work on the Geiger-Müller counters for beta ray spectroscopy.[10] [11]

Career

Early years

After his doctorate in chemistry, Riehl completed his habilitation but took an employment in the German industry with Auergesellschaft AG, where he became an authority on luminescence. From 1927, he was a staff scientist in the radiology department and eventually headed the optical engineering department for the company in 1937.[10] [12] From 1939 to 1945, he was the director of the scientific headquarters.[10] [13]

During this time, the Auergesellschaft AG had a substantial amount of "waste" uranium from which it had extracted radium.[14] After reading a paper in 1939 by Siegfried Flügge, on the technical use of nuclear energy from uranium,[15] Riehl recognized a business opportunity for the company, and, in July of that year, went to the Heereswaffenamt (HWA)– the German Army Ordnance Office– to discuss the production of uranium. The HWA was interested and Riehl committed corporate resources to the task. The HWA eventually provided an order for the production of uranium oxide, which took place in the Auergesellschaft plant in Oranienburg, north of Berlin.[16] [17]

In Russia

Near the close of World War II, as the Allied forces were closing in on Berlin, Riehl and some of his staff moved to a village west of Berlin, to try and assure occupation by either the British or American forces. However, in mid-May 1945, with the assistance of Riehl's colleague Karl Günter Zimmer, the Russian physicists Georgy Flerov and Lev Artsimovich showed up one day in NKVD colonel's uniforms.[18] [19] The use of Russian physicists in the wake of Soviet troop advances to identify and "requisition" equipment, materiel, intellectual property, and personnel useful to the Russian atomic bomb project is similar to the American Operation Alsos. In early 1945, the Soviet war planners initiated the parallel efforts to that of American's where forty out of less than 100 Russian scientists from the Soviet program's Laboratory 2[20] went to Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia in support of acquisitions for the Russian program.[21]

The two colonels requested that Riehl join them in Berlin for a few days, where he also met with physicist Yulii Borisovich Khariton, also in the uniform of an NKVD colonel. This sojourn in Berlin turned into 10 years in the Soviet Union! Riehl and his staff, including their families, were flown to Moscow on 9 July 1945.[19] [22] [23] Eventually, Riehl's entire laboratory was dismantled and transported to the Soviet Union.[24]

Other prominent German scientists from Berlin who were taken to the Soviet Union at that time, and who would cross paths with Riehl, were Manfred von Ardenne, director of his private laboratory Forschungslaboratoriums für Elektronenphysik, Gustav Hertz, Nobel Laureate and director of Research Laboratory II at Siemens, Peter Adolf Thiessen, ordinarius professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin and director of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für physikalische Chemi und Elektrochemie (KWIPC) in Berlin-Dahlem, and Max Volmer, ordinarius professor and director of the Physical Chemistry Institute at the Berlin Technische Hochschule. Soon after being taken to the Soviet Union, Riehl, von Ardenne, Hertz, and Volmer were summoned for a meeting with Lavrentij Beria, head of the NKVD and the Soviet atomic bomb project.[25] [26]

When a Soviet search team arrived at the Auergesellschaft facility in Oranienburg, they found nearly 100 tons of fairly pure uranium oxide. The Soviet Union took this uranium as reparations, which amounted to between 25% and 40% of the uranium taken from Germany and Czechoslovakia at the end of the war. Khariton said the uranium found there saved the Soviet Union a year on its atomic bomb project.[27] [28] [29]

From 1945 to 1950, Riehl was in charge of uranium production at Plant No. 12 in Ehlektrostal' (Электросталь[30]).[31] German scientists, who were mostly atomic scientists, sent by the Soviets, at the close of World War II, to work in the Riehl group at Plant No. 12 included A. Baroni (PoW), Hans-Joachim Born, Alexander Catsch (Katsch), Werner Kirst, H. E. Ortmann, Herbert Schmitz (PoW), Walter Sommerfeldt, Herbert Thieme, Günter Wirths, and Karl Günter Zimmer as well as Heinrich Tobien, formerly "Chemiemeister" at Auergesellschaft; Walter Przybilla, brother of Riehl's wife, and mentioned in this context, also spent 10 years in SU, but was not a scientist under Riehl. While Born, Catsch, and Zimmer had collaborated with Riehl in Germany, they were actually not part of Auergesellschaft but with N. V. Timofeev-Resovskij's genetics department[32] at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft's Institut für Hirnforschung (KWIH, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research) in Berlin-Buch. Riehl had a hard time incorporating these three into his tasking at Plant No. 12 on his uranium production tasking, as Born was a radiochemist, Catsch was a physician and radiation biologist, and Zimmer was a physicist and radiation biologist.[33] [34] [35]

The Ehlektrostal' Plant No. 12, by the last quarter of 1946, was delivering about three metric tons of metallic uranium per week to Laboratory No. 2., which was later known as the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy. By 1950, Plant No. 12 was producing about one metric ton per day, and it was not the only metallic uranium production plant in operation.[36]

After the detonation of the Russian uranium bomb, uranium production was going smoothly and Riehl's oversight was no longer necessary at Plant No. 12. Riehl then went, in 1950, to head an institute in Sungul', where he stayed until 1952. Essentially the remaining personnel in his group were assigned elsewhere, with the exception of H. E. Ortmann, A. Baroni (PoW), and Herbert Schmitz (PoW), who went with Riehl. However, Riehl had already sent Born, Catsch, and Zimmer to the institute in December 1947. The German contingent at the institute in Sungul' never exceeded 26 – in 1946 there were 95 people at the facility, which grew to 451 by 1955, and the German contingent had already left a few years before that. Besides those already mentioned, other Germans at the institute were Rinatia von Ardenne (sister of Manfred von Ardenne, director of Institute A, in Sukhumi) Wilhelm Menke, Willi Lange (who married the widow of Karl-Heinrich Riewe, who had been at Heinz Pose's Laboratory V, in Obninsk), Joachim Pani, and K. K. Rintelen. The institute in Sungul' was responsible for the handling, treatment, and use of radioactive products generated in reactors, as well as radiation biology, dosimetry, and radiochemistry. The institute was known as Laboratory B, and it was overseen by the 9th Chief Directorate of the NKVD (MVD after 1946), the same organization which oversaw the Russian Alsos operation. The scientific staff of Laboratory B – a ShARAShKA – was both Soviet and German, the former being mostly political prisoners or exiles, although some of the service staff were criminals.[37] [38] [39] (Laboratory V, in Obninsk, headed by Heinz Pose, was also a sharashka and working on the Soviet atomic bomb project. Other notable Germans at the facility were Werner Czulius, Hans Jürgen von Oertzen, Ernst Rexer, and Carl Friedrich Weiss.[40])

Laboratory B was known under another cover name[41] as Объект 0211 (Ob'ekt 0211, Object 0211), as well as Object B.[42] [43] [44] [45] (In 1955, Laboratory B was closed. Some of its personnel were transferred elsewhere, but most of them were assimilated into a new, second nuclear weapons institute, Scientific Research Institute-1011, NII-1011, today known as the Russian Federal Nuclear Center All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Technical Physics, RFYaTs–VNIITF. NII-1011 had the designation предприятие п/я 0215, i.e., enterprise post office box 0215 and Объект 0215; the latter designation has also been used in reference to Laboratory B after its closure and assimilation into NII-1011.[39] [46] [47] [48])

One of the political prisoners in Laboratory B was Riehls' colleague from the KWIH, N. V. Timofeev-Resovskij, who, as a Soviet citizen, was arrested by the Soviet forces in Berlin at the conclusion of the war, and he was sentenced to 10 years in the Gulag. In 1947, Timofeev-Resovskij was rescued out of a harsh Gulag prison camp, nursed back to health, and sent to Sungul' to complete his sentence, but still make a contribution to the Soviet atomic bomb project. At Laboratory B, Timofeev-Resovskij headed the radiobiology department at Laboratory B, and another political prisoner, S. A. Voznesenskij, headed the radiochemistry department. At Laboratory B, Born, Catsch, and Zimmer were able to conduct work similar to that which they had done in Germany, and all three became section heads in Timofeev-Resovskij's department.[37] [38] [39]

Until Riehl's return to Germany in June 1955, which Riehl had to request and negotiate, he was quarantined in Agudseri (Agudzery, in Russian Агудзера) starting in 1952. The home in which Riehl lived had been designed by Max Volmer and had been previously occupied by Gustav Hertz, when he was director of Laboratory G.[49]

For his contributions to the Soviet atomic bomb project, Riehl was awarded a Stalin Prize (first class), a Lenin Prize, and the Hero of Socialist Labor medal. As part of the awards, he was also given a Dacha west of Moscow; but he did not accept the dacha because he wanted to keep personal distance from the soviets and to return to his homeland. For work at Plant No. 12, Riehl's colleagues Wirths and Thieme were awarded a Stalin Prize and the Order of the Red Banner of Soviet Labor, also known and the Order of the Red Flag.[50] [51] [52]

Return to Germany

In 1954, the Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR, German Democratic Republic) and the Soviet Union prepared a list of scientists they wished to keep in the DDR, due to their having worked on projects related to the Soviet atomic bomb project; this list was known as the "A-list". On this A-list were the names of 18 scientists, dominated by members of the Riehl group, which worked at Plant No. 12 in Ehlektrostal'.[53] [54] [55]

While Riehl's work for the Soviet Union netted him significant prestige and wealth, his primary motivation for leaving Russia was freedom. Riehl arrived in East Germany on 4 April 1955; however, by early June he had fled to West Germany. Once there, he joined Heinz Maier-Leibniz on his nuclear reactor staff at Technische Hochschule München, where he made contributions, starting in 1957, to the nuclear facility Forschungsreaktor München (FRM). In 1961 he became an ordinarius professor of technical physics there and concentrated his research activities on solid state physics, especially the physics of ice and optical spectroscopy of solids.[56] [57]

Personal

Riehl and his wife Ilse, had two daughters, Ingeborg (oldest) and Irene.[58] Riehl had a son who had died of natural causes and was buried in Germany.[59]

Selected publications and patents

The majority of these literature citations have been garnered by searching on variations of the author's name on Google, Google Scholar, the Energy Citations Database.

Books

See also

References

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Physics . American Institute of . Nikolaus Riehl - Session I . www.aip.org . 15 May 2024 . en . 24 September 2021.
  2. Book: Riehl . Nikolaus . Seitz . Frederick . Stalin's Captive: Nikolaus Riehl and the Soviet Race for the Bomb . 1996 . Chemical Heritage Foundation . 978-0-8412-3310-2 . 215 . 15 May 2024 . en.
  3. Book: Who's who in Atoms . 1969 . Vallancey Press . 15 May 2024 . en.
  4. Book: Kozhevnikov . A. B. . Stalin's Great Science: The Times and Adventures of Soviet Physicists . 2004 . Imperial College Press . 978-1-86094-419-2 . 15 May 2024 . en.
  5. Web site: Риль, Николаус . Википедия . 15 May 2024 . ru . 22 May 2023.
  6. Web site: Walker . Mark . Nikolaus Riehl - Session I . www.aip.org . American Institute of Physics . 24 September 2021 . en . 13 December 1984.
  7. Michael D. Gordin, Red Cloud at Dawn: Truman, Stalin, and the End of the Atomic Monopoly, Farrar, Straus and Giroux (2009), p. 145
  8. Book: Pondrom . Lee G. . Soviet Atomic Project, The: How The Soviet Union Obtained The Atomic Bomb . 25 July 2018 . World Scientific . 978-981-323-557-1 . 15 May 2024 . en.
  9. Web site: Physics . American Institute of . Nikolaus Riehl - Session II . www.aip.org . 15 May 2024 . en . 24 September 2021.
  10. Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Riehl.
  11. Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 4-5 and 68.
  12. Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 8.
  13. Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 8.
  14. Siegfried Flügge Kann der Energieinhalt der Atomkerne technisch nutzbar gemacht werden?, Die Naturwissenschaften Volume 27, Issues 23/24, 402-410 (June 1939).
  15. Also see the article by Siegfried Flügge Document 74. Siegfried Flügge: Exploiting Atomic Energy. From the Laboratory Experiment to the Uranium Machine – Research Results in Dahlem [August 15, 1939] reprinted in English in Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, 197-206.
  16. Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, 369, Appendix F, see the entry for Riehl, and Appendix D, see the entry for Auergesellschaft.
  17. Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 13.
  18. Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 71-72.
  19. Oleynikov, 2000, 7.
  20. Laboratory 2 was in Moscow. It was later known as LIPAN and then the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy. See Oleynikov, 2000, 4.
  21. Oleynikov, 2000, 3-5.
  22. Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 71-72 and 80.
  23. Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F, see the entry for Riehl.
  24. Walker, 1993, 183.
  25. Naimark, 1995, 209-214.
  26. Oleynikov, 2000, 10-13.
  27. Naimark, 1995, 236.
  28. Holloway, 1995, 111.
  29. Oleynikov, 2000, 9.
  30. "Электросталь" is sometimes transliterated as "Ehlektrostal'". A one-to-one transliteration scheme transliterates the Cyrillic letter "Э" as "Eh", which distinguishes it from that for the Cyrillic letter "Е" given as "E". Transliterations often also drop the soft sign "ь".
  31. Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 89-104.
  32. H. J. Born, N. W. Timoféeff-Ressovsky and K. G. Zimmer Biologische Anwendungen des Zählrohres, Naturwissenschaften Volume 30, Number 40, 600-603 (1942). The authors were identified as being in the genetics department of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin-Buch.
  33. Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 2, 31, 71, 83, 121-128, and 202.
  34. Maddrell, 2006, 179-180, 186, 189, and 210-221.
  35. Albrecht, Heinemann-Grüder, and Wellmann, 1992, Reference #22 on p. 57.
  36. Holloway, 1994, 180 and Reference #56 on p. 410.
  37. Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 121-128, and 202.
  38. Oleynikov, 2000, 15-17.
  39. Penzina, V. V. Archive of the Russian Federal Nuclear Centre of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Technical Physics, named after E. I. Zababakhin. Resource No. 1  - Laboratory "B". [In Russian] (VNIITF). Penzina is cited as head of the VNIITF Archive in Snezhinsk.
  40. Polunin, V. V. and V. A. Staroverov Personnel of Special Services in the Soviet Atomic Project 1945  - 1953 [In Russian] (FSB, 2004) .
  41. The Russians used various types of cover names for facilities to obfuscate both the location and function of a facility; in fact, the same facility could have multiple and changing designations. The nuclear design bureau and assembly plant Arzamas-16, for example, had more than one designation – see Yuli Khariton and Yuri Smirnov The Khariton Version, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 20-31 (May 1993). Some facilities were known by post office box numbers, почтовом ящике (pochtovom yashike), abbreviated as п/я. See Maddrell, 2006, 182-183. Also see Demidov, A. A. On the tracks of one "Anniversary" [In Russian] 11.08.2005, which relates the history changing post office box designations for Arzamas-16.
  42. [N. V. Timofeev-Resovskij|Timofeev-Resovskij, N. V.]
  43. "Я ПРОЖИЛ СЧАСТЛИВУЮ ЖИЗНЬ" К 90-летию со дня рождения Н. В. Тимофеева-Ресовского ("I Lived a Happy Life" – In Honor of the 90th Anniversary of the Birth of Timofeev-Resovskij), ИСТОРИЯ НАУКИ. БИОЛОГИЯ (History of Science – Biology), 1990, № 9, 68-104 (1990). This commemorative has many photographs of Timofeev-Resovskij.
  44. Ratner, V. A. Session in Memory of N. V. Timofeev-Resovskij in the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences [In Russian], Vestnik VOGis Article 4, No. 15 (2000).
  45. Izvarina, E. Nuclear project in the Urals: History in Photographs [In Russian] Nauka Urala Numbers 12-13, June 2000 .
  46. Sulakshin, S. S. (Scientific Editor) Social and Political Process of Economic Status of Russia [In Russian] 2005.
  47. http://www.ch70.chel.su/creators.phtml RFYaTS-VNIITF Creators
  48. http://www.ch70.chel.su/creators.phtml RFYaTS-VNIITF Creators
  49. Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 141-142.
  50. Oleynikov, 2000, 21-22.
  51. Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 103.
  52. Maddrell, 2006, 211.
  53. The A-list prepared by East Germany and the Soviet Union in 1954 had 18 names on it. These Germans were to be encouraged to stay in East Germany, as they had done work on the Soviet atomic bomb project. At least nine members worked in Riehl's group at Ehlektrostal':

    Others on the list were:

    • Heinz Barwich, Justus Mühlenpfordt, and Karl-Franz Zühlke, who all worked at Institute G headed by Gustav Hertz,
    • Ingrid Schilling and Alfred Schimohr, who both worked at Institute A headed by Manfred von Ardenne,
    • Willi Lange, Gerhard Siewert, and Ludwig Ziehl.

    See Maddrell, 2006, 179-180.

  54. Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 137-139.
  55. Maddrell, 2006, 179-180.
  56. Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 31 and 146-150.
  57. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080221165629/http://www.physik.tu-muenchen.de/intern/broschueren/department/11._p201_History.pdf History
  58. Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 86 and 126.
  59. Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 133 and Reference # 2 on p. 133.

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