Democratic Party of Korea explained

Native Name:더불어민주당
Native Name Lang:ko
Abbreviation:DPK
Leader1 Title:Floor leader
Leader1 Name:Park Chan-dae
Leader2 Title:Chair of the Policy Planning Committee
Leader2 Name:Jin Seong-jun
Slogan:국민과 더불어
('Together with the people')
Leader:Lee Jae-myung[1]
Secretary General:Kim Yoon-deok
Position:Centre to centre-left
Affiliation1 Title:Electoral alliance
Headquarters:7, Gukhoe-daero 68-gil, Yeongdeungpo District, Seoul
Youth Wing:Democratic Party of Youth
Membership Year:2022
Membership: 4,849,578[2]
Think Tank:The Institute for Democracy
Seats1 Title:National Assembly
Seats2 Title:Metropolitan mayors and governors
Seats3 Title:Municipal mayors
Seats4 Title:Provincial and metropolitan councillors
Seats5 Title:Municipal councillors
Country:South Korea

The Democratic Party of Korea (DPK;,), formerly known as the New Politics Alliance for Democracy (NPAD;), is a centrist-liberal South Korean political party. The DPK and its rival, the People Power Party (PPP), form the two major political parties of South Korea.

Democratic Party of Korea
Hanja:더불어
Rr:Deobureo Minjudang
Mr:Tŏburŏ Minjudang
Othername1:New Politics Alliance for Democracy
Hanja1:새
Rr1:Saejeongchi Minju Yeonhap
Mr1:Saejŏngch'i Minju Yŏnhap

The NPAD was founded on 26 March 2014 out of a merger between the Democratic Party and the preparatory committee of the New Political Vision Party (NPVP) led by Ahn Cheol-soo. The party changed its name to the Democratic Party of Korea on 28 December 2015. In 2022, the Democratic Party, the Open Democratic Party,[3] and New Wave[4] merged to form a big tent party.[5] [6]

History

Formation and Ahn–Kim leadership (March – July 2014)

On 26 March 2014, the New Politics Alliance for Democracy[7] was founded after an independent group led by Ahn Cheol-soo, in the process of forming the New Political Vision Party, merged with the Democratic Party led by Kim Han-gil. As a result, the former Democratic Party was absorbed into the NPAD and the preparatory committee of the NPVP was dissolved. Ahn and Kim jointly assumed leadership of the party as co-leaders.[8] When the party performed poorly in by-elections that July, both leaders stepped down. The leadership of the party was then assumed by an emergency committee.[9]

Ahn–Moon split (2015 – 16)

On 7 February 2015, a party convention elected Moon Jae-in as the new leader of the party.[10] Moon, who had previously served as chief of staff for former president Roh Moo-hyun, was the leader of the party's "pro-Roh" faction, opposed to Ahn and Kim. Moon came under fire for imposing a "pro-Roh hegemony" in the party, as Ahn and Kim were jeered and harassed at a memorial service for Roh held in May 2015.[11]

As the factional conflict intensified, the party lost support, falling from around 40 to 30 percent in opinion polls.[12] A survey conducted on 12–14 November 2015, showed that supporters of the party wanted Ahn and Seoul mayor Park Won-soon to assume the leadership alongside Moon.[13] On 29 November, Ahn rejected a proposal from Moon to establish joint leadership[14] and presented Moon with a demand to call a convention to elect a new party leader. Moon rejected his demand,[15] and Ahn left the party.[16]

Ahn was followed by a number of NPAD assembly members, including his former co-leader Kim Han-gil[17] [18] and Kwon Rho-kap, a former aide of President Kim Dae-jung from the party's stronghold of Honam.[19] Ahn and Kim merged their groups with that of another defector from the NPAD, Chun Jung-bae, to form the People Party.[20]

Following the defections, the NPAD was renamed the Democratic Party of Korea on 28 December 2015, and Moon resigned as party leader on 27 January 2016.[21] Subsequently, Kim Chong-in, an academic and former assemblyman who served as an economic advisor to President Park Geun-hye, was appointed party leader.[22] [23] Kim was viewed as an unexpected choice, as he had previously worked for the conservative Chun Doo-hwan and Roh Tae-woo administrations in the 1980s,[24] serving as an assembly member for the ruling Democratic Justice Party and as health and welfare minister.[25]

Under Kim Chong-in (January – August 2016)

Kim Chong-in viewed the pro-Roh Moo-hyun faction and what he considered the extremist wing of the party as responsible for the party's troubles and pledged to diminish their influence.[26]

In the lead-up to the 2016 legislative election, he deselected Lee Hae-chan, who had been Prime Minister under Roh and was now chairman of the Roh Moo-hyun Foundation, as a candidate.[27] Lee left the party in response. Many of Kim's nominations for the party's list were rejected by the rest of the party leadership, while favored candidates of Moon were ranked near the top of the approved list. Kim offered to resign in March but stayed on as leader after a visit from Moon.[28] Kim stated that he would continue to attempt to change the party's image, saying that the events had shown the party was "still unable to move on from its old ways".

2016 legislative election

Though losing votes to the People's Party formed by Ahn, Chun, and Kim Han-gil—particularly in Honam—the party emerged as the overall winner of the election, receiving a plurality of seats (123 seats) in the National Assembly with a margin of one seat over the Saenuri Party. Lee Hae-chan returned to the Assembly as an independent, representing Sejong City. Following its electoral victory, Kim announced that the Democratic Party would shift its focus from welfare to economic growth and structural reform. Kim stated that the party would also change its position to support the establishment of for-profit hospitals, in contrast to the party's earlier opposition to the policy.[29]

Under Choo Mi-ae (August 2016 – August 2018)

2017 presidential election

See also: 2017 South Korean presidential election. After the constitutional court impeached President Park Geun-hye for bribery, the Democratic Party's Moon Jae-in won the presidential election with 41.1% of the vote, with Hong Joon-pyo of the Liberty Korea Party coming in second with 24%.[30]

Under Lee Hae-chan (August 2018 – August 2020)

2020 legislative election

See also: 2020 South Korean legislative election. On 15 April 2020, the Democratic Party and its allies won an absolute majority with 180 seats in the 300-member National Assembly. The main opposition United Future Party (UFP) won 103 seats.[31]

Under Lee Nak-yon (August 2020 – March 2021)

On 9 March 2021, Lee Nak-yon resigned as the leader of the Democratic Party of Korea to run for president in the 2022 South Korean presidential election.[32]

2021 by-elections

Following major losses in the 2021 by-elections, the party leadership was reorganized.[33] Do Jong-hwan became the interim party leader.[33]

Under Song Young-gil (May 2021 – August 2022)

2022 presidential election

In October 2021, the Democratic Party nominated Lee Jae-myung as its nominee in the 2022 presidential election over other contenders such as former Democratic Party leaders Lee Nak-yon and Choo Mi-ae. Lee ultimately lost the election with 47.83% of the vote.[34]

Under Lee Jae-myung (August 2022 – present)

After a brief non-captain system, Lee Jae-myung was elected as the party representative with 77.7% of the vote.[35] At the time of his election, Lee had been under investigation by South Korea's Supreme Prosecutor's Office for alleged wrongdoings during his tenure as Mayor of Seongnam. As a result of the investigation, the Supreme Prosecutor's Office issued an arrest warrant for Lee on 16 February 2023 over allegations of corruption and bribery.[36] A motion to arrest the Lee was held in the National Assembly on February 21 but was rejected by a narrow margin.[1] Conflict arose between the pro-Lee Jae-myung faction and anti-Lee Jae-myung faction over the arrest motion.[37] The pro-Lee Jae-myung faction argued that the party leader won nearly 80% of the party's vote and that the party's supporters overwhelmingly support the rejection of the arrest motion. The anti-Lee Jae-myung and moderate faction lawmakers insisted that affairs of the party and individual affairs of the party leader must be separated, arguing that the party's overall approval rating was falling because of the party's representative.[38] A hardline pro-Lee Jae-myung fringe group within the Democratic Party known as the "Gaeddal" (개딸) short for (개혁의 딸들, meaning "daughters of the reformation"), pressured lawmakers who seemed to agree to the motion for Lee Jae-myung's arrest to oppose the motion. Regarding this, party leader Lee Jae-myung requested the Gaeddal refrain from pressuring lawmakers.[39]

Park Kwang-on was elected as the floor leader of the Democratic Party with the support of a majority of lawmakers in the first round of voting. Rep. Park Kwang-on is classified as a member of the anti-Lee Jae-myung faction, often taking a neutral or critical stance against Lee Jae-myung.[40]

Rep. Kim Nam-guk withdrew from the party due to a controversy over possession of virtual currency. Rep. Kim is considered a pro-Lee Jae-myung member and the incident has dealt a blow to the leadership of the party representative.[41]

The party attempted to appoint Lee Rae-kyung, a left-wing nationalist, as the chairperson of the party's Innovation Committee, but withdrew the appointment due to staunch opposition from internal moderates and external opposition. Kim Eun-kyung was instead chosen for the position. She was criticized by moderates in the party for her favorable attitude towards Lee Rae-kyung.[42]

The party strongly opposed the discharge of radioactive water of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and criticized President Yoon Suk Yeol's government, saying that the government did not take a clear opposition position and advocated for the discharge.[43]

A second motion to arrest the party leader was issued on 22 September, and passed the National Assembly with 149 members voting in favor of Lee Jae-myung's arrest and 136 members opposing it.[44] Initially, it was predicted that the motion for arrest would be rejected but more than 30 members within the Democratic Party agreed to the arrest motion, highlighting the party's intensifying divide between pro and anti-Lee Jae-myung factions.[45] The pro-Lee Jae-myung faction criticized the anti-Lee Jae-myung faction for colluding with prosecutors supportive of the Yoon Seok-yeol government to push ahead with the motion's passage despite most of the party's supporters being opposed to it. Members of the moderate and anti-Lee Jae-myung factions criticized Lee Jae-myung and urged for him to resign as party leader.[46]

A public opinion poll later revealed that 44.6% of respondents agreed with the passage of the arrest motion, while 45.1% of respondents opposed it. When limited to Democratic Party supporters, 83.2% opposed the passage of the arrest motion.[47]

Afterwards, numerous key party officials resigned in order to reorganize the party.

On 23 September 2023, Lee Jae-myung broke his fast that had lasted for 24 days, which he had started to demand a government reforms and the resignation of the entire cabinet.[48]

Rep. Hong Ihk-pyo was elected as the party's new floor leader on 26 September 2023. Hong, belonging to the party's moderate faction won the support of the pro and anti-Lee Jae-myung factions. Other key party positions were won by members of the pro-Lee Jae-myung faction, while the anti-Lee Jae-myung remained critical of Lee's leadership.[49]

In October 2023, the Democratic Party won the by-election for the mayor of Gangseo District, Seoul defeating People Power Party candidate Kim Tae-woo. The party's candidate Jin Kyo-hoon was elected with 56.52% of vote, while the People Power Party candidate Kim Tae-woo came in second place with 39.37% of the vote.[50] The party received support from Basic Income Party, Social Democratic Party, and the Minsaeng Party.[51]

On 3 December 2023 Representative Lee Sang-min, who was critical of Lee Jae-myung, left the party citing it increasingly becoming a one-man show dominated by Lee.[52]

During the primary, many people critical of Representative Lee Jae-myung were eliminated, creating controversy. During this process, key party officials who were not nominated left the party. Among them were key figures such as the former floor leader and vice-chairman of the National Assembly. They left the party and joined the New Future Party, led by former leader Lee Nak-yeon, or the People Power Party.[53]

Ideology

The Democratic Party of Korea is primarily described as a centrist party.[54] However, the party is also described as centre-left[55] due to it being the main liberal opponent to the conservative People Power Party.

The Democratic Party is evaluated as the mainstream centre-left option in Korea. Due to the nature of South Korea's electoral system, minor parties rarely win seats in elections, leading most progressive voters to vote for the Democratic Party through tactical voting.[56]

For this reason, the Democratic Party is sometimes treated as a "progressive" or "left-leaning" party when compared to the conservative, right-leaning People Power Party. In addition, some conservative-leaning politicians criticize the progressive wing of the Democratic Party by labelling them as "leftist extremists."[57] The Chosun Ilbo, JoongAng Ilbo, and the Dong-A Ilbo (collectively known as Chojoongdong) have also criticized the Democratic Party as being leftist/left-wing.[58] Currently, major politicians of the right-wing People's Power Party also criticize the Democratic Party's policies as "leftist policies that ruin the country" and being "socialist."[59]

However, some researchers argue that the Democratic Party has centre-right policies by international standards.[60] It was evaluated that the Democratic Party is considered progressive within Korea despite not being progressive by international standards because Korea has a more conservative political landscape compared to other industrialized democracies (mainly belonging to OECD). Some researchers have placed the DPK's position on the political spectrum to the right of Christian democracy, saying that the DPK is "more [economically and socially] conservative than the centre-right German Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU)" in particular.[61] The Democratic Party's LGBT+ policy is more conservative than CDU.[62] Because of this, some left-leaning researchers have placed the party more right-wing than Western European conservative parties.[63] Also, many members of the Democratic Party, such as Lee Hae-chan, Moon Jae-in, and Lee Jae-myung, define the party's de facto identity as 'true conservative', 'moderate conservative' or 'centre-right'.[64] [65] In his book titled 1219 The end is beginning, Moon Jae-in writes, "it is only a backward political reality unique to South Korea that political forces which are centre-right in nature are attacked for being left-wing."[66]

Leadership ideology changes

The ideology of the Democratic Party has gone through changes depending on its leadership. In the party's early days, moderate and conservative-leaning leadership were mainstream, but as a result of progressives and conservatives competing for leadership, the party has gradually moved in a progressive direction.[67]

During the early days of the New Politics Alliance for Democracy, co-leaders Kim Han-gil and Ahn Cheol-soo took a tough stance on relations with North Korea and pursued harmony between selective welfare and universal welfare.[68] As moderates,[69] they faced criticism from progressives inside the party for being 'center-right', leading some progressive members to withdraw from the party. After the party's defeat in the 2014 South Korean by-elections, Kim and Ahn resigned as party leaders.[70] Kim Han-gil and Ahn Cheol-soo joined the right-wing People Power Party in 2022.[71]

After Kim and Han's resignation, moderates Park Young-sun and Moon Hee-sang assumed party leadership through an emergency committee.[72] Later, in the 2015 party leadership election, liberal Moon Jae-in won over moderate Park Jie-won.[73] Moon's resigned as leader shortly before the 2016 South Korean legislative election, due to factional conflict and continuous losses in by-elections.[74] He was succeeded by an emergency committee led by conservative economist Kim Chong-in.[75]

Afterwards, liberals Choo Mi-ae and Lee Hae-chan served as party leader. Lee Hae-chan suggested the party move in a progressive direction, claiming that the party is not a progressive party by international standards, and its policies are much more conservative than those of reformist parties in Europe, labelling the Democratic Party "centre-right"[76]

After that, moderates such as Lee Nak-yon and Kim Tae-nyeon held the party leadership. However, after the progressive Lee Jae-myung was elected as the party's leader, the party moved in a more progressive direction, to the dismay of the moderate and conservative factions.[77]

Factions

The Democratic Party is a big tent party, with ideological factions spanning from centre-left to centre-right on the political spectrum.

As of March 2024, the party's mainstream is dominated by the liberal and progressive pro-Lee Jae-myung faction.[78] [79] The once influential pro-Lee Nak-yon faction has de facto moved to the New Future Party. They were joined by members of the anti-Lee Jae-myung faction Hong Young-pyo and Sul Hoon, who quit the Democratic Party citing their opposition to Lee Jae-myung.[80] Although its influence has been reduced from years past, there is also a social conservative and economic liberal faction centered on National Assembly Speaker Kim Jin-pyo.[81]

Liberals

See main article: Social liberalism.

See also: Economic interventionism, Populism and Progressivism in South Korea. Social liberal[82] populists[83] support centre-left, progressive policies including New Deal-like policies.[84] The faction enjoys high support from general party members, but there is less support among the party's National Assembly members. The faction is centered around Lee Jae-myung and often referred to as the "pro-Myung" faction.[85]

When Lee Jae-myung initially entered politics, he was called Korea's Bernie Sanders and was considered an anti-establishment alternative to the moderate Democratic Party.[86] Jacobin magazine referred to Representative Lee Jae-myung as a progressive in 2017.[87] But after 2022, he is mainly described as a liberal and has rolled back some of his pledges that were criticized in the past as radical.[88]

When the "pro-Lee Jae-myung" faction started out as a minority faction in 2017, its base of support was mainly in Seongnam City.[89] He ran a 'labor law firm' that helped defend workers in Seongnam.[90] While serving as the Mayor of Seongnam, he implemented radical progressive policies such as providing universal basic income for young people, free school uniforms, and expanding social welfare programs such as free postpartum care.[91] At the time, his faction included moderate social democrats like Eun Soo-mi, and others from South Korean socialist groups, such as the former South Korean Socialist Workers' Alliance.[92]

However, during the 2022 presidential election, he advocated for economically liberal policies such as real estate deregulation, acquisition tax relief and pro-business arguments. This trend intensified during the 2022 presidential election campaign, when Lee emphasized "centrism and civic integration".[93] During the presidential campaign, Lee spent much time meeting and gaining support from centrists and conservatives.[94] [95] The party emphasized "economic growth" throughout the election campaign.[96] Some columnists of the Hankyoreh reported Lee Jae-myung as saying, "I should have shouted for reform and change, not pragmatism and integration," revealing his regret for turning to a more moderate stance.[97] Lee was also criticized for leaving behind his (liberal/progressive) "values" to win the votes of conservative voters.[98]

Centrist reformists

See main article: Centrist reformism.

See also: Political moderate and Economic liberalism. Centrist reformism has historically dominated the Democratic Party and its policies.[99] [100] [101] [102] The centrist reformist faction historically originated from the Donggyo-dong faction which was centered around President Kim Dae-jung. The party's moderate reformists mainly belonged to the pro-Moon faction, with a minority of members belonging to pro-Lee Nak-yeon and pro-Chung Sye-kyun factions. However, compared to the pro-Moon Jae-in faction, they are economically liberal and slightly more conservative.[103] In particular, the pro-Lee Nak-yon faction embraced economically liberal measures and drew support from the conservative wing of the party.[104]

The former president, Moon Jae-in has been described as liberal and centrist reformist. His government has been described by several experts as a "centrist-liberal government"[100] while taking a culturally liberal approach to military reform, school reform, and environmental issues, but a somewhat moderate socially conservative approach to disability rights and LGBT rights.[105] He also implemented reformative economic policies like implementing the 52-hour workweek, increasing the minimum wage, and regulating the housing market. Lee Nak-yon, former Prime Minister under Moon administration, pledged to continue Moon's policies, proposing "New Welfare System," which would upgrade and expand South Korea's social safety net.[106] During his campaign for party leader, Lee Nak-yon gained support of some pro-Moon Assembly members.[107]

As of March 2024, the influence of centrist reformists have decreased as some members centered around Lee Nak-yon, including Lee himself left the Democratic Party to establish the New Future Party.[108]

Conservatives

See main article: Conservative liberalism and Social conservatism.

See also: Christian democracy, Fiscal conservatism and Economic liberalism. Conservatives like Kim Jin-pyo[109] [110] [111] [112] display socially conservative attitudes on abortion and LGBT+ rights but support economically liberal policies such as the deregulation of real estate.[113] A survey conducted by the Maeil Business Newspaper which evaluated members of the National Assembly based on their voting records concluded that Kim Jin-pyo was closer to being conservative than centrist.[114] Kim introduced the "Homosexuality Healing Movement" as one of several proposed countermeasures against South Korea's low birth rate, which aimed to "convert" LGBT+ people to being heterosexual.[115] Despite his conservative tendencies, Kim won the support of a majority of lawmakers in the election for speaker of the National Assembly.[116]

In addition, there are Christian democrats within the party, such as former assembly member Park Young-sun. Park had claimed in an interview that "I was the strongest opponent of the 300 members of the National Assembly in the past on homosexuality".[117] In 2021, she turned to a more moderate conservative stance, saying she supports a more moderate form of anti-discrimination law that factors in "religious exceptions".[118] [119] Park remains skeptical about holding queer parades.[120]

Moderate conservatives such as Kim Young-choon, Kim Boo-kyum, and Yang Seung-jo who defected from mainstream conservative parties make up an extreme minority within the party. Within the Democratic Party, they take a relatively conservative stance, such as opposing reformist bills that include installing CCTVs in operating rooms.[121]

Conservatives in the Democratic Party are politically opposed to the new liberal and progressive faction centered around Lee Jae-myung[122] Whenever disputes between the factions arise, Democratic Party conservatives demand that the pro-Lee faction voluntarily leave the party, or insist that the party can split.[123]

Minorities

See main article: Cultural liberalism and Syncretic politics.

See also: Classical liberalism, Modern liberalism in the United States and Progressivism in South Korea. There are several political minorities in the Democratic Party. They take a critical stance towards the party's mainstream and elite, though with little ideological coherence.[124]

Liberals like Park Ji-hyun support the rights of immigrants, and adhere to liberal feminism and cultural liberalism. Although they are liberals, they oppose populism and are socially liberal to progressive, leading to frequent conflict with the party's pro-Lee Jae-myung faction.[125] [126] Regarding the arrest motion of Lee Jae-myung,[127] she strongly criticized party leader Lee Jae-myung, saying that his arrest motion and previous investigations by the Prosecutor's Office were the cause of the party's decline in approval ratings. She has criticized the US Supreme Court's decision to revoke the federal right to abortion and is an open supporter of abortion rights.[128]

People from the left-wing progressive Democratic Labor Party, such as assemblyman Park Yong-jin, voted against the Democratic Party's 2023 budget plan, labelling it a "tax cut for the rich."[129] However, Park also insisted on reducing corporate tax, sparking criticism from within the party.[130]

Political stances

Economic and labour policies

The Democratic Party supports the expansion of fiscal expenditures to gradually increase welfare alongside elements of economic liberalism[131] and fiscal conservatism.[132] The party supports the market economy, but also values the need for state intervention in the market.[133] In 2020, the party pledged to implement a version of the Green New Deal to move South Korea towards carbon neutrality by 2050.[134]

The party takes a favorable stance on government intervention in the market, while keeping some distance from labour politics and labour movements. For this reason, the Democratic Party was classified as a "conservative liberal" party by left-wing media.[135]

However, Lee Jae-myung supports New Deal liberalism, which is economically progressive and labor-friendly, unlike Moon Jae-in, who was a pro-Chaebol centrist. Lee's stance won the support of former and current executives of major labor unions in South Korea.[136] Lee Jae-myung was compared to Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his New Deal Coalition as he formed a big tent political coalition based on liberalism that brought together social conservatives, reformist liberals, left-wing social progressives, and anti-Chaebol labor activists.[137] The Democratic Party succeeded in enacting the Serious Accident Corporate Punishment Act, which emphasizes corporate responsibility for industrial accidents, overcoming opposition from the right-wing conservative camp. Noh Woong-rae, a pro-labor member of the party, criticized the Yoon Seok-yeol government's attempt to extend working hours in an interview with left-wing media, emphasizing the strengthening of union rights and the responsibility of companies for safety management. He announced that he would soon attempt to enact a yellow envelope law that would limit companies' compensation for damages to striking workers.[138]

Social policies

As a big tent party, the Democratic Party has no uniform social policy, with members ranging from social liberals to social conservatives. The party has generally been classified as socially liberal,[139] [140] [141] [142] but is also influenced by Christian movements, leading it to have some socially conservative characteristics. The party opposed the legalization of same-sex marriage and homosexuality.[143] [105]

Sexual minority and human rights policies

Most Democratic lawmakers oppose anti-discrimination laws that prohibit discrimination against LGBT+ people and immigrants, with most members valuing "social consensus." One DPK assemblyman said that “I am the most hawkish opposition to the anti-discrimination law. We, the Democrats make the decision”.[144] The party's liberal faction attempted to raise socially liberal policies, such as anti-discrimination laws, as controversial bills, but this was aborted due to opposition within the party.[145] Some members of the party's conservative faction, along with church officials, staged a protest against the anti-discrimination law.[146] In December 2023, party leader Lee Jae-myung stated his opposition to unilaterally passing an anti-discrimination law in the National Assembly.[147] [148] The former floor leader and one of they key members of DPK, Park Hong-geun, made clear his negative position on the anti-discrimination law, saying "it has aspects that go against the God’s providence of creation".[149] The party itself did not state an official position on the anti-discrimination law prior to the 2024 election, while conservative party answered ‘reserve’ on the anti-discrimination law.[150] Newly elected speaker of the house Woo Won-shik said that “as a Christian, I oppose homosexuality and think that it’s not right” while making it clear his negative stance on anti-discrimination law.[151] Floor leader Park Chan-dae said that “I want Korea to become a country which shows the providence of God”.[152] Party secretary-general Kim Yoon-deok also opposed the anti-discrimination law saying that "anti-discrimination law tries to ban discrimination against sexual identity and sexual orientation as if they were the same as sex and disabilities which are legitimate grounds for non-discrimination".[153]

In the North Jeolla provincial assembly, DPK assemblymen blocked an ordinance to urge anti-discrimination which was proposed by a member of the Justice Party. Na In-kwon, a DPK council member, who one of the main opponents of the ordinance, said the "Comprehensive Anti-Discrimination Law causes sexually curious youths to fall Into homosexuality, corrupting next generation leaders".[154]

Assemblyman Kim Moon-soo, a member of the Democratic Party of Korea who is preparing the Student Human Rights Act as the first bill, said that he will reflect the concerns of the churches such as ‘opposition to the homosexuality’ in the bill, connoting that the DPK would rule out teenage sexual minorities from the scope of legal protection.[155]

The party's socially conservative attitude on issues related to LGBT rights, feminism, and abortion mainly draw from Christianity and South Korea's Confucian traditions,[156] [157] but aside from those issues the party demonstrates moderate-to-liberal social policy. The DPK opposes corporal punishment for children and led the complete abolition of laws that justified corporal punishment for children in the past. The DPK also supports strengthening punishments for domestic violence.[158] [159]

Abortion and reproductive rights

The Democratic Party opposes abortion, campaigning on actively participating in movements to prevent abortion in the 2018 local elections.[160] Additionally, socially conservative members of the party that oppose abortion, including National Assembly Speaker Kim Jin-pyo, occupy key positions in the party and exert great influence.[161]

National Security Act

The party takes an ambiguous position that neither supports nor opposes the abolition of the National Security Act.[162]

Democratic lawmakers jointly proposed a plan to repeal the National Security Act in 2021, but it ultimately failed to pass.[163]

Immigration

Most of the main politicians of the Democratic Party are neutral on the issue of immigration regardless of faction. As immigration issue is not a main social problem in Korea as Korea is still a homogenous nation, there aren’t much discussions about immigration. The party claims to oppose racism, but they also opposed the passage of an anti-discrimination law which bans discrimination against immigrants. Several party members showed concern on the government’s plan to establish a national immigration office.[164] [165] The party opposed admitting Afghanistan refugees in 2021 while the conservative party supported it.[166] The party oppose the government’s plan to establish Immigration Office to boost immigration.[167] DPK provincial councilor of the South Choongcheong province was criticized after demanding the differentiation of the minimum wage application against the foreign immigrant workers.[168]

Religion and other policies

The DPK's Christian influences have also been criticized by other religious groups. In December 2021, the Moon Jae-in government invested 1.2 billion won (US$1,000,000) in a campaign to promote playing Christmas carols in stores such as restaurants and cafes. South Korea's Buddhist community opposed the measure, calling it a policy that gives preferential treatment to a specific religion.[169]

The DPK views criticized the consumption of dog meat, with President Moon Jae-in stating he was considering a legal ban on dog meat in September 2021.[170] In addition, the party supports reforms on student rights issues.[171]

Foreign policy

The Democratic Party has historically maintained a friendly stance with the United States, considering it a strategic ally of South Korea.[172] However, its leader Lee Jae-myung referred to the presence of the United States armed forces in Korea after its a liberation from Japan as an "occupying force. "[173] In a meeting with U.S. Senator Jon Ossoff, Lee expressed his opposition to the Taft–Katsura agreement, stating that the United States' approval of the agreement led to the Japanese annexation of Korea.[174] Lee has also called China a "strategic cooperative partner" and said South Korea does not have to side with either country.

Prior to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the party supported maintaining friendly relations with Russia, with the aim of swaying Russia to cooperate with South Korea rather than North Korea. The party condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[175] However, many DPK politicians also did not attend Zelensky's video speech to the South Korean parliament.[176] The party caused controversy in April 2022 by inviting a pro-Russian professor who denied the Bucha Massacre at a party forum.[177] When president Yoon Suk Yeol mentioned the possibility of providing weapons to Ukraine from South Korea on 19 April 2023, many DPK politicians criticized Yoon and said South Korea should not be hostile to Russia.[178] [179]

Japan

See main article: Japan-South Korea relations. The party opposes Japan's historical revisionism and is known to speak for victims of Japanese war crimes. The DPK holds a very nationalistic stance against Japan.[180] President Moon Jae-in said the human rights of victims of Japanese colonialism are an important factor in the relations between the two countries.[181] Party leader Lee Jae-myung stated in 2023 that Korea should declare an all-out war against Japan’s historical revisionism.[182]

The party opposes Japan's remilitarization efforts and revision of its constitution as it fears the return of Japanese imperialism.[183] The party's politicians are opposed to a military alliance with Japan, stating that "Japan is not an ally" to South Korea.[184]

North Korea

See main article: Sunshine Policy. The party strongly supports the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula and aims for peaceful relations with North Korea. The party also officially advocates for increasing cooperation with the North to create a foundation for reunification.[185] The party has a strong ethnic nationalistic stance, so they often emphasize being of ‘one race’ with North Korea.

List of leaders

Current leadership

Supreme Council of the Democratic Party of Korea!Office!Officer(s)
ChairLee Jae-myung
Floor leader in the National AssemblyHong Ihk-pyo
Appointed membersJung Chung-rae
Ko Min-jung
Park Chan-dae
Seo Young-kyo
Jang Kyung-tae
Seo Eunsuk

Leaders

No.NamePhoto Term of officeElection results
Took officeLeft office
1
 
26 March 201431 July 2014No election
—Park Young-sun
4 August 201418 September 2014Appointed
—Moon Hee-sang
18 September 20149 February 2015Appointed
2Moon Jae-in9 February 201527 January 2016
—Kim Chong-in
27 January 201627 August 2016Appointed
3Choo Mi-ae27 August 201625 August 2018
4Lee Hae-chan25 August 201829 August 2020
5Lee Nak-yon29 August 20209 March 2021
—Kim Tae-nyeon
9 March 20218 April 2021Succeeded
—Do Jong-hwan
8 April 202116 April 2021Appointed
—Yun Ho-jung
16 April 20212 May 2021Succeeded
6Song Young-gil2 May 202110 March 2022
—
 
13 March 20227 June 2022Appointed
—Woo Sang-ho
7 June 202228 August 2022Appointed
7Lee Jae-myung28 August 2022incumbent

Floor leaders

No.NameTerm of office
Took officeLeft office
126 March 20147 May 2014
2Park Young-sun7 May 20142 October 2014
—Kim Yung-rok
2 October 20148 October 2014
38 October 20146 May 2015
4Lee Jong-kul6 May 20154 May 2016
5Woo Sang-ho4 May 201616 May 2017
6Woo Won-shik16 May 201711 May 2018
7Hong Young-pyo11 May 20188 May 2019
8Lee In-young8 May 20197 May 2020
9Kim Tae-nyeon7 May 20208 April 2021
10Yun Ho-jung16 April 202124 March 2022
11Park Hong-keun24 March 202228 April 2023
12Park Kwang-on28 April 202321 September 2023
13Hong Ihk-pyo26 September 20233 May 2024
14Park Chan-dae3 May 2024Incumbent

Secretary-general

No.NameTerm of office
Took officeLeft office
1Ahn Gyu-back27 August 201616 May 2017
216 May 20173 September 2018
3Yun Ho-jung3 September 201831 August 2020
4Park Kwang-on31 August 20204 May 2021
5Youn Kwan-suk4 May 202124 November 2021
6Kim Yeong-jin25 November 202128 March 2022
7Kim Min-ki28 March 202228 August 2022
8Cho Jeong-sik31 August 202221 April 2024
9Kim Yoon-deok21 April 2024incumbent

Election results

President

ElectionCandidateVotes%Result
2017Moon Jae-in13,423,80041.09
2022Lee Jae-myung16,147,73847.83

Legislature

ElectionLeaderConstituencyParty listSeatsPositionStatus
Votes%Seats+/-Votes%Seats+/-No.+/–
2016Kim Chong-in8,881,36937new6,069,74425.55newnew2nd
2020Lee Hae-chan14,345,42549.91 53 401st
2024Lee Jae-myung14,758,08350.45 2 41st

Local

ElectionLeaderProvincial legislatureMunicipal mayorMunicipal legislature
2014Kim Han-gil
Ahn Cheol-soo
2018Choo Mi-ae
2022Park Ji-hyun
Yoon Ho-jung

By-elections

ElectionLeader
July 2014Kim Han-gil
Ahn Cheol-soo
Oct 2014Moon Hee-sang
April 2015Moon Jae-in
Oct 2015
2016Kim Chong-in
April 2017Choo Mi-ae
May 2017
2018
2019Lee Hae-chan
2020
2021Kim Tae-nyeon
March 2022Song Young-gil
June 2022Park Ji-hyun
Yoon Ho-jung
April 2023Lee Jae-myung
October 2023
April 2024

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Seo. Ji-eun. Lee Jae-myung takes control of DP. Korea JoongAng Daily. 28 August 2022. 30 June 2023. 30 June 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230630202822/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/08/28/national/politics/Korea-Democratic-party-Lee-Jae-myung/20220828191903679.html. live.
  2. Web site: 2022년도 정당의 활동개황 . National Election Commission. Korean. 26 March 2024.
  3. Web site: 민주당, '열린민주당 합당' 당원 투표 10일 종료 . 11 January 2023 . 11 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230111135804/https://v.daum.net/v/20220110073147161 . live .
  4. Web site: 새로운물결, 내일 민주당과 합당 선언···김동연 출마지 결심도 임박? . 11 January 2023 . 11 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230111135802/https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/032/0003136969?sid=100 . live .
  5. Web site: 더불어민주당, 열린민주당과 합당...대선 승리 위해 빅텐트. 26 December 2021. m.raythep.com/. 12 April 2023. 20 November 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221120071228/https://raythep.mk.co.kr/newsView.php?cc=21000003&no=25391. live.
  6. Web site: 민주당 '정치개혁 빅텐트'로 추격전략…안철수·심상정·김동연에 '손짓' . 22 February 2022 . 11 January 2023 . 20 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221120071236/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/politics_general/1032125.html . live .
  7. News: http://khnews.kheraldm.com/view.php?ud=20140320001513&md=20140323004048_BL&kr=1 . ko:새정치민주연합 영문 당명 확정 . Choi . He-suk . 20 March 2014 . ko . . 22 April 2014 . 8 November 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195318/http://khnews.kheraldm.com/view.php?ud=20140320001513&md=20140323004048_BL&kr=1 . live .
  8. News: Democratic Party, Ahn Cheol-soo agree to create new party. The Dong-A Ilbo. 3 March 2014. 15 April 2016. 13 May 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160513154252/http://english.donga.com/List/3/all/26/407931/1. live.
  9. News: Co-chairmen quit amid election rubble. Korea JoongAng Daily. 1 August 2014. 15 April 2016. 10 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160410114726/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2992867. live.
  10. News: Main opposition party picks ex-Roh aide as new leader. 16 April 2016. 16 September 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160916064035/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2015/02/08/73/0301000000AEN20150208002152315F.html. live.
  11. News: Roh son's speech creates stir. The Korea Times. 24 May 2015. 17 April 2016. 27 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160427003735/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/05/116_179489.html. live.
  12. News: In liberal stronghold, voters give main opposition party a lashing. The Hankyoreh. 14 April 2016. 17 April 2016.
  13. News: NPAD supporters wish for troika. Korea JoongAng Daily. 18 November 2015. 17 April 2016. 8 December 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151208195557/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=3011673. live.
  14. News: Ahn rejects Moon's call for joint NPAD leadership. The Korea Herald. 29 November 2015. 15 April 2016. 21 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160121100050/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20151129000428. live.
  15. News: NPAD's Moon rejects Ahn demand. Korea JoongAng Daily. 9 December 2015. 15 April 2016. 22 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160422085024/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=3012565. live.
  16. News: Ahn Cheol-soo calls it quits with NPAD . . 13 December 2015 . 15 April 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160425154538/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/12/116_193056.html . 25 April 2016.
  17. News: Kim departs party he co-founded. Korea JoongAng Daily. 4 January 2016. 16 April 2016. 22 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160122003551/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=3013479. live.
  18. News: Ahn vows to move forward as 3rd political force. The Korea Herald. 4 January 2016. 16 April 2016. 4 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304232009/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20160104001029. live.
  19. News: Former Kim DJ aide exits Minjoo Party. The Korea Herald. 12 January 2016. 17 April 2016. 14 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160314101321/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20160112000933. live.
  20. News: Ahn Cheol-Soo, Chun Jung-Bae To Create New Party. https://web.archive.org/web/20190425101638/http://tbsefm.seoul.kr/eNews/news.do?method=efmNewsInfo&idx_800=2143018&typ_800=N. dead. 25 April 2019. TBS eFM. 25 January 2016. 12 April 2016.
  21. News: Moon Jae-in steps down as leader of The Minjoo Party of Korea. The Hankyoreh. 28 January 2016. 17 April 2016. 23 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160423125410/http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/728307.html. live.
  22. News: Minjoo's identity must be changed: Kim Chong-in. Korea JoongAng Daily. 24 March 2016. 17 April 2016. 13 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160413065445/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=3016623. live.
  23. News: South Koreans go to the polls in parliamentary election. Business Insider. 13 April 2016. 17 April 2016. 25 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160425054354/http://www.businessinsider.com/ap-south-koreans-go-to-the-polls-in-parliamentary-election-2016-4?IR=T. live.
  24. News: Can a Right Wing Defector Save Korea's Liberal Opposition?. The Diplomat. 22 March 2016. 18 April 2016. 27 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160427155143/http://thediplomat.com/2016/03/can-a-right-wing-defector-save-koreas-liberal-opposition/. live.
  25. News: South Korean president replaces minister, 6 Cabinet members. United Press International. 19 July 1989. 18 April 2016. 12 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512084514/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/07/19/South-Korean-president-replaces-minister-6-Cabinet-members/5185616824000/. live.
  26. News: Former P.M. quits Minjoo Party in nomination feud. The Korea Herald. 15 March 2016. 17 April 2016. 17 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160417003100/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20160315001042. live.
  27. News: Kim Jong-in Gets Rid of Pro-Roh Dominance and Replaces the Mainstream: Signs of Factional Conflict. The Kyunghyang Shinmun. 15 April 2016. 17 April 2016. 2 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170402115025/http://english.khan.co.kr/khan_art_view.html?code=710100&artid=201603151815547. live.
  28. News: Opposition chief quells dissenters. The Korea Herald. 23 March 2016. 17 April 2016. 17 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160417002744/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20160323000877. live.
  29. News: Opposition party shifting to growth . . 21 April 2016 . 21 April 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160422193441/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/04/116_203137.html . 22 April 2016 .
  30. Web site: 2017-05-10 . 문재인, 득표율 41.1%...19대 대통령 당선 . 2024-03-05 . YTN . ko.
  31. Web site: South Korea's governing party wins election by a landslide. 14 April 2021. 8 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308045113/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/4/16/south-koreas-governing-party-wins-election-by-a-landslide. live.
  32. News: 9 March 2021. DP Chair Steps Down to Prepare for Presidential Election. KBS World. 10 March 2021. 30 November 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211130130512/http://world.kbs.co.kr/service/news_view.htm?lang=e&id=Po&Seq_Code=160042. live.
  33. News: 8 April 2021. 충격의 與, 지도부 전원 사퇴... 비대위 체제 돌입. 8 April 2021. 3 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210503164424/http://www.sisajournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=215092. live.
  34. News: Sang-Hun . Choe . 2022-03-09 . Opposition's Yoon Wins Tight Race for South Korean Presidency . en-US . . 2022-05-15 . 0362-4331 . 10 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220310111250/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/03/08/world/korean-election . live .
  35. Web site: 2023-12-05 . "당신이 뭔데 이재명에게?"…당원 '이낙연 출당' 요구 봇물 . 2024-03-05 . 한국경제 . ko.
  36. Web site: 2023-03-07 . [THINK ENGLISH] 이재명 체포동의안, 국회에서 부결 ]. 2024-03-05 . koreajoongangdaily.joins.com . en.
  37. Web site: 2023-02-22 . 개딸 압박에도 '李 체포동의' 굽히지 않는 박지현 왜? . 2024-03-05 . 아시아경제 . ko.
  38. News: 이재명 체포동의안 부결, 무엇을 남겼나? . BBC News 코리아 . 2 March 2023 . 2 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230302145553/https://www.bbc.com/korean/news-64783435 . live .
  39. Web site: 이재명 "이럴 때 누가 가장 미소 짓겠나"…개딸 자제 촉구 . 4 March 2023 . 8 March 2023 . 8 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230308131316/https://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/5904322 . live .
  40. Web site: [속보] 민주당 새 원내대표에 비명계 박광온···결선 없이 과반 득표 . 28 April 2023 . 28 April 2023 . 28 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230428090139/https://m.khan.co.kr/politics/assembly/article/202304281114001 . live .
  41. Web site: "탈당 김남국, 곧 돌아와? 민주당은 회전문 아니다" 박용진 비판 . 15 May 2023 . 18 May 2023 . 18 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230518150242/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/politics_general/1091768.html . live .
  42. Web site: 野 혁신수장 사퇴한 이래경 "김은경 응원, 홀가분한 기분" . 16 June 2023 . 11 July 2023 . 11 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230711154424/https://www.donga.com/news/Politics/article/all/20230616/119798088/2 . live .
  43. Web site: [단독] 민주당, 후쿠시마산 식품 수입 금지 '의무화' 추진 . 27 August 2023 . 3 October 2023 . 3 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003143909/https://m.khan.co.kr/politics/politics-general/article/202308271729001 . live .
  44. Web site: South Korean lawmakers vote to arrest opposition leader, oust PM . 2024-03-05 . Nikkei Asia . en-GB.
  45. Web site: 조선일보 . 2023-09-22 . [단독] 野지도부, 의원 전원에 "이재명 영장기각 탄원서 내라" ]. 2024-03-05 . 조선일보 . ko.
  46. Web site: 친명 "이재명 사퇴는 없다" 비명 "퇴진해야"… 野 내전 격화 . 22 September 2023 . 3 October 2023 . 3 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003122606/https://www.donga.com/news/Politics/article/all/20230922/121306227/1 . live .
  47. Web site: [미디어토마토 여론조사] 이재명 대표 체포동의안 가결 찬반 여론, 오차범위 내 경합 . 26 September 2023 . 3 October 2023 . 3 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003143909/http://www.goodmorningcc.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=296997 . live .
  48. Web site: 이재명, 의료진 강력 권고에 단식 중단…"법원 출석할 것" . 23 September 2023 . 3 October 2023 . 3 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003143912/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/1109772.html . live .
  49. Web site: 민주당 새 원내대표 홍익표 "이재명과 총선 승리 동력 만들 것" . 26 September 2023 . 3 October 2023 . 3 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003143908/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/assembly/1110179.html . live .
  50. Web site: 강서구청장 민주당 진교훈 당선 확실…크게 앞질러 . 11 October 2023 . 3 November 2023 . 3 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231103135755/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/politics_general/1111765.html . live .
  51. Web site: 여야, 주말에도 강서구청장 보선 유세 지원 나섰다 . 7 October 2023 .
  52. Web site: 엄지원 . 2023-12-03 . 탈당 이상민 "민주당, '이재명 사당'으로 변질"…거취는 미정 . 2024-03-05 . 탈당 이상민 “민주당, ‘이재명 사당’으로 변질”…거취는 미정 . ko.
  53. Web site: 민주 고민정, 최고위원 복귀 결심한 듯…홍익표 설득 . 10 March 2024 .
  54. The Democratic Party of Korea is described as a centrist party by numerous sources:
  55. Web site: 2020-07-14 . 김대중은 왜 '진보'란 이름을 피했을까 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230524203626/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/opinion/column/953528.html . 24 May 2023 . 2023-07-10 . . ko.
  56. Web site: 우상호 "尹, 진보진영 유권자가 택할 후보 아냐‥도와달라" . 2 March 2022 . 30 March 2023 . 30 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230330143533/https://imnews.imbc.com/news/2022/politics/article/6346265_35666.html . live .
  57. News: 황교안 "우리가 극우면 文정부는 극극극극좌"… 홍영표 "독재 타도? 박정희 정권때 외쳤어야" . Hwang Kyo-ahn "If we are the extreme right, the Moon government is the extreme extreme extreme left"… Hong Young-pyo "Down with dictatorship? You should have shouted during the Park Chung-hee regime" . . 2019-04-29 . 2023-04-28 . 9 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230709145950/https://www.donga.com/news/Politics/article/all/20190429/95292492/1 . live .
  58. News: "좌파가 우리나라를 말아먹는 방법" . How the Left is Ruining Our Country . . 9 April 2023 . 2023-04-28 . 28 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230428101846/https://www.chosun.com/national/weekend/2023/04/08/IIZYHGV7FZC7BEZ4ZZIJKYHSSQ/ . live .
  59. Web site: [인터뷰] 홍준표 "이재명 기본소득 사회주의 배급제…부자에 돈 쓸 자유줘야" . 28 June 2021 . 28 April 2023 . 28 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230428132710/https://www.mk.co.kr/news/politics/9930348 . live .
  60. News: 2022-06-17 . '진보정치의 시간'을 위해 필요한 4가지 . 4 things needed for ‘the time of progressive politics’ . 한겨례 . 2023-02-09 . ... 전통적인 ‘비판적 지지론’의 성격도 있지만, 그것이 전부는 아니다. 실제 민주당이 다소 진보화된 과정이 있었고, 이제 민주당이 ‘어느 정도’ 진보적 정당이라고 생각하는 시민들이 있다... ... . .. There is also the character of the traditional 'critical support theory', but that is not all. In fact, there was a process in which the Democratic Party was somewhat progressive, and now there are citizens who think that the Democratic Party is a progressive party 'to some extent'. . 9 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230209145927/https://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/politics_general/52286.html . live .
  61. Book: 독일 정치 우리의 대안. 조성은. 20 July 2018. e지식의 날개. 9788920032370. Google Books. ko. 3 February 2023. 30 January 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230130140456/https://books.google.com/books?id=YpirDwAAQBAJ&dq=%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%98%EB%8B%B9+%EC%A4%91%EB%8F%84%EC%A2%8C%ED%8C%8C&pg=PT125. live.
  62. News: 경찰도, 집권당도 부스 차리고 응원...서울과 사뭇 다른 베를린 성소수자 축제 . The police and the ruling party also set up booths and cheer... Berlin's sexual minority festival, which is quite different from Seoul . . 보수색이 짙은 기독교민주연합(기민련)의 부스도 보였다. 서울광장에서 집권여당인 국민의힘과 제1야당인 더불어민주당 차원의 움직임은 없었다. 지지세가 크지 않은 진보당·녹색당이 부스를 차렸을 뿐이었다... . .There was also a booth of the conservative Christian Democratic Union (Kiminryon). In Seoul Plaza, there was no movement at the level of the People's Power, the ruling party, and the Democratic Party of Korea, the first opposition party. Only the Progressive Party and the Green Party, which did not have much support, set up booths..'. . . 19 July 2022 . 28 February 2023 . 27 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230227153949/https://m.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2022071803560004078 . live .
  63. Book: 결 : 거칢에 대하여 . 홍세화 . 21 April 2020 . Hankyoreh publisher . 9791160403787 . Google Books . ko . 23 May 2023 . 24 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230524203616/https://books.google.com/books?id=0NjdDwAAQBAJ . live .
  64. News: 이해찬 "민주당 진보적인 당 아니다…중도 우파 정도" . Lee Hae-chan "Democratic Party is not a progressive party... about the center-right" . . 이 대표는 "유럽의 개혁적인 정당에 비하면 (민주당) 정강·정책이 훨씬 더 보수적"이라며 "보수적일 수밖에 없는 환경 속에서 활동을 해왔기 때문에 그렇다고 보고 이제는 조금 더 개혁적으로 가야 한다고 생각한다"고 설명했다.. . .Representative Lee said, "Compared to reformist parties in Europe, (Democratic Party) is much more conservative in its platform and policies.""Because I have been active in an environment that has no choice but to be conservative, Seeing that, I think we need to go a little more reformative now.". . . 17 October 2018 . 28 February 2023 . 16 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230116151852/https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/23048528#hom . live .
  65. Web site: 이재명 "보수 가치 제대로 서는 나라 만들고 싶어" . 21 December 2016 . 18 April 2023 . 18 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230418155156/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20161221066400061 . live .
  66. News: '가짜 보수'가 문재인 대통령을 '진보'라고 하는 이유 . Why ‘fake conservatives’ call President Moon Jae-in ‘progressive’ . .문재인 대통령은 2013년 펴낸 <1219 끝이 시작이다>라는 책에서 김대중 노무현 정부를 줄곧 ‘민주정부 10년’으로 표현하고 있습니다. “좌파는커녕 중도에도 미치지 못하는 한국의 중도우파 노선 정치세력이 극우 세력으로부터 ‘종북좌파’로 몰리는 건, 한국만의 후진적 정치 현실일 뿐”이라는 내용도 들어 있습니다.. . President Moon Jae-in, in his 2013 book titled <1219 The End Is the Beginning>, has consistently referred to the Kim Dae-jung and Roh Moo-hyun administrations as “10 years of democratic government.” It also contains the content that "it is only a backward political reality unique to South Korea that the political forces of the center-right line in Korea, which are not even left-wing, fall short of the center, from the far-right forces to the 'pro-North Korea leftist'." . . . October 28, 2018 . April 28, 2023 . 28 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230428131056/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/polibar/867675.html . live .
  67. Web site: 더불어민주당 . 18 April 2023 . 7 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107114909/https://theminjoo.kr/introduce/history . dead .
  68. Web site: 2014-04-01 . 북한 NLL 남쪽 해상에 포격, 대기업 임원 연봉 공개 . 2024-03-08 . 미디어스 . ko.
  69. Web site: 새정치 김한길·안철수 공동대표 "사퇴하겠다" . 31 July 2014 . 6 December 2022 . 6 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221206140843/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/politics_general/649254.html . live .
  70. Web site: 페이지를 찾을 수 없습니다. www.mt.co.kr. 24 December 2022. 1 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210601183054/https://www.mt.co.kr/404.html. live.
  71. Web site: 이준석-안철수, 합당 공식선언 "당명 국민의힘… 공동정부 초석" . 6 December 2022 . 6 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221206140843/https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/020/0003423254?sid=100 . live .
  72. Web site: 새정치민주연합, 박영선 비대위원장 추대 . 4 August 2014 . 9 December 2022 . 9 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221209080947/https://www.ytn.co.kr/_ln/0101_201408041739189777 . live .
  73. Web site: 법안 표결로 본 국회의원 300명 이념성향 . 16 January 2017 . 9 December 2022 . 9 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221209081739/https://raythep.mk.co.kr/newsView.php?cc=&no=12390 . live .
  74. Web site: 수정: 2016.01.19 21:00 . 입력: 2016 01 19 20:47 . 2016-01-19 . [사설] 문재인 대표 사퇴와 더불어민주당의 과제 ]. 2024-03-08 . 경향신문 . ko.
  75. Web site: 7 December 2022 . 박영선 촉발한 탈당·분당설, 이전에도 계속 있었다 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221209082432/http://www.newsfreezone.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=429167 . 9 December 2022 . 9 December 2022.
  76. Web site: 이해찬 "민주당 진보적인 당 아니다…중도 우파 정도". 일훈. 현. 17 October 2018. JoongAng Ilbo. 24 December 2022. 24 December 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221224184723/https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/23048528. live.
  77. Web site: '이재명+처럼회' 지도부 나오나... '강성 이미지'에 친명계도 고민. 7 July 2022. Hankook Ilbo. 29 December 2022. 29 December 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221229064608/https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2022070617000004798?t=20221229154531. live.
  78. Web site: 엄지원 . 2024-03-08 . '이재명당'으로 주류 바뀐 민주당…"본선서 '친명횡사' 걱정" . 2024-03-08 . ‘이재명당’으로 주류 바뀐 민주당…“본선서 ‘친명횡사’ 걱정” . ko.
  79. Web site: NEWSIS . 2024-03-07 . 홍영표, '비명횡사' 경선 결과에 "충격받아…이재명 사당화 완성 단계" . 2024-03-08 . 뉴시스 . ko.
  80. Web site: 이데일리 . 2024-03-07 . '탈당파' 홍영표·설훈, 이낙연당과 맞손…"진짜 민주당 만든다" . 2024-03-08 . 이데일리 . ko.
  81. Web site: 김진표 의장, 저출생 해결책으로 "동성애 치유운동" 소개 . 25 November 2022 . 25 November 2022 . 14 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221214021541/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/politics_general/1068955.html . live .
  82. 2022-03-03 . Lee Jae-myung Looks to Calm an Uneasy Nation in a Divided World . 2023-08-31 . Time . en . 1 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231001003408/https://time.com/6154471/south-korea-president-election-lee-jae-myung/ . live .
  83. News: 7 March 2022. 'South Korea's populist turn. en. East Asia Forum. 1 December 2022. 1 December 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221201142441/https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2022/03/07/south-koreas-populist-turn/. live.
  84. Web site: South Korea's Presidential Election: What to Watch . Mr. Lee favors a strong New Deal-like approach . . 11 March 2022 . 6 January 2023 . 6 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230106092821/https://www.nytimes.com/explain/2022/03/08/world/south-korea-presidential-election . live .
  85. Web site: 2024-03-08 . 민주당, 광주 서구을 총선 후보로 '친명계' 양부남 공천 확정 . 2024-03-09 . 아시아경제 . ko.
  86. Web site: Lee Jae-myung, South Korea's Bernie Sanders, to benefit from anti-establishment sentiment . . 13 December 2016 .
  87. News: After Choi-gate . . This allows a populist figure like Lee Jae-myung, mayor of wealthy satellite city Seongnam, to be presented as a progressive presidential candidate . 12 June 2016 . 16 November 2021 . 17 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220517063857/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/12/south-korea-seoul-park-geun-hye-corruption-unemployment/ . live .
  88. Web site: "지킬 약속만 한다"던 이재명, 기본소득 공약까지 후퇴 시사 . 3 December 2021 .
  89. Web site: 2020-06-13 . 26살 청년 변호사 이재명의 '노동'과 톱 한 자루 . 2023-07-10 . . ko . 26 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230626155811/https://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/View/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0002649841 . live .
  90. News: 이재명표 복지정책 빛났다...'공공서비스 대상' 받아 – 아시아경제. 11 November 2016. 26 June 2023. 10 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211010143515/http://m.asiae.co.kr/view.htm?no=2016111707385956529#hi. live.
  91. Web site: 2021-09-11 . Lee Jae-myung, a 'bulldozing public administrator' fearless of conflicts . 2023-07-10 . . en . 10 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230710080148/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2023/07/356_315358.html . live .
  92. Book: 공저, 은수미,정재승,표창원,홍세화,박래군,윤여준 . 새로고침 . 2013-12-27 . 한겨레출판 . 978-89-8431-745-1 . ko . 4 July 2023 . 2 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231002104700/https://books.google.com/books?id=fW-EAgAAQBAJ&dq=%EC%9D%80%EC%88%98%EB%AF%B8+%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98&pg=PT408 . live .
  93. Web site: 이재명 정치개혁 드라이브…중도보수 원로 참여 통합추진위 주목 . 28 February 2022 . 21 January 2023 . 14 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230114122552/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20220228078100001 . live .
  94. Web site: 홍준표 경선캠프 인사들, 이재명 지지선언…"洪의 결기 닮아" . March 2022 . 21 January 2023 . 17 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230117143328/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20220301063300001 . live .
  95. Web site: 대구경북 중도보수 700여 명 이재명 후보 지지선언 . 18 February 2022 . 21 January 2023 . 17 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230117143325/https://www.pressian.com/pages/articles/2022021717045049915 . live .
  96. Web site: [영상] 이재명 대선 출마 선언…"누구나 경제적 풍요 누리게 할 것" . July 2021 . 10 February 2023 . 10 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230210145947/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/assembly/1001671.html . live .
  97. Web site: [김누리 칼럼] 윤석열·이재명·심상정 세 분에게 드리고 싶은 말? . 22 March 2022 . 21 January 2023 . 14 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230114121636/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/opinion/column/1035782.html . live .
  98. News: [사설] "전두환 경제는 성과" 이재명, 지향하는 가치가 뭔가 |work=The Hankyoreh |date=12 December 2021 |access-date=19 May 2023 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170849/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/opinion/editorial/1023003.html |url-status=live ].
  99. Encyclopedia: 더불어민주당 . ko . Daum Encyclopedia Encyclopedia . 13 December 2008 . 더불어민주당은 중도개혁 성향의 정당으로 평가된다. . The Democratic Party of Korea is regarded as a party with a tendency for centrist reform[ist].. 27 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230427075737/https://100.daum.net/encyclopedia/view/47XXXXXXd920 . 27 April 2023 .
  100. Web site: 11 May 2017 . [아침을 열며] 문재인 정부는 좌파 정부가 아니다 ]. live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230823053549/https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/201705111585619823 . 23 August 2023 . 23 August 2023.
  101. Web site: 더불어민주당 . 15 October 2022 . 3 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221103062858/https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?docId=3353580&cid=50867&categoryId=50867 . live .
  102. Web site: 김누리 "한국은 미국 모방한 약탈적 자본주의에서 벗어나야" . 15 January 2021 . 15 October 2022 . 15 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221015145646/http://m.upinews.kr/newsView/upi202005170011 . live .
  103. Web site: 정세균 기업이 중심 돼 제2 新산업 붐 일으켜야…규제 과감히 없앨 것 | 한국경제 . 16 May 2021 . 4 September 2023 . 4 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230904081423/https://www.hankyung.com/politics/article/2021051684221 . live .
  104. Web site: 이낙연 "대출 규제 완화"… 기존 정책까지 뒤집으며 읍소하는 與 | 서울신문 . 31 March 2021 . 3 October 2023 . 18 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231018212433/https://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20210401008001 . live .
  105. News: South Korea After Park . ... At the same time, however, he belongs to the Catholic Church and holds some socially conservative views. When asked during a debate about the military’s persecution of gay soldiers, Moon responded that he opposed homosexuality in general. . . 2021-02-13 . 2017-05-18 . 12 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190412181549/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/05/south-korea-elections-moon-jae-in-park-chaebols-north-korea . live .
  106. Web site: 2021-02-07 . [단독] 이낙연표 신복지 구체안 나왔다 ]. 2023-08-31 . . ko . 31 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230831170425/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/assembly/982170.html . live .
  107. Web site: 2021-09-16 . '친문 3인방' 합류…이낙연 반전 불씨 . 2023-08-31 . . ko . 31 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230831170422/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/assembly/1012095.html . live .
  108. Web site: 박윤수 . 2024-03-09 . 새로운미래, 당명 유지 결론‥이낙연 "이제 직진뿐" . 2024-03-09 . MBC 뉴스 . ko.
  109. Web site: 김진표 총리 후보 '일단' 보류...교회·보수색 발목 . 8 December 2019 . 7 January 2023 . 7 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230107140653/https://www.ytn.co.kr/_ln/0101_201912080511103807 . live .
  110. Web site: 최 . 명규. '보수파' 김진표는 경기지사 선거 이길 수 있을까. 2014-05-27. 2020-08-26. 민중의소리. 1 November 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221101160907/http://www.vop.co.kr/A00000758354.html. live.
  111. Web site: Korean. '성소수자 차별·낙태 금지' 수호자가 대한민국 총리라니요 (The Guardian of the Prohibition of Discrimination and Abortion in LGBT is the Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea?). 5 December 2019. 22 April 2020. OhmyNews. 6 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191206175135/http://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/View/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0002593384. live.
  112. News: Former finance minister Kim Jin-pyo nominated to be speaker . 11 January 2023 . . 24 May 2022 . 12 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230112090922/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/05/24/national/northKorea/National-Assembly-speaker-Kim-Jinpyo/20220524174049947.html . live . "Kim is believed to be part of the DP's more conservative faction."
  113. Web site: '"부동산 규제 풀자" "노동유연성 확대"… 여기 민주당 맞나요 . 더불어민주당이 21대 총선에서 163석의 '슈퍼 여당'으로 몸집을 키우면서 내부에서는 보수적 색채가 점차 번져 가고 있다. (As the Democratic Party of Korea has grown into a 163-seat "super ruling party" in the 21st general elections, conservative colors are gradually deepening inside.) . . 2020-05-06 . 7 November 2022 . 7 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107114910/http://www.newscham.net/news/view.php?board=news&nid=73718 . live .
  114. Web site: 법안 표결로 본 국회의원 300명 이념성향. 16 January 2017. raythep.mk.co.kr/. 4 December 2022. 4 December 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221204161124/https://raythep.mk.co.kr/newsView.php?cc=210001&no=12390. live.
  115. Web site: 김진표 의장, 저출생 해결책으로 "동성애 치유운동" 소개. 25 November 2022. The Hankyoreh. 4 December 2022. 14 December 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221214021541/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/politics_general/1068955.html. live.
  116. Web site: 24 May 2022 . 민주, 국회의장 후보로 5선 김진표 선출 . 4 December 2022 . . 25 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221125133454/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/politics_general/1044181.html . live .
  117. Web site: "차별금지법, 내가 가장 센 반대론자···결정은 우리 민주당이 하는 것" 정치권과 개신교의 '반동성애' 결탁. 종목. 김. 27 February 2022. m.khan.co.kr. 4 December 2022.
  118. Web site: 14 February 2021 . 박영선, '차별금지법 계속 반대'? "시대 흐름 변했다" . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230113204012/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20210214047700001 . 13 January 2023 . 13 January 2023.
  119. News: 13 February 2021 . [단독] 박영선 '차별금지법 입장 변화'..."기본권 차별 안돼" . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230114201324/https://www.womennews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=207562 . 14 January 2023 . 13 January 2023 . 여성신문.
  120. Web site: 박영선, 차별금지법 입장 변화 "시대 변했다"…퀴퍼엔 '침묵' . 14 February 2021 . 10 February 2023 . 10 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230210145539/https://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20210214500085 . live .
  121. Web site: 유령수술 감독 못한다는 정부, 수술실Cctv법은 '반대' [김기자의 토요일] . 29 May 2021 . 13 January 2023 . 13 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230113084840/https://www.fnnews.com/news/202105291221320632 . live .
  122. Web site: 박영선 "李, 고양이 탈 쓴 호랑이… 민주 분당 위험" . December 2022 . 13 January 2023 . 13 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230113232128/https://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20221202008003 . live .
  123. Web site: '이재명 탈당 요구' '반개혁·친재벌' 김진표, '입법부 수장' 부적합 이유 . 23 May 2022 . 11 December 2022 . 11 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221211145329/http://www.newsfreezone.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=383021 . live .
  124. Web site: 민주당에 쓴소리 '조금박해' 소신 발언 어디까지? . 14 December 2020 . 12 January 2023 . 12 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230112145145/https://news.imaeil.com/page/view/2020121416253532193 . live .
  125. Web site: 박지현 "당 대표 출마 결심...이재명 되면 갈등 심화". 2 July 2022. YTN. 4 December 2022. 26 November 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221126031454/https://www.ytn.co.kr/_ln/0101_202207022114318970. live.
  126. Web site: 개딸 "내부 총질만" vs 박지현 "진짜 개딸 맞나". 20 May 2022. No Cut News. 4 December 2022. 26 November 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221126031451/https://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/5759537. live.
  127. Web site: 2023-02-24 . 박지현 "이재명 체포동의안에 찬성표 던져야…도망가지 말라" . 2023-07-10 . . ko . 10 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230610134519/https://www.donga.com/news/Politics/article/all/20230224/118052627/2 . live .
  128. Web site: 박지현 "민주당이 낙태죄 대체 입법 추진 앞장서야". Kukmin Ilbo. 28 June 2022. 14 January 2023. 2 December 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221202131959/https://m.kmib.co.kr/view.asp?arcid=0017221759. live.
  129. Web site: 국회, 가까스로 예산안 처리…최후까지 격론 . 24 December 2022 . 13 January 2023 . 13 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230113082141/https://www.pressian.com/pages/articles/2022122409221138261 . live .
  130. Web site: 박주민 '박용진 '부자 감세' 비판하더니…법인·소득세 감세 주장해' 반문 . 28 June 2021 . 13 January 2023 . 13 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230113082252/https://mobile.busan.com/view/busan/view.php?code=2021062819025651548 . live .
  131. DPK supports the market economy and includes a large number of people who show economic liberalism such as deregulation. This tendency is particularly evident in the party's conservative faction.
  132. Web site: 전 정부 '확장재정'은 착시?···코로나19 일시 지출 빼면 이미 윤 정부 건전성 목표 달성 . 전문가들은 국가재정이 보수, 진보 정권 할 것 없이 관료 주도로 보수적으로 운용해 왔다고 지적했다. 하준경 한양대 경제학부 교수는 “정권마다 접근법의 차이가 있어도 기본적으로 기획재정부 주도의 재정 보수주의가 국내 재정 정책을 지배해왔다”며 “코로나19 대응과 물가 상승 상황에서의 취약 계층 지원, 기술 패권 경쟁에 따른 정부의 역할 확대 등을 고려하면 긴축재정은 시대적 과제에 대응하기 어렵다”고 말했다. . . 1 August 2022 . 18 February 2023 . 18 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230218090703/https://www.khan.co.kr/economy/economy-general/article/202208011629011 . live .
  133. Web site: 與 '큰 정부' 앞세워 시장개입... '공정경제'로 맞불. SIGNAL. 31 July 2018. 14 December 2020. 8 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211208151651/https://signal.sedaily.com/NewsView/1S2ARPTB29/GE03. live.
  134. News: Farand . Chloé . South Korea to implement Green New Deal after ruling party election win . 16 April 2020 . Climate Change News . Climate Home News Ltd . 16 April 2020 . 11 May 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200511161919/https://www.climatechangenews.com/2020/04/16/south-korea-implement-green-new-deal-ruling-party-election-win/ . live .
  135. Web site: '더불어민주당 2중대'로서 정의당 . The Justice Party, which became the "second party of the Democratic Party of Korea". . ...집값은 오르고 불로소득은 넘쳐 나고 빈부격차도 심해졌다. 노동 개혁도 엉망진창이다. 코로나19라는 악재가 있으나, 보수적 자유주의 정당인 더불어민주당의 성격을 고려할 때 정권 출범부터 예견됐던 일이다. . ...Housing prices rose, unearned income overflowed, and the gap between the rich and the poor widened. labour reform is also a mess. Although there is a negative factor called COVID-19, it has been predicted since the inauguration of the regime considering the nature of the conservative liberal party, the Democratic Party of Korea. . 매일노동뉴스 . 4 November 2021 . 4 November 2021 . 25 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220325073130/https://www.labortoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=200444 . live .
  136. Web site: "노동중심 사회 만들어 갈 이재명 지지" . 3 March 2022 . 30 September 2022 . 30 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220930072250/https://www.idomin.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=787285 . live .
  137. Web site: [아무튼, 주말] 한국 대선에서 루스벨트, 처칠, 마크롱이 맞붙는다고? . 19 January 2022 . 8 October 2022 . 8 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221008032457/https://www.chosun.com/national/weekend/2022/01/22/SHCA3NSGMJBIFKSNJ6LFOUHA3U/ . live .
  138. Web site: [노웅래 더불어민주당 의원] "중대재해처벌법 연착륙 중요, 조사보고서 의무공개법 만들겠다" < 인터뷰 < 사람&문화 < 기사본문 - 매일노동뉴스 . 19 September 2022 . 7 October 2023 . 18 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231018123556/https://www.labortoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=211001 . live .
  139. Web site: Junhyoung Lee . Jorge Tamames. Lecciones de Corea del Sur. El Partido de la Libertad de Corea (conservador) ha criticado al actual gobierno (del socio-liberal Partido Demócrata) por promover iniciativas en este ámbito.. es. politicaexterior.com. 25 March 2020.
  140. Web site: South Korea ahead of legislative elections. The social-liberal Minjoo Party of Korea (MPK, Together Democratic Party) is the main opposition force.. European Parliamentary Research Service. 7 April 2016. 4 March 2020. 27 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190527062851/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2016/580895/EPRS_ATA(2016)580895_EN.pdf. live.
  141. Web site: An Identity Crisis for South Korea's Opposition. The Diplomat. 31 December 2015. South Korea's main opposition social-liberal party is reeling (again) from intraparty factional struggle. Rebranded earlier this week "the Minjoo Party of Korea" (formerly New Politics Alliance for Democracy), the party is searching for a new identity and direction after high profile and popular assemblyperson Ahn Cheol-soo defected on December 13.. 12 February 2021. 8 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308065138/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/an-identity-crisis-for-south-koreas-opposition/. live.
  142. News: The loser in South Korea's last presidential race has another go. The country now faces a snap presidential election on May 9th. After almost a decade of conservative rule, the ballot looks likely to be a victory for the more socially liberal Minjoo party: its support is the highest it has ever been, at 50%. Mr Moon, who led the party until January last year, has topped the polls for president for almost three months. The latest sounding puts his support at 35% in a crowded field.. The Economist. 30 March 2017. 4 March 2020. 21 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200321183359/https://www.economist.com/asia/2017/03/30/the-loser-in-south-koreas-last-presidential-race-has-another-go. live.
  143. Web site: 지방선거 앞둔 주요 정당들 "동성애·동성혼 반대". 뉴스앤조이. 31 May 2018. 14 December 2020. 9 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211209145744/https://www.newsnjoy.or.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=217924. live.
  144. Web site: "차별금지법, 내가 가장 센 반대론자···결정은 우리 민주당이 하는 것" 정치권과 개신교의 '반동성애' 결탁 . 2023-10-02 . . ko . 3 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003143909/https://n.news.naver.com/article/032/0003131054 . live .
  145. Web site: [단독] 차별금지법은 민주당 '금기어'?…쟁점 법안 논의도 불발 : 국회·정당 : 정치 : 뉴스 : 한겨레 . 21 June 2023 . 4 October 2023 . 6 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231006053805/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/assembly/1096948.html . live .
  146. Web site: 이 . 현성 . 영하 10도에…야당 의원과 '차금법 반대' 피켓 든 목사 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003143912/https://n.news.naver.com/article/005/0001570540 . 3 October 2023 . 2023-10-02 . . ko.
  147. Web site: 강 . 민경 . 이재명 "차별금지법 일방통행식 처리 바람직하지 않아" . 2023-12-05 . . ko.
  148. Web site: 2023-06-01 . 이재명 대표 "21대 국회서 차별금지법 통과 않겠다" . 2023-12-05 . 아이굿뉴스 . ko.
  149. Web site: 정계성 . 2024-03-30 . 박홍근 "차별금지법에 대한 교회의 우려 잘 알고 있다" . 2024-04-14 . 데일리안 . ko.
  150. Web site: 투표소 가기 전 '정책 궁합' 맞춰볼까 . 2024-04-14 . n.news.naver.com . ko.
  151. Web site: 2020-04-09 . 오세훈-고민정 이어 이동섭-우원식도 동성애 혐오 발언 . 2024-06-16 . 미디어스 . ko.
  152. Web site: 이현성 . 2024-01-04 . "대한민국을 하나님 섭리 드러내는 나라로" . 2024-06-26 . 국민일보 . ko.
  153. Web site: 뉴스 . CTS . 포괄적 차별금지법 반대 국회의원 초청 간담회 . 2024-04-21 . www.cts.tv . ko.
  154. Web site: 기자 . 최인 . 전북도의회, '포괄적 차별금지법 제정 촉구 건의안' 부결 . 2024-04-21 . n.news.naver.com . ko.
  155. Web site: 윤여운 . 2024-06-05 . 충남학생인권조례 갈등 ‘언제까지’ . 2024-06-16 . 내일신문 . ko.
  156. Web site: 10 November 2020 . 경기도의회,배수문 의원, 학교 현장에 필요한 교육복지사 태부족 지적 . 14 December 2020 . 경인투데이뉴스.
  157. Web site: 21 October 2020 . 문경희 경기도의회 부의장, '나를 낮추고 상대를 높이는 다례교육' 참여 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201205023311/https://go.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20201021500182 . 5 December 2020 . 14 December 2020 . Seoul Shinmun.
  158. Web site: "법으로 아이 체벌 금지"···신현영 의원, '여행가방' 아동학대 등 관련 개정안 발의. 경향신문. 11 June 2020. 28 December 2020. 28 November 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211128020210/https://m.khan.co.kr/politics/assembly/article/202006111104001. live.
  159. Web site: '자녀 체벌 못 한다'... 민법 개정안 국무회의 통과. 중앙일보. 13 October 2020. 28 December 2020. 23 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211023082824/https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/23893200. live.
  160. Web site: 2018-05-31 . [자살·낙태 예방 등 생명존중 정책에 대한 4개 정당의 입장] ]. 2023-10-02 . 종교신문 1위 크리스천투데이 . 3 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003143908/https://www.christiantoday.co.kr/news/312902 . live .
  161. Web site: 차별금지법 저지가 '공적'이라는 김진표가 국회의장 된다면? : 전국일반 : 전국 : 뉴스 : 한겨레 . 17 May 2022 . 7 October 2023 . 18 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231018123718/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/area/area_general/1043198.html . live .
  162. News: 152석 열린우리당 때 실패한 '국보법 폐지' 재부상... 與 일단 "논의안해" . The issue of "abolishing the National Security Act", which failed during the 152-seat Uri Party, has resurfaced... The ruling party DPK said, "We will not discuss it." . . 17 April 2020 . 16 December 2021 . 15 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211215224624/https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/23052292 . live .
  163. Web site: "여당 발의한 국가보안법 폐지 법안, 조속 처리해야" . 20 October 2021 .
  164. Web site: '장관 불출석' 국회 인구특위…"증인 채택으로 강제해야" . 2023-10-02 . . ko . 3 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003143909/https://n.news.naver.com/article/277/0005251213 . live .
  165. Web site: 인터넷신문 . 전북일보 . 2023-12-11 . 민주당 법무부 이민관리청 신설 '반대'가닥 . 2024-05-13 . 전북일보 인터넷신문 . ko.
  166. Web site: 2021-08-23 . '아프간 난민 수용설'에 與 "비현실적" vs 野 "일시수용" . 2023-11-19 . . ko.
  167. Web site: 민주당, ‘이민청 반대’ 기류에…한동훈 "미래 위한 책임" . 2024-06-16 . n.news.naver.com . ko.
  168. Web site: 이재환 . "외국인 노동자, 임금 차등적용 하자"는 충남도의원 발언에 시끌 . 2024-06-16 . n.news.naver.com . ko.
  169. Web site: 정부, 캐럴 활성화 캠페인에 12억 배정…불교계 반발. JTBC. 6 December 2021. 6 December 2020. 6 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211206010847/https://news.jtbc.joins.com/html/277/NB12036277.html. live.
  170. Web site: 동물단체들, 문 대통령 '개 식용 금지 검토'에 "더 없이 반가운 소식". Hankook Ilbo. 13 August 2021. 14 December 2021. 14 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211214085524/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/animalpeople/companion_animal/1013001.html. live.
  171. Web site: 문장길, 복장 규제 등 학생인권 침해 방지 조례 통과. 송파타임즈. 9 March 2021. 14 December 2021. 15 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211215023553/http://www.songpatimes.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=315206. live.
  172. News: Park . Chan-kyong . 30 December 2021 . South Korea doesn't need to pick between US and China, says presidential candidate Lee Jae-myung . . 21 May 2023 . 21 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230521153324/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3161488/south-korea-doesnt-need-pick-between-us-china-says-presidential . live .
  173. Web site: 고 . 동욱 . 2021-11-10 . 이재명 "해방직후 미군은 실체가 점령군…정부수립 후는 동맹" . 2023-10-02 . . ko . 3 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003143907/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20211110093100001 . live .
  174. Web site: 정 . 계성 . 이재명, 美 상원의원에 "미국이 승인해 일본이 한국 합병" . 2023-10-02 . . ko . 3 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003143907/https://n.news.naver.com/article/119/0002547548 . live .
  175. Web site: 정치일반 : 정치 : 뉴스 : 한겨레. The Hankyoreh. 4 December 2022. 4 December 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221204161109/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/politics_general/home01.html. live.
  176. Web site: [단독] 국회, 젤렌스키 연설 안하기로 가닥…"현실적 어려움 고려" . 20 March 2022 . 15 January 2023 . 15 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230115001940/https://www.mk.co.kr/news/politics/10258867 . live .
  177. Web site: 민주당, 토론회에 "학살로 우크라이나 이익" 주장한 인사 초청. 7 April 2022. 한국경제. 15 January 2023. 15 January 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230115002102/https://www.hankyung.com/politics/article/202204070608i. live.
  178. Web site: 민주당 "윤 대통령, 우크라이나 군사 지원 시사 철회하라" . . 20 April 2023 . 22 April 2023 . 21 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230421214708/https://www.khan.co.kr/politics/politics-general/article/202304200958001 . live .
  179. Web site: 민주당, 윤정부 우크라·러시아전 군사지원 전면 반대 . 일간경기 . 20 April 2023 . 22 April 2023 . 21 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230421214708/http://www.1gan.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=225689 . live .
  180. News: How Biden Can Navigate a New Era in South Korean Politics . historically, South Korean progressives and Japanese conservatives mix like oil and water. Condemning cooperation with Japan has long been the linchpin of South Korea’s progressive agenda from both a human rights and decolonization perspective. . . 15 January 2021 . 17 June 2023 . 15 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221115141053/https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/how-biden-can-navigate-a-new-era-in-south-korean-politics/ . live .
  181. Web site: 문정인 "일본, 친북·친중 프레임 씌워 文정권 바꾸려는 것" . . 21 July 2019 . 24 December 2021 . 24 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211224074449/https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/23531160 . live .
  182. Web site: 이 . 승재 . 하 . 지현 . 이재명 "日 부당한 역사 침략에 전면전 선포해야 마땅" . 2023-10-02 . . ko . 3 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003143908/https://n.news.naver.com/article/003/0011773050 . live .
  183. Web site: 민주당, 日 반격능력 보유 선언에 "尹정부 굴종외교 중단하고 강력 대응해야" . 19 December 2022 . 14 January 2023 . 14 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230114232914/https://www.newsfreezone.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=431613 . live .
  184. Web site: 문 대통령, 트럼프·아베 면전서 "일본은 우리 동맹이 아니다" . . 5 November 2017 . 24 December 2021 . 24 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211224081755/https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/22084593 . live .
  185. Web site: ko:강령·당헌·당규·윤리규범 . https://theminjoo.kr/introduce/rule . Democratic Party of Korea . ko-kr . 8 December 2019 . 6 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221206134826/https://theminjoo.kr/introduce/rule . dead .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Democratic Party of Korea".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.