New York Aquarium Explained

Zoo Name:New York Aquarium
Date Opened:December 10, 1896
Location:602 Surf Avenue
Brooklyn, New York 11224
United States
Coordinates:40.5743°N -73.9751°W
Members:AZA
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The New York Aquarium is the oldest continually operating aquarium in the United States, located on the Riegelmann Boardwalk in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City. It was founded at Castle Garden in Battery Park, Manhattan, in 1896, and moved to Coney Island in 1957. The aquarium is operated by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) as part of its integrated system of four zoos and one aquarium, most notably the Bronx Zoo. It is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA). As part of WCS, the aquarium's mission is to save wildlife and wild places worldwide through science, conservation action, education, and inspiring people to value nature.

The facility occupies and boasts 266 species of aquatic wildlife. Its mission is to raise public awareness about issues facing the ocean and its inhabitants with special exhibits, public events and research. The New York Seascape program, based out of the aquarium, is WCS's local conservation program designed to restore healthy populations of marine species and protect New York waters, which are vital to the area's economic and cultural vitality.

History

Battery Park location

Construction and early years

The New York City government had proposed converting Castle Garden, a former military fort and immigrant-processing station in Battery Park, into an aquarium in 1891.[1] The following February, the New York State Legislature passed a bill allowing the city government to create an aquarium within Castle Garden.[2] [3] Julius F. Munckwitz Jr. drew up preliminary plans for an aquarium, which he presented to New York City's board of park commissioners in mid-1892.[4] The state government voted to allocate $150,000 for the construction of an aquarium within Castle Garden.[5] [6] Local media reported in September 1896 that the aquarium was largely completed.[7] [8] At the time, the tanks contained 45 species, some of which had been in the aquarium for two years. Ultimately, it cost $175,000 to renovate Castle Garden into an aquarium.

The aquarium opened on December 10, 1896,[9] [10] following a soft opening the previous day.[11] [12] The aquarium attracted thousands of visitors on its opening day,[13] and it averaged over 10,000 visitors per day during its first several months. Visitors were not charged admission, which may have contributed to the aquarium's popularity.[14] The aquarium had two million guests within a year, and it had 5.5 million total guests by May 1900.[15] In its early years, the New York Aquarium at Castle Garden typically had more visitors during the summer, and Sunday was the busiest day of the week.[16] The aquarium's busiest day during this period was August 20, 1898, when over 47,000 people visited the aquarium.[17]

The aquarium's first director was Tarleton Hoffman Bean, who was appointed in 1895.[18] He was instrumental in helping to create similar wildlife organizations, especially aquaria. Bean was forced to resign in April 1898.[19]

1900s and 1910s

In March 1902, New York state legislators proposed transferring operation of the New York Aquarium to the New York Zoological Society.[20] The Board of Estimate authorized mayor Seth Low to lease the aquarium to the Zoological Society in July 1902,[21] and the Zoological Society took over on October 31, 1902, with Charles Haskins Townsend as the aquarium's director.[22] [23] At the time, the Aquarium housed only 150 specimens of wildlife. Townsend enlarged the collections considerably, and the Aquarium attracted hundreds of thousands of visitors each year. Townsend served as the Aquarium's director for thirty years.[24] After being appointed as director, Townsend soon made several modifications to Castle Garden's facilities, which cost over $30,000.[25] The number of specimens at Castle Garden also increased; by 1903, the aquarium had 2,000 specimens from over 200 species.[26] By 1907, the aquarium had over two million annual visitors, or an average of 6,000 per day.[27]

By January 1911, officials instead planned to expand Castle Garden,[28] [29] adding semicircular wings to the west and east for over $1 million.[30] Each wing was to contain three tiers of tanks and classroom space.[31] The Zoological Society asked the Board of Estimate to allocate $1.75 million to the renovation,[32] [33] but the board still had not funded the renovation of Castle Garden by 1916.[34] Townsend said the aquarium's mechanical facilities needed major upgrades.[35]

1920s to 1940s

In 1921, Townsend announced that the Zoological Society would construct an electric plant in the basement, replacing a steam plant on the south side of the aquarium building, and then install two tanks in the space formerly occupied by the steam plant.[36] This work was funded by a bequest from Mrs. Russell Sage.[37] By early 1923, the Zoological Society was carrying out the renovations at a cost of $86,000.[38] In June 1923, the board voted to give $76,500 for the construction of an additional story above the building.[39] [40] The Zoological Society planned to add deeper tanks on the second floor, expanding exhibition space by 20 percent. By then, the aquarium had two million annual visitors. The expansion was largely completed by early 1924.[41]

Townsend announced in 1926 that Castle Garden would undergo further modifications at a cost of $225,000. The plans included constructing a third story for workrooms and laboratory space, installing tanks behind the building, adding a new mechanical plant in the basement, and covering the facade with a gray cement finish.[42] The Castle Garden Aquarium remained popular in the 1930s, with two million visitors per year,[43] including 50,000 on a single day in 1934, a new record for the aquarium.[44] [45] Two laboratories were built on the structure's third story in 1940,[46] and a new metal dome was installed above the building the same year.[47] By then, the aquarium's acting director Charles M. Breder Jr. wished to develop a new building nearby, as he believed the aquarium had outgrown Castle Garden.[48] [49]

In February 1941, Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority Commissioner Robert Moses announced that he would demolish Castle Garden when the park was rebuilt during the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel's construction.[50] [51] The city government closed the New York Aquarium and moved some fish and turtles to other aquariums in late 1941;[52] [53] other fish were released into the Atlantic Ocean.[54]

Brooklyn location

In 1953, officials approved the construction of a new aquarium building in the Coney Island neighborhood of southern Brooklyn.[55] [56] The development of the new aquarium was expected to revitalize Coney Island.[57] [58] The New York City Planning Commission allocated of parkland to the new aquarium,[59] and construction commenced on October 24, 1954.[60] [61] Harrison & Abramovitz designed the aquarium at Coney Island.[62] The first phase of the aquarium was originally projected to be completed in 1956 at a cost of $1.5 million; it was to be part of a larger, $10 million development. The project's completion date was delayed due to a shortage of construction materials.[63] On June 6, 1957, the Aquarium opened in Coney Island.[64] [65] The aquarium charged admission at its Coney Island location; this was unpopular among members of the public, who had been accustomed to the free admission at Castle Garden.[66]

When the Coney Island location opened, the WCS had to acquire nearly all its species from scratch, as the species at Castle Garden had been released into the ocean or given to other zoos.[67] Among the few specimens transferred from Castle Garden were a pair of Ridley sea turtles that had been kept in Bermuda after the Castle Garden location closed.[68] The Coney Island site of the New York Aquarium is the home of the WCS New York Seascape program – the society's research and conservation program focusing on nearby rivers, harbor, and ocean from Cape May, New Jersey, to Montauk, Long Island.[69] The aquarium kept an orca briefly in 1968 and a narwhal in 1969. Both reportedly died of possible pneumonia.[70] [71] The aquarium's beluga whales were transferred to the Georgia Aquarium in 2007 as part of a breeding program.[72] In September 2011, the aquarium named its new electric eel Wattson,[73] and in March 2012, it launched a sea horse breeding program.[74]

In October 2006, the New York Aquarium announced the finalists to a competition to develop a more inviting and visually prominent exterior for the aquarium.[75] In March 2007, the winning design by firms WRT and Cloud 9 was selected, which featured an enclosure resembling a whale over the aquarium.[76] [77] However, in March 2008, that concept was scrapped due to concerns over the cost of the design and the practicality of constructing future exhibits under the enclosure.[78] Instead, plans for a new exhibit based on sharks were announced.[79] The massive 784000USgal, 57000ft2 exhibition, Ocean Wonders: Sharks!, was originally scheduled to break ground in November 2012 and open in 2015.[80] However, the New York Aquarium was significantly damaged by Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, which severely flooded the facility and shut down power. A small group of WCS staff who remained onsite during the hurricane were able to save 80 percent of the animals in the collection.[81] As a result, construction on the exhibit was delayed.[82] Ocean Wonders: Sharks! ultimately broke ground in January 2014.[83] The exhibit opened on June 30, 2018, becoming the first major exhibit at the New York Aquarium to open after Hurricane Sandy.[84] [85]

The aquarium closed for four months starting in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, which shuttered almost all businesses citywide. With the reopening of the aquarium in July 2020, a new exhibit called Spineless, dedicated to invertebrate marine species, was opened.[86] The aquarium fully re-opened from Sandy damage in July 2022.[87]

Exhibits

, the New York Aquarium consists of five exhibits: Aquatheater; Conservation Hall; Sea Cliffs; Spineless; and Ocean Wonders: Sharks.[88]

The original Bathysphere, a deep-sea submersible that made historic journeys underwater in the 1930s, is on display at the aquarium.[89]

Notable people

External links

Notes and References

  1. March 14, 1891 . Planning a Great Aquarium for New York City. . LXIV . 11 . 164 . . Scientific American.
  2. News: February 13, 1892 . Castle Garden Aquarium.; Text of the Legislative Act Providing for Its Establishment. . en-US . The New York Times . live . October 10, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221012004211/https://www.nytimes.com/1892/02/13/archives/castle-garden-aquarium-text-of-the-legislative-act-pro-viding-for.html . October 12, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  3. News: February 12, 1892 . Proceedings in Both Branches: Grade-crossing Bills in the Senate--assembly Bills Affecting New-york and Brooklyn for Lengthening the Canal Locks an Irate Mayor Attacks the Governor the Castle Garden Aquarium Bill Signed . 5 . New-York Tribune . .
  4. June 11, 1892 . Proposed Aquarium in New York. . LXVI . 24 . 372 . . Scientific American.
  5. News: September 11, 1893 . New York's Aquarium.: It is to Cost $150,000 and Permanently Occupy Castle Garden. . 6 . Los Angeles Times . .
  6. Mather . Fred . November 13, 1897 . The New York Aquarium. . XLIX . 20 . 389 . . Forest and Stream; a Journal of Outdoor Life, Travel, Nature Study, Shooting, Fishing, Yachting.
  7. News: September 20, 1896 . The New-York Aquarium . SM4 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  8. News: September 20, 1896 . Aquarium Nearly Ready: Old Castle Garden's Doors to Open Again in Three Months Queer Varieties of Sea Life for the Public to Gaze Upon--looking for a White Whale a High and Airy Structure Many Fish in the Pools Already Came Along Uninvited . B10 . New-York Tribune . .
  9. News: December 10, 1896 . Opening of the Aquarium . 2 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . live . October 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221012004156/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111088452/opening-of-the-aquarium/ . October 12, 2022.
  10. News: December 11, 1896 . The Aquarium Now Open: It is Estimated That 30,000 Persons Saw the Exhibit Yesterday . 7 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  11. News: December 10, 1896 . Aquarium Opens to-day; It Was Informally Opened Yesterday to Park Board's Guests. . en-US . The New York Times . live . October 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221012004207/https://www.nytimes.com/1896/12/10/archives/aquarium-opens-today-it-was-informally-opened-yesterday-to-park.html . October 12, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  12. News: December 10, 1896 . Reception at the Aquarium: Luncheon Served to Invited Guests in the Laboratory--to Be Opened to-day . 10 . New-York Tribune . .
  13. News: December 12, 1896 . The Castle Garden Aquarium . 7 . The Buffalo Commercial . live . October 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221012004228/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111088814/the-castle-garden-aquarium/ . October 12, 2022.
  14. News: Martin . Douglas . December 12, 1996 . Aquarium Turns 100 With Renewed Popularity . en-US . The New York Times . live . October 10, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150526163428/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/12/nyregion/aquarium-turns-100-with-renewed-popularity.html . May 26, 2015 . 0362-4331.
  15. Bristol . Charles L. . Aug 1900 . Treasures of the New York Aquarium. . LX . 4 . 553 . . Century Illustrated Magazine.
  16. News: May 5, 1903 . Many Visit Zoological Park: Great Increase in 1902 Over 1901--Large Attendance at Aquarium . 7 . New-York Tribune . .
  17. Bristol . Charles L. . Aug 1900 . Treasures of the New York Aquarium. . LX . 4 . 553 . . Century Illustrated Magazine.
  18. News: 1895-10-30 . The Vacant Fish Commission; The President Has Taken No Action to Fill the Place -- Dr. Tarleton H. Bean's Qualifications. . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-10-12 . 0362-4331.
  19. News: 1898-04-02 . Dr. Bean Goes Under Protest; He Yields to the Park Police and Leaves His Office in the Aquarium. . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-10-12 . 0362-4331.
  20. News: March 18, 1902 . Change for Aquarium; Bill Introduced Placing It Under Management of Zoological Society. . en-US . The New York Times . live . October 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221012004232/https://www.nytimes.com/1902/03/18/archives/change-for-aquarium-bill-introduced-placing-it-under-management-of.html . October 12, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  21. News: July 28, 1902 . Sites for Libraries . 4 . Times Union . live . October 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221012004207/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111118824/sites-for-libraries/ . October 12, 2022.
  22. News: November 1, 1902 . Aquarium Transferred . 9 . New-York Tribune . live . October 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221012004211/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111118704/aquarium-transferred/ . October 12, 2022.
  23. News: October 25, 1902 . City Cedes the Aquarium . 1 . New-York Tribune . live . October 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221012004211/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111119183/city-cedes-the-aquarium/ . October 12, 2022.
  24. Web site: Castle Clinton . June 19, 2017 . History & Culture . National Park Service.
  25. News: December 20, 1903 . Overhauling the Aquarium; Director Townsend Spending $30,000 to Make It a More Attractive and Valuable Resort. . en-US . The New York Times . October 11, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  26. August 1, 1903 . Freaks from the Ocean.: Some Queer Fish in the Castle Garden Aquarium . . LXI . 5 . 88 . .
  27. News: October 6, 1907 . Fine Fish Collection: Rare Specimens at Aquarium Seen by 2,000,000 Persons a Year . C3 . New-York Tribune . .
  28. News: January 11, 1911 . New Aquarium is Planned . 2 . The Sun . live . October 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221012004239/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111126174/new-aquarium-is-planned/ . October 12, 2022.
  29. News: January 15, 1911 . Famous Aquarium to Be Enlarged . 41 . The New York Times . live . October 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221012004214/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111126050/famous-aquarium-to-be-enlarged/ . October 12, 2022.
  30. News: August 20, 1911 . New Barge Office and Aquarium to Embellish Manhattan's Free Resort Yclept the Battery: Historic Structures Will Be Replaced by Notable and Expensive Landmarks . A3 . New-York Tribune . .
  31. News: August 8, 1912 . Enlarge Castle Garden . 6 . New-York Tribune . .
  32. June 3, 1911 . New York Aquarium . LXXVI . 22 . 16 . . Forest and Stream; a Journal of Outdoor Life, Travel, Nature Study, Shooting, Fishing, Yachting (1873-1930).
  33. News: May 28, 1912 . Urges Castle Garden Wing . 6 . The New York Times . live . October 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221012004224/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111126403/urges-castle-garden-wing/ . October 12, 2022.
  34. News: November 26, 1916 . City Asked to Help Improve Aquarium; Park Commissioner Ward Gives Approval to Plan Now Before Estimate Board . en-US . The New York Times . live . October 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221012004213/https://www.nytimes.com/1916/11/26/archives/city-asked-to-help-improve-aquarium-park-commissioner-ward-gives.html . October 12, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  35. News: August 22, 1915 . Classic Greek Temple Planned to Enclose Aquarium . 47 . The Sun . live . October 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221012004206/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111128087/classic-greek-temple-planned-to-enclose/ . October 12, 2022.
  36. News: April 19, 1921 . Aquarium to Be Enlarged; Monsters of Sea to Be Shown in New Tanks at Battery Park. . en-US . The New York Times . live . October 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190513144109/https://www.nytimes.com/1921/04/19/archives/aquarium-to-be-enlarged-monsters-of-sea-to-be-shown-in-new-tanks-at.html . May 13, 2019 . 0362-4331.
  37. News: August 12, 1923 . Changes at the Aquarium to Make It World Model; Old Building Which Houses Collection of Fish Has Had Eventful Past -- Once a Fort, Then Jenny Laid Sang There -- Used for Immigrant Station, and Finally for Present Exhibit. . en-US . The New York Times . live . October 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221012004230/https://www.nytimes.com/1923/08/12/archives/changes-at-the-aquarium-to-make-it-world-model-old-building-which.html . October 12, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  38. News: January 10, 1923 . Flash Animal Life Upon the Screen; Films Shown at Zoological Society Meeting Depict Work at Tropical Station . en-US . The New York Times . live . October 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221012004233/https://www.nytimes.com/1923/01/10/archives/flash-animal-life-upon-the-screen-films-shown-at-zoological-so.html . October 12, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  39. News: June 9, 1923 . $76,500 Voted to Add second Story to Historic Aquarium: Growth in Fish Family Supported by Gty Makes More. Room Necessary at Venerable Structure on Battery Sea Wall, Formerly Castle Garden . 8 . New-York Tribune . .
  40. News: June 5, 1923 . Man Breaks Rule for Art Institute; Votes to Spend $1,050,000 for Two Wings to the Building in Brooklyn . en-US . The New York Times . live . October 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221012004304/https://www.nytimes.com/1923/06/05/archives/man-breaks-rule-for-art-institute-votes-to-spend-1050000-for-two.html . October 12, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  41. News: March 16, 1924 . Aquarium Will Soon Have All Modern Improvements . en-US . The New York Times . live . October 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221012004211/https://www.nytimes.com/1924/03/16/archives/aquarium-will-soon-have-all-modern-improvements.html . October 12, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  42. News: July 11, 1926 . Aquarium Changes to Cost $225,000: Historic Building's Appearance Will Be Greatly Improved by the Alterations. Third Floor to Be Added City's Share of Expense $130,000 -- Balance Contributed by Private Donors. . E1 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  43. News: January 9, 1935 . 5 Million Mark Passed at Zoo And Aquarium: Attendance Increased in 1934, Zoological Society Hears at Yearly Meeting Conservation Work Aided Grant Gets Funds to Create Bear Sanctuary in Alaska . 15 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  44. News: June 1, 1934 . Two Sailors Join 100,000 Seeing Fleet at Battery: Record Throng Waits 5 Hrs. in Park, 50,640 Jamming Way Into the Aquarium . 13 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  45. News: June 1, 1934 . Sailors Are Expected to Spend More Than $1,000,000 on Visit; Received Pay on Wednesday and Are Ready for 18-Day Stay -- Costs $12,500 to Feed Fleet Daily -- Sighting of First Ship Is Cheered on Drive -- 63,600 at Battery Park Visit Aquarium. . en-US . The New York Times . live . October 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221012004214/https://www.nytimes.com/1934/06/01/archives/sailors-are-expected-to-spend-more-than-1000000-on-visit-received.html . October 12, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  46. News: August 18, 1940 . City Improves Zoo in Bronx And Aquarium: Park Adds $100,000 African Plains Group to Exhibits; Pool for Blind Cave Fish The 'African Plains' Begin to Take Form at the New York Zoological Park . A5 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  47. News: July 21, 1940 . Aquarium Gets Metal Dome to Stop 158 Leaks: Fish Object to Tarry Rain; Lighting Also Improved; New Director Takes Hold . A2 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  48. News: December 9, 1938 . New Aquarium Is Proposed, of Radical Design: Dr. Breder, Acting Head of Institution, Writes Plan for Building Which Would 'Co-ordinate Aquatic Life' . 25 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  49. News: December 9, 1938 . Modern Aquarium for the City Is Proposed; Would Give Wider Knowledge of Exhibits . en-US . The New York Times . October 12, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  50. News: February 8, 1941 . Battery Aquarium to Be Demolished; Doomed by Brooklyn Tunnel, It Will Be Replaced by a Modern One in Bronx . en-US . The New York Times . live . March 21, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180322015949/https://www.nytimes.com/1941/02/08/archives/battery-aquarium-to-be-demolished-doomed-by-brooklyn-tunnel-it-will.html . March 22, 2018 . 0362-4331.
  51. News: February 7, 1941 . Moses Says Historic Battery Building That Began as Fort in 1807 Will Be Demolished During Construction of Tunnel to Brooklyn . 1 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  52. News: September 23, 1941 . Fish to Leave Old Home; Aquarium to Start Dispersing Thousands of Specimens . en-US . The New York Times . live . March 21, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180322015515/https://www.nytimes.com/1941/09/23/archives/fish-to-leave-old-home-aquarium-to-start-dispersing-thousands-of.html . March 22, 2018 . 0362-4331.
  53. News: September 22, 1941 . Aquarium Bids Fond au Revoir To Its Turtles: Sends Them to Philadelphia; Building's Past Recalled in Nostalgic Broadcast . 6 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  54. News: October 2, 1941 . Last 200 Aquarium Fish Dumped Back Into Ocean: Five Tagged Sand Sharks and a Sting Ray Among Them . 47 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  55. 687.
  56. News: October 23, 1953 . Plan of Aquarium at Coney Island Approved – Estimate Board Appropriates $450,000 for First Stage – Work Starts in Spring . The New York Times . July 27, 2018 . 0362-4331.
  57. January 29, 1955 . Coney Girds for '55; Aquarium Progressing . Billboard . en . Nielsen Business Media, Inc. . 63 . July 22, 2018.
  58. News: Salerno . Al . October 24, 1954 . Break Ground for World's Greatest Aquarium at Coney Island . 1, 21 . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  59. News: 1954-10-21 . Park is Approved at New Aquarium; Coney Island Area to Exceed 5 Acres -- Ground-Breaking for Building Sunday . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-10-12 . 0362-4331.
  60. News: Barstow . James S. . 25 Oct 1954 . Coney Aquarium Started As Officials Break Ground . 5 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  61. News: 1954-10-25 . Aquarium's Start is Hailed at Coney; Ground Is Broken for Initial Part of $10,000,000 Project -- Weather Draws Crowd . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-10-12 . 0362-4331.
  62. News: Schumach . Murray . 1957-05-12 . Noisy Aquarium Springs to Life; Painters, Carpenters and Fish Preparing for Opening at Coney Island June 5 Ground Broken in 1954 Electric Eels on Hand . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-10-12 . 0362-4331.
  63. News: Perlmutter . Emanuel . 1956-02-04 . Shortages Delay Aquarium Work; Rare Fish May Have to Wait Until '57 to Make Debuts in Huge 'Bowl' at Coney Installations Take 4 Months . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-10-12 . 0362-4331.
  64. News: 1957-06-07 . New Aquarium Opens; Coney Island Building Draws More Than 8,000 in Day . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-10-12 . 0362-4331.
  65. News: Gleason . Gene . 6 Jun 1957 . Walrus and Penguin Co-star At Dedication of Aquarium . A1 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  66. News: Cook . Philip S. . 17 Jun 1957 . Aquarium's Admission Charge Stirs a Dispute . A1 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  67. News: Berger . Meyer . 1954-11-01 . About New York; Aquariist Is Awash With Problems of Stocking $10,000,000 Aquarium at Coney Island . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-10-12 . 0362-4331.
  68. News: Schumach . Murray . 1957-05-31 . Two Old Turtles End 16-year Exile; They Return From Bermuda to Take Their Place in the Coney Island Aquarium . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-10-12 . 0362-4331.
  69. News: Dohlin. Jon Forrest. November 4, 2014. A New New York Aquarium. Huffington Post. February 7, 2016. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20170312050016/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jon-forrest-dohlin/a-new-new-york-aquarium_b_6097006.html_r=4. March 12, 2017.
  70. News: NY Whale Dies in Pool. September 7, 1968. Eugene Register-Guard. Associated Press. 4A. March 9, 2017.
  71. News: Aquarium's Narwhal Is Dead. October 9, 1969. St. Petersburg Times. New York Times Service. 20A. March 9, 2017.
  72. Web site: Belugas sent to breed . New York Aquarium . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090105171657/http://nyaquarium.com/287230/20095793 . January 5, 2009.
  73. News: The Neighborhood News. New York. September 26, 2011. 20.
  74. News: The Neighborhood News. New York. March 18, 2012.
  75. News: From 3 Finalists in Aquarium's Redesign, Swoops, Swirls and Great Water Views. Confessore. Nicholas. October 6, 2006. The New York Times. December 15, 2018. en-US. 0362-4331.
  76. Web site: NY Aquarium Goes for "Whale" of a Design. Chung. Jen. March 7, 2007. Gothamist. December 15, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180312035750/http://gothamist.com/2007/03/07/ny_aquarium_goe.php. March 12, 2018. dead.
  77. Web site: Projects in progress : New York Aquarium. Enric Ruiz-Geli. December 15, 2018.
  78. News: 300,000 Gallons of 'Jaws'. Mindlin. Alex. March 23, 2008. The New York Times. December 15, 2018. en-US. 0362-4331.
  79. Web site: Swimming with Sharks: $67M Coney 'Fantasy Land'. Robert. March 3, 2008. Curbed NY. June 29, 2018.
  80. Web site: New York Aquarium's new, kinetic shark pavilion opens at Coney Island. Plitt. Amy. June 29, 2018. Curbed NY. June 29, 2018.
  81. News: Foderaro. Lisa W.. November 7, 2012. New York Aquarium damaged by Hurricane Sandy. April 6, 2013. The New York Times.
  82. News: Rebuilding the New York Aquarium After Hurricane Sandy. Stapinski. Helene. May 5, 2017. The New York Times. May 5, 2017. 0362-4331.
  83. News: New York Aquarium To Debut New Sharks Exhibit. June 8, 2018. CBS New York. June 29, 2018. en.
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