| Election Name: | 1990 New Zealand general election |
| Country: | New Zealand |
| Type: | parliamentary |
| Ongoing: | no |
| Previous Election: | 1987 New Zealand general election |
| Previous Year: | 1987 |
| Previous Mps: | 42nd New Zealand Parliament |
| Next Election: | 1993 New Zealand general election |
| Next Year: | 1993 |
| Next Mps: | 44th New Zealand Parliament |
| Seats For Election: | All 97 seats in the House of Representatives |
| Majority Seats: | 49 |
| Election Date: | 27 October 1990 |
| Elected Mps: | members |
| Leader1: | Jim Bolger |
| Leader Since1: | 26 March 1986 |
| Party1: | New Zealand National Party |
| Leaders Seat1: | King Country |
| Last Election1: | 40 seats, 44.02% |
| Seats1: | 67 |
| Seat Change1: | 27 |
| Popular Vote1: | 872,358 |
| Percentage1: | 47.82% |
| Swing1: | 3.80% |
| Leader2: | Mike Moore |
| Leader Since2: | 4 September 1990 |
| Party2: | New Zealand Labour Party |
| Leaders Seat2: | Christchurch North |
| Last Election2: | 57 seats, 47.96% |
| Seats2: | 29 |
| Seat Change2: | 28 |
| Popular Vote2: | 640,915 |
| Percentage2: | 35.14% |
| Swing2: | 12.82% |
| Leader3: | Jim Anderton |
| Leader Since3: | 1 April 1989 |
| Party3: | NewLabour Party (New Zealand) |
| Leaders Seat3: | Sydenham |
| Last Election3: | New party |
| Seats3: | 1 |
| Seat Change3: | 1 |
| Popular Vote3: | 94,171 |
| Percentage3: | 5.16% |
| Swing3: | 5.16% |
| Map Size: | 350px |
| Prime Minister | |
| Posttitle: | Subsequent Prime Minister |
| Before Election: | Mike Moore |
| After Election: | Jim Bolger |
| Before Party: | New Zealand Labour Party |
| After Party: | New Zealand National Party |
The 1990 New Zealand general election was held on 27 October to determine the composition of the 43rd New Zealand parliament. The governing Labour Party was defeated, ending its two terms in office. The National Party, led by Jim Bolger, won a landslide victory and formed the new government.
This election was the first time since 1975 that National had won the popular vote.[1] [2]
The Labour Party had taken office after defeating the National Party under Robert Muldoon in the 1984 election. David Lange became prime minister and Roger Douglas became Minister of Finance. The economic program outlined by Douglas was deeply unpopular with Labour's traditional supporters, however – deregulation, privatisation, and free trade, all opposed by the party's more left-wing members, were a key part of the Rogernomics platform. This internal dissent was off-set somewhat by new social legislation and a strong stance against nuclear weapons.
Labour was re-elected in the 1987 election with its parliamentary majority untouched, but the internal disputes continued. Eventually Lange forced Douglas to resign in December 1988, but continued destabilisation of his leadership by Douglas had weakened Lange's position such that he resigned eight months later. He was replaced as prime minister by Geoffrey Palmer, but Palmer failed to revive Labour's falling popularity. Several months before the election, Palmer was replaced by Mike Moore. The National Party was performing strongly – its leader, Jim Bolger, spoke repeatedly of "the Decent Society", saying that the reforms were doing significant damage to the social fabric of the country. The government was also being challenged by the NewLabour Party, founded by renegade MP Jim Anderton.
Five National MPs and eleven Labour MPs intended to retire at the end of the 42nd Parliament.
| Party | Name | Electorate | |
|---|---|---|---|
| National | North Shore | ||
| Papakura | |||
| Tarawera | |||
| Waitotara | |||
| Wallace | |||
| Labour | Christchurch Central | ||
| Dunedin North | |||
| East Cape | |||
| Eastern Hutt | |||
| Manurewa | |||
| Nelson | |||
| Otara | |||
| Palmerston North | |||
| Panmure | |||
| Te Atatu | |||
| Wanganui | |||
The date for the 1990 election was 27 October. 2,202,157 people were registered to vote, and 85.2% of these people turned out. The number of seats being contested was 97 – this was the same as in the previous election, which had the largest number of seats for any Parliament until that point.
The 1990 election eventually saw a victory for the National Party, then in opposition. National won nearly half (48%) of the vote and 67 (69%) of the seats, becoming the fourth National government. This was the highest number of seats the party had ever won, either in absolute terms or as a percentage. Four new (and young) National MPs: (Bill English, Tony Ryall, Roger Sowry and Nick Smith) were called the "brat pack" by Sir Robert Muldoon (himself one of the "Young Turks" of 1960).[3]
The new Green Party gained the third-highest number of votes, but won no seats. The NewLabour Party won a single seat, due to Jim Anderton retaining the Sydenham seat he originally won as a Labour candidate.
The governing Labour Party, by contrast, suffered its worst-ever electoral defeat since it first won power in the 1935 election, winning only 29 (30%) of the seats and 35% of the vote (its lowest percentage since 1931), and losing 27 seats. Initially it appeared that twelve ministers and the Speaker had lost their seats, but Fran Wilde scraped in on special votes. Many of Labour's talented "class of 84" were sent away, though five of them, Annette King, Jim Sutton, Trevor Mallard, Richard Northey and Judy Keall, returned in 1993.
The result was primarily due to intense anger at Labour and its policies (shown by it losing 12% of the vote) rather than love of National (which only increased its vote by 4%).
| Election results[4] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidates | Total votes | Percentage | Seats won | ||
| width=5 bgcolor= | National | 97 | 872,358 | 47.82 | 67 | |
| bgcolor= | Labour | 97 | 640,915 | 35.14 | 29 | |
| bgcolor= | Greens | 71 | 124,915 | 6.85 | - | |
| bgcolor= | NewLabour | 93 | 94,171 | 5.16 | 1 | |
| bgcolor= | Democrats | 91 | 30,455 | 1.67 | - | |
| bgcolor= | Social Credit | 68 | 17,897 | 0.98 | - | |
| bgcolor= | Mana Motuhake | 4 | 10,869 | 0.60 | - | |
| bgcolor= | McGillicuddy Serious | 59 | 10,058 | 0.55 | - | |
| bgcolor= | Christian Heritage | 18 | 9,591 | 0.53 | - | |
| Minor parties and Independents | 76 | 12,863 | 0.71 | - | ||
| Total | 674 | 1,824,092 | 97 | |||
The tables below shows the results of the 1990 general election:
Key
|- |colspan=8 style="background-color:#FFDEAD" | General electorates|-|-|colspan=8 style="background-color:#FFDEAD" | Māori electorates|-|}
Table footnotes:
A number of local by-elections were required due to the resignation of incumbent local body politicians following their election to Parliament: