New Flemish Alliance Explained

New Flemish Alliance
Native Name:Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie
Abbreviation:N-VA
Flag:FileLogo N-VA (Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie).png
Leader:Bart De Wever
Leader2 Title:Chairpersons
Leader2 Name:Valerie Van Peel
Steven Vandeput
Founder:Geert Bourgeois
Split:People's Union
Membership Year:2018
Membership: 45,000[1]
International:International Democracy Union
Europarl:European Conservatives and Reformists
Regional:Christian Group[2]
Colours: Gold
Black
Slogan:De verandering werkt.[3]

Voor Vlaanderen. Voor Vooruitgang.[4] (2019)
Headquarters:Koningsstraat 47, bus 6
BE-1000 Brussels
Youth Wing:Jong N-VA
Country:Belgium
Seats1 Title:Chamber of Representatives
Seats2 Title:Senate
Seats3 Title:Flemish Parliament
Seats4 Title:Brussels Parliament
Seats5 Title:European Parliament
Seats6 Title:Flemish Provincial Councils
Seats7 Title:Benelux Parliament

The New Flemish Alliance (Dutch; Flemish: Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie, pronounced as /nl/, N-VA)[5] is a Flemish nationalist,[6] [7] conservative and Eurosceptic political party in Belgium. The party was established in 2001 by the right-leaning faction of the centrist-nationalist People's Union (VU).[8]

The N-VA is a regionalist[9] and confederalist[10] movement that self-identifies with the promotion of civic nationalism.[11] Within the Flemish Movement, the party strives for the peaceful and gradual transformation of Belgium into a confederal country. In recent years it has become the largest party of Flanders as well as of Belgium as a whole, and it participated in the 2014–18 Belgian Government until 9 December 2018.[12]

The N-VA was established as a centre-right party with the main objective of working towards furthering Flemish autonomy and redefining Belgium as a confederal country through gradually obtaining more powers for both Belgian communities separately with the belief that this will pave the way for eventual Flemish independence.[13] During its early years, the N-VA mostly followed the platform of the former VU by characterising itself as a big tent[14] party with Flemish nationalism as its central theme. Furthermore, it emphasized a pragmatic and non-revolutionary image (as opposed to the far-right character of the other main Flemish pro-separatist party Vlaams Belang) in order to legitimise increased Flemish autonomy. The party also espoused non-interventionalist and pro-individual freedom messages in its original platform.[15] In subsequent years, the N-VA moved to the right and adopted a distinctly conservative identity under the leadership of Bart De Wever, who succeeded the founding leader Geert Bourgeois. The party used to be pro-Europeanist, and previously advocated deepening ties with the European Union (EU) which the N-VA regarded as an important means to give Flanders more international influence,[16] but has since shifted to a "Eurorealist" or "Eurocritical" stance by calling for democratic reform of the EU and opposing a Federal Superstate.[17] [18] The party is known for its insistence on the exclusive use of Dutch, Flanders' sole official language, in dealings with government agencies.[11] The N-VA advocates economic liberalism and immediate tax reductions to stimulate the economy. It also supports stricter law and order and controlled immigration policies, with stronger measures to integrate immigrants in Flanders.[19] [20]

A leading member of the European Free Alliance (EFA), since the 2014 European Parliament election, the N-VA has sat with the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) parliamentary group in the European Parliament.

The party announced the creation of a Walloon branch in 2024, although it didn't manage to win any seats in the Belgian elections of that same year.[21] [22]

History

Fall of the People's Union

See main article: People's Union (Belgium). The N-VA stems from the right-leaning faction of the People's Union (Dutch; Flemish: Volksunie, VU), a Belgian political party and broad electoral alliance of Flemish nationalists from both sides of the political spectrum. Towards the end of the 20th century, with a steadily declining electorate and the majority of the party's federalist agenda implemented, friction between several wings of the People's Union emerged. In the beginning of the 1990s, Bert Anciaux became party president and led the party in an ever more progressive direction, combining the social-liberal and social democratic ideas of his iD21-movement with the regionalist course of the People's Union. These experiments were opposed by the more traditional right-wing party base. Many of the VU's more ardent national-conservative members defected to the Vlaams Blok after becoming disgruntled with direction of the party, prompting a further decline in support. Around this time, VU member Geert Bourgeois, de facto leader of the VU's traditionalist and centre-right nationalist wing, put together the so-called "Oranjehofgroep" (which would go on to become the bedrock of the N-VA) which included fellow VU members Frieda Brepoels, Eric Defoort, Ben Weyts and Bart De Wever. The Oranjehofgroep opposed the direction in which the party was being taken by Anciaux and wanted the VU to pursue a more conservative, Flemish nationalist and separatist direction, while the wing helmed by Anciaux was looking to merge the Volksunie with its progressive programme with another political party.[23]

Tension rose towards the end of the decade, as Geert Bourgeois was elected chairman by party members, in preference to the incumbent and progressive Patrik Vankrunkelsven who belonged to the iD21 wing. Factions subsequently clashed multiple times, over the future course of the party and possible support for current state reform negotiations. On 13 October 2001, the party openly split into three factions: the progressive wing around Bert Anciaux, which would later become the Spirit party; the conservative nationalist wing around Geert Bourgeois; and a centrist group opposing the imminent split. An internal referendum was held on the future course of the party. The right wing gained a substantial plurality of 47% and inherited the party infrastructure.[24] Since no faction got an absolute majority, however, the name Volksunie could no longer be used under Belgian constitutional law and the VU was dissolved. The centre-right orientated faction of the VU went on to found the N-VA while the remaining centre-left faction reorganized itself as Spirit and the centrist-liberal wing mostly folded into the Open VLD.

Foundation and the election threshold

In the autumn of 2001, the New Flemish Alliance (Dutch; Flemish: Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie, N-VA) was officially registered. Seven members of parliament from the People's Union joined the new party. The new party council created a party manifesto and a statement of principles. The first party congress was held in May 2002, voting on a party program and permanent party structures. Geert Bourgeois was elected chairman. The N-VA initially continued some of the VU's former policies.

The party participated in elections for the first time in the 2003 federal elections, but struggled with the election threshold of 5%. This threshold was only reached in West Flanders, the constituency of Geert Bourgeois. With only one federal representative and no senator, the party lost government funding and faced irrelevance.

Cartel with CD&V

In February 2004, the N-VA entered into an electoral alliance, commonly known in Belgium as a cartel, with the Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V) party, the traditionally largest party, which was then in opposition. They joined forces in the regional elections in 2004 and won. Both parties joined the new Flemish government, led by CD&V leader Yves Leterme. Geert Bourgeois became a minister, and Bart De Wever became the new party leader in October 2004.

The cartel was briefly broken when the former right-wing liberal Jean-Marie Dedecker left the Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats (Open VLD) and entered the N-VA on behalf of the party executive. However, the party congress did not put Dedecker on the election list, instead preferring to continue the cartel with CD&V, who had strongly opposed placing him on a joint cartel list. Dedecker saw this as a vote of no confidence, and left the party after only 10 days, to form his own party, List Dedecker (LDD). Deputy leader Brepoels, who supported Dedecker, stepped down from the party board afterwards.

In the Belgian federal election of 2007 the CD&V/N-VA cartel won a major victory again, with a campaign focusing on good governance, state reform and the division of the electoral district Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde. The N-VA won five seats in the Chamber of Representatives and two seats in the Senate. Yves Leterme initiated coalition talks, which repeatedly stalled (see 2007–2008 Belgian government formation). On 20 March 2008, a new federal government was finally assembled. N-VA did not join this government, but gave its support pending state reform.

The cartel ended definitively on 24 September 2008, due to lack of progression in state reform matters and a different strategy on future negotiations. N-VA left the Flemish Government and gave up its support of Leterme at the federal level.

Mainstream party

In the regional elections of June 2009, N-VA won an unexpected 13% of the votes, making them the winner of the elections, along with their old cartel partner CD&V. N-VA subsequently joined the government, led by Kris Peeters (CD&V). Bart De Wever chose to remain party leader and appointed Geert Bourgeois and Philippe Muyters as ministers in the Flemish Government and Jan Peumans as speaker of the Flemish Parliament.

In December 2018, a political crisis emerged over whether to sign the Global Compact for Migration; N-VA was against this, whereas the other three parties in the federal government supported it. On 4 December 2018, the Prime Minister of Belgium, Charles Michel, announced that the issue would be taken to parliament for a vote.[25] On 5 December, parliament voted 106 to 36 in favor of backing the agreement.[26] Michel stated that he would endorse the pact on behalf of parliament, not on behalf of the divided government.[27] Consequently, N-VA quit the federal government; the other three parties continue as a minority government (Michel II).

During the 2019 federal elections, the party again polled in first place in the Flemish region. However, it also saw a decline in vote share for the first time, falling to 25.6% of the Flemish vote.

Ahead of the 2024 federal elections, the N-VA announced it would run candidates in Wallonia for the first time.[28]

Foundation and ideology

The New Flemish Alliance is a relatively young political party, founded in the autumn of 2001. Being one of the successors of the People's Union (Volksunie) party which existed from 1954–2001, it is, however, based on an established political tradition. The N-VA works towards the same goal as its Volksunie predecessor: to redefine Flemish nationalism in a contemporary setting. The N-VA's leader Bart De Wever calls himself a conservative and a nationalist.[29] In its early years, the N-VA argued for a Flemish Republic as a member state of a democratic European confederation. In its initial mission statement, the party stated that the challenges of the 21st century can best be answered by strong communities and by well-developed international co-operation, a position which reflected in their tagline: "Necessary in Flanders, useful in Europe." (Dutch; Flemish: Nodig in Vlaanderen, nuttig in Europa.)

Presently, the N-VA is generally characterised by political scientists and journalists as conservative, conservative liberal, and economically liberal and positioned towards the right-wing of the political spectrum with Flemish issues forming the core of its policy ideas and messages.[30] [31] In recent years the party has also been defined as moderately eurosceptic and more EU-critical compared to its early stance on a European confederation.[32]

During the N-VA's early years, a label for the political orientation for the party was difficult to find. Borrowing from its Volksunie predecessor, the N-VA was initially considered a big tent or catch-all party and a socially liberal nationalist movement that combined left- and right-wing policies. The N-VA also summed up its initial platform with the motto Evolution, not Revolution, arguing for a more pragmatic and less radical approach to Flemish nationalism. The N-VA argued that a nationalist party was needed in the Belgian Federal Parliament both to represent the Flemish people and to work with politicians from all Belgian communities to redefine Belgium as a confederal rather than a federal state by securing more autonomy and political powers for both the Flemish and Walloon regions of Belgium.[33] This strategy assumed that through successive transfers of powers from the federal level to both regions on the one hand, and the European Union on the other, the Belgian state will gradually become obsolete.

In its 2009 election programme, the N-VA described itself as economically liberal[20] and ecologically green. The party supported public transport, open source software, renewable energy and taxing cars by the number of kilometres driven. It wanted more aid for developing countries and more compulsory measures to require that immigrants learn Dutch. The party has generally been supportive of LGBT rights and backed same-sex marriage in Belgium.[34] It calls for measures to protect weaker members of society but also robust welfare reform and limits to welfare benefits to encourage people back into work and reduce unemployment.[20]

Within the decade of its founding, the N-VA has shifted from a big tent to a conservative party by basing some of its socio-economic policies on that of the British Conservative Party.[35] [36] [37] Political scientist Glen Duerr has described the N-VA's current position as evolving to somewhere between that of Vlaams Belang and CD&V.[38] The N-VA has also been described as part of the "sub-state nationalist" family of parties similar to the Scottish National Party and the Catalan National Call for the Republic with its pro-independence platform while also differing from other independence movements in this category like the SNP which tend to hold progressive social and economic agendas since the N-VA promotes more neoliberal policies and right-leaning stances on immigration and multiculturalism that are more in common with European conservative parties. Belgian professor Ico Maly has described the N-VA's current ideology as drawing on the intellectual beliefs of the party's leader Bart de Wever which he terms as "scientific nationalism" that distances the N-VA from the more far-right nationalism advocated by the Vlaams Belang, but on the other, leads the N-VA to use more cultural arguments compared to parties like the SNP such as defending Western values and an ethnically defined Flemish identity.[39]

Since 2014, the N-VA has been described as continuing to move ideologically further to the right under the influence of Bart De Wever and Theo Francken by adopting tougher stances on immigration, integration of minorities, requirements to obtain Belgian citizenship, law and order, national security and repatriation of foreign born criminals and illegal immigrants.[40] [41] In 2015, German weekly Die Zeit published a list of 39 successful radical political parties in Europe. The paper described N-VA as right-wing populist and separatist because it reduces complex political problems to territorial issues.[42] [43] N-VA responded that "foreign media find the party difficult to place, so they just label us as extremists." Some commentators have attributed these shifts as a response to a revival in support for the Flemish nationalist Vlaams Belang.[44] In contrast to other Belgian parties, the N-VA is more critical of the cordon sanitaire placed on the Vlaams Belang party and recently has been more open to negotiating with the party (although accepting former Vlaams Blok/Vlaams Belang members as defectors into the N-VA still remains controversial within some ranks of the party).[45] [46]

Flemish nationalism

The N-VA is part of the broader Flemish nationalist movement and describes its ideology as combining civic and cultural nationalism.[30] [47] The party promotes what it calls inclusive nationalism not defined by revolutionary or racist sentiments in which newcomers can become part of the Flemish community through compulsory learning of the Dutch language, Flemish history and Western values.[47] In its current mission statement, the party claims that political divides in Belgium are not a xenophobic conflict but due to the political structure, arguing that Belgium has effectively been divided into two separate democracies since the 20th Century.[48] The N-VA believes the solution is to redefine the Belgian state as a confederal union by means of transferring powers separately to both communities with a smaller government in Brussels. The N-VA argues that Flanders should pursue more independent economic, taxation and foreign policies which it believes will lead to gradual Flemish secessionism. The party also supports a review into financial transfers from Flanders to Brussels and the Wallonia region, arguing that such a policy threatens solidarity between different linguistic groups and has been a burden on Flemish tax payers.[47]

Migration

The party calls for more strict immigration policies and reforms to asylum laws on its platform, proritizing knowledge-based immigration on a points system similar to the Canadian model and including a compulsory "integration contract" for immigrants to learn Dutch and undergo a values and social skills test before receiving Belgian citizenship. It also argues that dual nationals should be stripped of their citizenship if they are convicted of terrorism and other serious crimes and for the removal of illegal immigrants. The party also established a new government position of Minister for Integration in the Flemish Government after becoming the largest party in the Flemish Parliament.[49] [50] In Federal politics, N-VA MP Theo Francken who served as Belgium's Secretary of State for Asylum and Migration sought to tighten laws on family migration and was noted for overseeing a record deportation of illegal immigrants and foreigners with criminal backgrounds.[51] This policy made him the most popular politician[52] The party has also recently become critical of multiculturalism, arguing that it prevents inclusiveness and social cohesion among the population, and has accused French-speaking parties of pushing mass immigration and multicultural policies onto Flanders through Belgian state politics.[48] In 2018, the party opposed the UN Global Compact for Migration and subsequently withdrew its participation in the Belgian government in protest of its passing.[25] Some commentators have attributed these shifts as a response to a revival in support for the Flemish nationalist Vlaams Belang, which also campaigned against the Migration Compact.[44] The N-VA also supports increased spending and resources for the police and border forces, as well as more resources for counter-terrorism and national security efforts.[53]

Climate change

The party has a what it calls a ecorealism stance, arguing for constructive methods and the use of green technology and expanding Belgium's nuclear power stations to mitigate climate change.[54]

However, the N-VA voted at European level against the foundations of the European Green Deal, namely against an extension of the European Union Emissions Trading System to more sectors and against a European carbon border tax.[55] At the Flemish level, the N-VA and the Flemish government are in favor of a 40% reduction in emissions by 2030, while the EU is calling for a 47% reduction, an objective for which Brussels and Wallonia do commit.[56]

Foreign policy

In terms of foreign policy, the N-VA's stance on the European Union began as strongly pro-European in character (which it regarded as an important means of gaining legitimacy for Flemish nationalism on an international stage); in 2010, the party called for "an ever stronger and more united Europe." However, the party has since moved in a Eurocritical direction and takes a more critical stance on European integration by no longer endorsing a European confederation, calling for less EU interference at national decision making levels and for the right for member states to maintain their own cultural identity, more democratic reform of the EU and arguing that economically unstable nations should leave the Eurozone.[41] [18] [35] The party is critical of the EU's stance on illegal immigration (in particular its handling of the migrant crisis) and the role played by NGOs in picking up migrants. The N-VA argues that the EU should emulate the Australian model of border protection to reinforce its external border and work with nations outside of Europe to stem the flow of illegal migrants arriving by sea.[57]

The N-VA supports continued Belgian participation in NATO and for military cooperation between European states.[58]

Other policies

On economic policy, the N-VA calls for reduced national debts and balanced budget in the Flemish and Federal Parliaments. It has generally advocated for free-market policies and limits on certain government spending. It also supports increased trade and business investment for Flanders.[59]

The N-VA also supports abolishing the Belgian Senate.[60]

International affiliations

At European level, the N-VA is part of the European Free Alliance (EFA), a European political party consisting of regionalist, pro-independence and minority interest political parties, of which the People's Union was a founder member. During the 7th European Parliament of 2009–2014, the N-VA was a member of The Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA) group in the European Parliament. However, following the 2014 European elections, the N-VA announced it was moving to a new group and chose the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR)[61] over the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe.[35]

The N-VA is a member of the International Democracy Union.

Party chairmen

Name Portrait From To
1 2001 2004
2 2004 present

Faction leaders

Electorate

In the federal elections in 2003, N-VA received 3.1% of the votes, but won only one seat in the federal parliament. In February 2004, they formed an electoral alliance (cartel) with the Christian Democratic and Flemish party (CD&V). The cartel won the elections for the Flemish Parliament. The N-VA received a total of 6 seats. However, on 21 September 2008 the N-VA lost its faith in the federal government and the following day minister Geert Bourgeois resigned. In a press conference he confirmed the end of the CD&V/N-VA cartel.

In the 2004 European elections, N-VA had one MEP elected as part of the cartel with CD&V.

In the 10 June 2007 federal elections, the cartel won 30 out of 150 seats in the Chamber of Representatives and 9 out of 40 seats in the Senate.

In the regional elections of 11 June 2009, N-VA (now on its own after the split of the cartel with CD&V) won an unexpected 13% of the votes, making them the winner of the elections along with their former cartel partner. In the 2009 European elections held on the same day, the N-VA had one MEP elected.

In the 2010 federal elections, N-VA became the largest party of Flanders and of Belgium altogether.

In the 2014 federal elections, N-VA increased their dominant position, taking votes and seats from the far-right Flemish Interest. In the simultaneous 2014 regional elections and 2014 European elections, the N-VA also became the largest party in the Flemish Parliament and in the Belgian delegation to the European Parliament.

In the 2019 federal elections, the party remained in first place in the Chamber of Representatives, European Parliament and Flemish Parliament, but saw a decline of their vote share for the first time, obtaining 16.03% of the votes in the Federal Parliament. With a decline of 24.7 percent of their votes compared to 2014, the N-VA suffered the biggest election defeat of any Flemish government party in the last fifty years.[62] The decline in votes was in part due to a sudden upsurge in support for the Flemish Interest.

Election results

Chamber of Representatives

ElectionVotes%Seats+/-Government
2003201,3993.1
20071,234,95018.5 4
20101,135,61717.4 22
20141,366,07320.3 6
20191,086,78716.0 8
20241,167,06116.7 1TBD

Senate

ElectionVotes%Seats+/-
2003200,2733.1
20071,287,38919.4 2
20101,268,78019.6 12
2014 2
2019 3

Regional

Brussels Parliament

ElectionVotes%Seats+/-Government
Overall
200410,48216.8 (#4)
20092,5865.0 (#6) 1
20149,08517.0 (#4) 2
201912,57818.0 (#4) 0
20249.57111.9 (#3) 1TBD

Flemish Parliament

ElectionVotes%Seats+/-Government
20041,060,58026.1 (#1)
2009537,04013.1 (#5) 10
20141,339,94631.9 (#1) 27
20191,052,25224.8 (#1) 8
20241,045,60723.9 (#1) 4TBD

European Parliament

ElectionList leaderVotes%Seats+/-EP Group
Overall
2004Jean-Luc Dehaene1,131,11928.15 (#1)17.43NewEPP-ED
2009Frieda Brepoels402,5459.88 (#5)6.13 0Greens/EFA
2014Johan Van Overtveldt1,123,36326.67 (#1)16.79 3ECR
2019Geert Bourgeois1,123,35522.44 (#1)14.17 1
2024Johan Van Overtveldt995,86822.94 (#2)13.96 1

Representation

European politics

N-VA holds three seats in the tenth European Parliament (2024-2029) for the Dutch-speaking electoral college.

European Parliament
NameIn officeParliamentary group
2019–present European Conservatives and Reformists
2019–present
2024–present

Federal politics

Chamber of Representatives (2019–2024)
ConstituencyNameNotes
Replaces Jan Jambon, who became Flemish Minister-President
Valerie Van Peel
floor leader
Michael Freilich
Sophie De Wit
Koen Metsu
Yoleen Van Camp
Bert Wollants
Anneleen Van Bossuyt
Peter Buysrogge
Tomas Roggeman
Christoph D'Haese
Kathleen Depoorter
West FlandersSander Loones
Yngvild Ingels
Björn Anseeuw
Flemish BrabantTheo Francken
Darya Safai
Replaces Jan Spooren, who became Governor of Flemish Brabant
Kristien Van Vaerenbergh
Katrien Houtmeyers
Limburg (Belgium)replaces Zuhal Demir, who became Minister in the Flemish government)
Frieda Gijbels
Wouter Raskin
Senate (2019–2024)
TypeName
Community senatorAndries Gryffroy
Community senatorFreya Perdaens
Community senatorMaaike De Vreese
Community senatorKarolien Grosemans
Community senatorNadia Sminate
Community senatorKarl Vanlouwe
Community senatorAllessia Claes
Community senatorPhilippe Muyters
Co-opted senatorMark Demesmaeker

Regional politics

Flemish Government

Flemish Government Jambon (incumbent)
NameFunction
Jan JambonMinister-President of the Flemish Government and Flemish Minister for Culture, Foreign Policy and Development Cooperation
Ben WeytsVice minister-president of the Flemish Government and Flemish Minister for Education, Animal Welfare, Brussels Periphery and Sport
Zuhal DemirFlemish Minister for Justice, Planning, Environment, Energy, and Tourism
Matthias DiependaeleFlemish Minister for Finance, Budget, Housing and Immovable Heritage
Former Flemish Ministers

Flemish Parliament

Flemish Parliament (2019–2024)
ConstituencyNameNotes
AntwerpBart De Wever
Speaker of Parliament
Annick De Ridder
Kris Van Dijck
Philippe Muyters
Sofie Joosen
Kathleen Krekels
Paul Van Miert
Freya Perdaens
Manuela Van Werde
Maarten De Veuster
Tine van der Vloet
East FlandersReplaces Matthias Diependaele, who became Minister
Sarah Smeyers
Koen Daniëls
Elke Sleurs
Marius Meremans
Andries Gryffroy
Flemish BrabantReplaces Ben Weyts, who became Minister
Nadia Sminate
Lorin Parys
Piet De Bruyn
Inez De Coninck
Allessia Claes
West FlandersBert Maertens
Maaike De Vreese
Axel Ronse
Cathy Coudyser
Floor Leader
Limburg (Belgium)Steven Vandeput
Replaces Jan Peumans
Karolien Grosemans
Rita MoorsReplaces Jos Lantmeeters who resigned to become Governor of Limburg
Brussels-Capital RegionKarl Vanlouwe
Annabel Tavernier

Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region

Notes and References

  1. News: Open VLD heeft de meeste leden en steekt CD&V voorbij. deredactie.be. 30 October 2014.
  2. Web site: Politieke fracties . . nl . 8 August 2023.
  3. Web site: 'De verandering werkt.' En dat zal N-VA bewijzen ook. Het Laatste Nieuws. 28 November 2016.
  4. Web site: Voor Vlaanderen. Voor Vooruitgang.. 11 February 2019. De Zaeger. Piet. n-va.be. N-VA.
  5. Pronunciation:
  6. Book: Sara Wallace Goodman. Marc Morjé Howard. Evaluating and explaining the restrictive backlash in citizenship policy in Europe. Austin. Sarat. Special Issue: Immigration, Citizenship, and the Constitution of Legality. https://books.google.com/books?id=RqBlR1LQIpYC&pg=PA132. 2013. Emerald Group Publishing. 978-1-78190-431-2. 132.
  7. Web site: 3 December 2015 . Belgium's Mr. Right . POLITICO . en-GB . Laurens . Cerulus . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240529044000/https://www.politico.eu/article/belgium-bart-de-wever-government-flemish-nationalism-n-va-migration-terrorism/ . 29 May 2024 .
  8. Web site: New-Flemish Alliance . N-VA . 22 May 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100522055224/http://www.n-va.be/english . 22 May 2010 . dead .
  9. Book: Peter. Starke. Alexandra. Kaasch. Franca Van Hooren. The Welfare State as Crisis Manager: Explaining the Diversity of Policy Responses to Economic Crisis. 7 May 2013. Palgrave Macmillan. 978-1-137-31484-0. 192.
  10. Web site: "Ce n'est pas la fin de la Belgique, soyons clair": Théo Francken explicite sa vision du confédéralisme. RTL info avec Lucas. Fu. 1 June 2024. RTL Info.
  11. http://www.n-va.be/files/default/nva_images/documenten/manifest.pdf Manifesto of the New Flemish Alliance
  12. News: Belgium's ruling coalition collapses over U.N. pact on migration. The Washington Post. 9 December 2018.
  13. Web site: Beginselverklaring N-VA . 16 January 2017.
  14. Web site: The radicalisation of Flemish nationalism. 26 June 2020.
  15. http://www.n-va.be/files/default/generated/persbericht/Internationale%20persconferentie%20-%20Verklaring%20Bart%20De%20Wever.pdf Internationale persconferentie
  16. Web site: FAQ – Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie (N-VA). https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215538/http://english.n-va.be/en/about/faq. dead. 26 April 2014. 26 April 2014.
  17. Web site: Radicalization and terrorism. 6 June 2023.
  18. Web site: The New Flemish Alliance's decision to join the ECR group says more about Belgian politics than it does about their attitude toward the EU. Leruth. Benjamin. EUROPP. 23 June 2014. London School of Economics.
  19. Web site: Alain . Mouton . Knack Magazine election manifesto review 2014 . Trends.knack.be . 8 May 2014 . 16 January 2017.
  20. Web site: The N-VA's ideology and purpose . N-VA. 24 April 2015 . 19 May 2020. en-GB.
  21. Web site: Michiels . Cisse . "Pour une Wallonie prospère": N-VA trekt met 77 kandidaten naar verkiezingen in alle Waalse provincies . VRT. 16 April 2024 .
  22. Web site: Dupon . Yorick . N-VA trekt overal in Wallonië naar de kiezer: dit zijn de 5 lijsttrekkers . HLN.
  23. News: Kamerleden Oranjehofgroep keuren Lambermont niet goed . 13 March 2021 . De Tijd . 8 May 2001. Dutch.
  24. Book: New Parties in Old Party Systems. September 2013. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-964606-7. 26.
  25. Web site: Casert . Raf . Dispute over UN migration pact fractures Belgian government . https://web.archive.org/web/20181204142437/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/belgian-government-fights-for-survival-over-un-migrants-pact/2018/12/04/6fca1aa0-f79c-11e8-8642-c9718a256cbd_story.html . dead . 4 December 2018 . The Washington Post . 4 December 2018.
  26. Web site: Belgian PM wins backing for UN migration pact. 5 December 2018. France 24. 6 December 2018.
  27. Web site: Belgian PM Charles Michel wins backing for UN migration pact. timesnownews.com. 6 December 2018 . 6 December 2018.
  28. Web site: EXCLUSIVE. N-VA wants to emerge in Wallonia . 3 March 2024.
  29. http://www.trouw.nl/achtergrond/deverdieping/article3035462.ece/_rsquo_Laat_Belgie_maar_rustig___verdampen_rsquo__.html Trouw: "Laat Belgie maar rustig verdampen"
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