New standard tuning explained

Regular Tuning Name:New standard
Caption Top:Five consecutive open-notes of new standard tuning are spaced seven semitones apart on the chromatic circle; the highest interval is only three semitones apart.
Image Top:New standard tuning in the chromatic circle.png
Other Names:Guitar Craft tuning
Interval:Perfect fifth
Semitones:7
Examples:C-G-D-A-E-G
Advanced:TRUE
Repetition:No
Advantages:Approximates all-fifths tuning; wide range
Disadvantages:Very difficult to play standard-guitar music
Lefty:All-fourths tuning (approximately)
Guitarist:Robert Fripp
Guitarist Image:Robert Fripp.jpg
Alt:Robert Fripp plays guitar.
Guitarist Caption:Robert Fripp has taught new standard tuning to three-thousand Guitar Craft students

New standard tuning (NST) is an alternative tuning for the guitar that approximates all-fifths tuning. The guitar's strings are assigned the notes C2-G2-D3-A3-E4-G4 (from lowest to highest); the five lowest open strings are each tuned to an interval of a perfect fifth ; the two highest strings are a minor third apart (E,G).

All-fifths tuning is typically used for mandolins, cellos, violas, and violins. On a guitar, tuning the strings in fifths would mean the first string would be a high B. NST provides a good approximation to all-fifths tuning. Like other regular tunings, NST allows chord fingerings to be shifted from one set of strings to another.

NST's C-G range is wider, both lower and higher, than the E-E range of standard tuning in which the strings are tuned to the open notes E2-A2-D3-G3-B3-E4. The greater range allows NST guitars to play repertoire that would be impractical, if not impossible, on a standard-tuned guitar.

NST was developed by Robert Fripp, the guitarist for King Crimson. Fripp taught the new standard tuning in Guitar Craft courses beginning in 1985, and thousands of Guitar Craft students continue to use the tuning. Like other alternative tunings for guitar, NST provides challenges and new opportunities to guitarists, who have developed music especially suited to NST.

NST places the guitar strings under greater tension than standard tuning. Standard sets of guitar strings do not work well with the tuning as the lowest strings are too loose and the highest string may snap under the increased tension. Special sets of NST strings have been available for decades, and some guitarists assemble NST sets from individual strings.[1]

History

New standard tuning (NST) was invented by Robert Fripp of the band King Crimson in September 1983.

Fripp began using the tuning in 1985 before beginning his Guitar Craft seminars,[2] which have taught the tuning to three thousand guitarists.

String (right-handed) Note Frequency (hertz)
1 g'392.00
2 e' 329.63
3 a 220.00
4 d146.83
5 G 98.66
6 C 65.41

The tuning is (from low to high): C2-G2-D3-A3-E4-G4. The original version of NST was all-fifths tuning.However, in the 1980s, Fripp never attained the all-fifth's high B. While he could attain A, the string's lifetime distribution was too short. Experimenting with a G string, Fripp succeeded. "Originally, seen in 5ths all the way, the top string would not go to B. so, as on a tenor banjo, I adopted an A on the first string. These kept breaking, so G was adopted."[3] In 2012, Fripp suggested that Guitar Circle members experiment with an A string (0.007) from Octave4Plus of Gary Goodman;[4] [5] [6] if successful, the experiment could lead to "the NST 1.2", C2G2D3A3E4-A4, according to Fripp. In 2010, Fripp suggested renaming the tuning as "Guitar Craft Standard Tuning or C Pentatonic tuning".[7]

Properties

The lowest five strings are tuned in perfect fifths from a low C. The first string is a minor third up from the E to a G. Since the lowest five strings are tuned in fifths, guitars with NST can be played with the fingerings for chords and scales used on the violin, cello, and mandolin.

The first five strings of NST have all-fifths tuning, and so its all-fifths chords are movable around the fretboard. In contrast, standard tuning has an irregular major-third interjected among its perfect fourths, which complicates the learning of chords by beginners.

The distinct open-notes are the notes of the major pentatonic scale on C, which contains only consonant intervals. The C-pentatonic scale omits the open B of standard tuning and all-fifths tuning, which forms a dissonant second-interval with C. With the 1980s King Crimson, Fripp had used pentatonic harmony in "Discipline", "Thela Hun Ginjeet", and "Sartori in Tangier".

Harmonics: Overtones

New standard tuning lists four notes (C,G,E,G) from the harmonic sequence (overtones) for the note C. When the low open-note C-string is struck, its harmonic sequence begins with the notes

(C,C,G,C,E,G,B,C).To strengthen a given chord, Vincent Persichetti's Twentieth-century harmony recommends adding perfect fifths above the initial overtones, rather than adding higher overtones, such as B and the higher C.[8] Persichetti's book influenced Fripp. In new standard tuning

Range

Like all-fifths tuning, NST has a greater range than the standard tuning, a perfect fifth greater (a major third lower and a minor third higher).

Chords: Perfect intervals rather than thirds

See also: Guitar chord and Quartal and quintal harmony.

Asked whether NST facilitates "new intervals or harmonies that aren't readily available in standard tuning", Fripp responded, "Yes, that's part of it. It's more effective. It's a more rational system, but it's also better sounding—better for chords, better for single notes." To build chords, Fripp uses "perfect intervals in fourths, fifths and octaves", so avoiding minor and major thirds.[9] Quartal and quintal harmony was stressed from the beginning of Fripp's teaching of Guitar Craft. Fripp began a 1986 course with these directions: "Now, pick a note from the following series—[it was a series of fourths or fifths]. When you are ready—do not be in any hurry, but when you are ready play your note, then pick others and play them as the situation demands it. Your first note will be the first intentional note you have played in a week."[10]

It is a challenge to adapt conventional guitar chords to new standard tuning.[10] NST has wider intervals between consecutive strings than standard tuning.

Historical background

Modern quartal and quintal harmony revives the polyphonic traditions of medieval Europe. Before the common practice period, European polyphony emphasized unison intervals and octaves and also perfect fifths. From the Renaissance to 1900, Western symphonic music was diatonic, emphasizing the tertian harmony of major and minor scales, keys, and chords. Much popular music, especially rock, retains diatonic harmony.

String gauges

With traditional guitar strings, the low C may be loose and the high G may be too tight. Special gauges are therefore more suitable for NST. For steel-stringed acoustic-guitars, many Guitar-Craft participants use either an .011–.058 inch set[2] or an .011–.059 inch set; string-sets may be purchased as a set from a manufacturer or purchased singly and assembled by the guitarist.

Steel-string gauges (inches) for acoustic guitars
G 1 E 2 A 3 D  4 G 5 C 6 Distributor
0.011 0.013 0.023 0.032 0.046 0.056 Guitar Craft Services (Unavailable in 2012)
0.012 0.015 0.023 0.032 0.046 0.060 Guitar Craft Services (Unavailable in 2012)
0.011 0.013 0.0220.032 0.047 0.058 John Pearse Strings, manufacturer[11] [12]
0.0110.013 0.022 0.032 0.047 0.059 D'Addario, manufacturer (available at Guitar-Circle courses)
0.0100.052 (light)Newtone Strings[13]
G1 E2 A3 D4 G5 C6 Source-->
In 2012, a 0.007 inch gauge was being evaluated by Fripp and other members of Guitar Circle, who are considering replacing the first string's G note with an A note, the better to approximate the B note of all-fifths tuning. The 0.007 inch gauge was produced by Octave4Plus of Gary Goodman.[14] Robert Fripp uses lighter strings for electric guitar.
Gauges for electric guitars
G 1 E 2 A 3 D  4 G 5 C 6 Reference
0.010 0.012 0.016 0.024 0.038 0.052 Robert Fripp[15] [16]
0.008 0.012 0.015 0.026 0.0420.052 Curt Golden
0.0085 0.010 0.015 0.024 0.038 0.056 Fabio Mittino[17]
G1 E2 A3 D4 G5 C6 Source-->

Artists who use New Standard Tuning

Robert Fripp currently uses the New Standard Tuning, beginning in 1984.

Fripp has taught New Standard Tuning in his Guitar-Craft courses. In Guitar Craft and in the 2010 successor Guitar Circles, students use only New Standard Tuning. Having to use a new tuning challenges students to approach their playing with greater mindfulness and to explore new ways of musical expression.

As of 2011 there have been three-thousand graduates from Guitar-Craft. Alumni who continue to practice New Standard Tuning are called "crafty guitarists" or "crafties". Some crafty guitarists formed The League of Crafty Guitarists, which toured with Robert Fripp and have released multiple albums. Guitar-Craft and the League of Crafty Guitarists have trained guitarists who went on to form new bands, such as the Trey Gunn and the California Guitar Trio; Gunn and the California Guitar Trio have toured with Fripp as The Robert Fripp String Quintet. Other alumni of the League of Crafty Guitarists include members of Los Gauchos Alemanes, such as U.S. guitarist Steve Ball;[18] Ball is associated with the Seattle Guitar Circle,[19] along with League of Craft Guitarists alumnus Curt Golden.[20] The collection A Plague of Crafty Guitarists features the following Guitar-Craft alumni, who were listed in a review by Barry Cleveland: Tobin Buttram, Nigel Gavin, Geary Street Quartet, Bill Hibbits, Janssen and Jensen, Alejandro Miniaci[21] and From Power Trio /Project, Sur Pacifico, Playmovil, and Santos Luminosos.New Standard Tuning has been adapted for instruments besides guitar. Italian guitarist Fabio Mittino plays in New Standard Tuning. Trey Gunn (Crimson's warr guitar player from 1994 to 2003) and Markus Reuter (TUNER with Crimson drummer Pat Mastelotto)[22] have adapted New Standard Tuning for their 8- and 10-string instruments; in 2007 Reuter used a B-F-C-G-D-A-C-D tuning.[22] Finnish musician Heikki Malmberg uses a 7-string guitar tuned in New Stanard Tuning with an additional low F.[23] Additionally, British musician Michael Linden West plays the oud in New Standard Tuning. In 2023 the band Machine Kult featured guitarist Von De Moray on 7-string guitar tuned to G-D-A-E-B-F#-F#.

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. http://brianrobison.org/index.htm?performance/nst.htm Brian Robinson, composer
  2. Baldwin, Douglas (November 2007). "Guitar Heroes: How to Play Like 26 Guitar Gods from Atkins to Zappa", edited by Jude Gold and Matt Blackett, Guitar Player, p.111.
  3. Web site: Robert Fripp's diary: Friday, 5th February 2010. Robert. Fripp. Discipline Global Mobile, DGM Live. https://web.archive.org/web/20100225142816/http://www.dgmlive.com/diaries.htm?entry=16789 . 25 February 2010 . dead .
  4. Robert Fripp's diary: Sunday, 22nd April 2012. Robert. Fripp. Discipline Global Mobile, DGM Live. 17 January 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131111165336/http://www.dgmlive.com/diaries.htm?entry=21688. 11 November 2013. dead.
  5. Robert Fripp's diary: Friday, 2nd March 2012. Robert. Fripp. Discipline Global Mobile, DGM Live. 17 January 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923223223/http://www.dgmlive.com/diaries.htm?entry=21266. 23 September 2015. dead.
  6. http://octave4plus.com/ Octave4Plus of Gary Goodman
  7. Robert Fripp's diary: Monday, 4th January 2010. Robert. Fripp. Discipline Global Mobile, DGM Live. 17 January 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20160321121706/https://www.dgmlive.com/diaries.htm?entry=16478. 21 March 2016. dead.
  8. Robert Fripp's diary:Sunday, 11th March 2001. Robert. Fripp. Discipline Global Mobile, DGM Live.
  9. Major thirds and minor thirds are implemented poorly in equal temperament tuning (in comparison to thirds in just intonation).
    Just desserts: Steve Kimock shares the sweet sounds of justly tuned thirds and sevenths. Master class. Guitar Player. 1 December 2005 . Gold. Jude. subscription .
  10. Musicologist Eric Tamm wrote that despite "considerable effort and search I just could not find a good set of chords whose sound I liked" for rhythm guitar.
  11. Web site: Six and twelve string acoustic guitar. John. Pearse. John Pearse. jpstrings.com. 25 March 2012.
  12. Web site: Tunings. 25 March 2012. Curt. Golden. Curt Golden—Guitar Instruction. 30 September 2008.
  13. Web site: Robert Fripp's diary: October 18th, 2012. 18 October 2012. Robert. Fripp. Robert Fripp. Discipline Global Mobile, DGM Live!. 7 November 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20150624015801/http://www.dgmlive.com/diaries.htm?entry=22614. 24 June 2015. dead.
  14. Web site: Robert Fripp's diary: Thursday, 2nd August 2012. 2 August 2012. Robert. Fripp. Robert Fripp. Discipline Global Mobile, DGM Live!. 19 August 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20150624023822/http://www.dgmlive.com/diaries.htm?entry=22150. 24 June 2015. dead.
  15. Web site: Robert Fripp's diary: Tuesday, 18th March 2003. 18 March 2003. Robert. Fripp. Robert Fripp. Discipline Global Mobile, DGM Live!. 23 July 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20150624014803/http://www.dgmlive.com/diaries.htm?entry=719. 24 June 2015. dead.
  16. The scale of Fripp's guitar is 628mm.

    Web site: Ben. Crowe. Crimson Guitars. Custom guitars from Crimson Guitars UK currently in stock. 23 July 2012.

  17. Electric Gauchos' transcontinental alt-prog. Guitar Player. 1 October 2005. Cleveland. Barry. subscription. 25 March 2012.
  18. News: Anonymous. Yakima Herald-Republic. Guitar performance slated for Unity Church (Body and soul: What's happening). Yakima Herald-Republic. 2000. 22 Apr 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20160225093101/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-18455535.html. dead. 25 February 2016. subscription.
  19. News: Michael. Upchurch. Guitarists put listeners in the circle. Your Wednesday. The Seattle Times. Seattle, Washington. 6 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20160222220343/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-238796630.html. dead. 22 February 2016. subscription. 25 March 2012.
  20. Web site: Alejandro Miniaci Guitar Loops - Bio.
  21. Markus Reuter. RIFFS: Outsider. Guitar Player. 1 October 2007. Prasad. Anil. subscription. 25 March 2012.
  22. Web site: Heikki Malmberg—Exclusive OnlineDrummer.com Interview . Frank . Bender . 25 April 2009 . OnlineDrummer.com . 23 April 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111110020906/http://onlinedrummer.com/article.php?id=65 . 10 November 2011 .