| New Ireland | |
| Map: | Papua New Guinea |
| Native Name: | Niu Ailan |
| Native Name Link: | Tok Pisin |
| Coordinates: | -3.33°N 152°W |
| Archipelago: | Bismarck Archipelago |
| Area Km2: | 7404 |
| Length Km: | 360 |
| Width Km: | 10 |
| Width: | 10km (10miles) to 40km (30miles) --> |
| Width Footnotes: | - 40abbr=onNaNabbr=on |
| Highest Mount: | Mount Taron |
| Elevation M: | 2340 |
| Country: | Papua New Guinea |
| Country Admin Divisions Title: | Province |
| Country Admin Divisions: | New Ireland Province |
| Country Largest City: | Kavieng |
| Country Largest City Population: | 10,600 |
| Population: | 118,350[1] |
| Population As Of: | 2002 |
New Ireland (Tok Pisin: Niu Ailan), or Latangai, is a large island in Papua New Guinea, approximately 7404km2 in area with 120,000 people.[2] It is named after the island of Ireland. It is the largest island of New Ireland Province, lying northeast of the island of New Britain. Both islands are part of the Bismarck Archipelago, named after Otto von Bismarck, and they are separated by Saint George's Channel.
The administrative centre of the island and of New Ireland province is the town of Kavieng located at the northern end of the island. While the island was part of German New Guinea, it was named Neumecklenburg ("New Mecklenburg").
The island is part of the Bismarck Archipelago and is often described as having the shape of a musket. New Ireland is surrounded by the Bismarck Sea in the southwest and by the Pacific Ocean in the northeast.[3]
For much of its 360km (220miles) in length, the island's width varies between less than 10km (10miles) to 40km (30miles), yet the central mountainous spine is very steep and rugged. The highest peak is Mount Taron in the Hans Meyer Range (2340abbr=onNaNabbr=on).[4] Other mountain ranges are Tirpitz, Schleinitz, Verron and Rossel.[5] The island lies between two and five degrees south of the equator. The original land cover was primarily dense rainforest.
The first inhabitants of the Bismarck Archipelago arrived around 33,000 years ago after sailing from what is now Papua New Guinea. Later arrivals included the Lapita people approximately 3,000 years ago. Three distinct cultural practices are characteristic of the native people of New Ireland: Kabai, Malagan and Tubuan.[6]
In 1616 the Dutch sailors Jacob Le Maire and Willem Schouten were the first Europeans to set foot on the island. Louis Antoine de Bougainville anchored here on 6 July 1768, eleven months after Philip Carteret.[7]
Whaling ships often called at the island in the 19th century, for water, wood and provisions. The first recorded whaler to visit was the Resource in 1799.[8] Islanders sometimes served as crewmen on these vessels. The last known whaling visitor was the Belvedere in 1884.[9]
In the 1870s and 1880s, the Marquis de Rays, a French nobleman, attempted to establish a French colony on the island called New France.[10] He sent four ill-fated expeditions to the island, the most famous of which caused the death of 123 settlers.
From 1885 to 1914 New Ireland was a part of German New Guinea and bore the name Neumecklenburg. Germans managed several highly profitable copra plantations and built a road to transport the goods. This road is currently in service and is named the Boluminski Highway after the German administrator of German New Guinea, Franz Boluminski. After World War I, Neumecklenburg was renamed New Ireland and was controlled by Australia under a League of Nations mandate.[11] In January 1942, during World War II, the island was captured by Japanese forces and was under their control.
The island is part of two ecoregions. The New Britain–New Ireland lowland rain forests extend from sea level to 1000 meters elevation. The New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests cover the mountains of New Ireland above 1000 meters elevation.
Widespread deforestation and degradation of lowland rainforest is an issue on New Ireland and the other eastern islands of Papua New Guinea (New Britain, Bougainville Island) as well as on Papua New Guinea mainland. Nearly 60% of their forests are accessible to logging, and by 2002, 63% of the accessible forests had been deforested or degraded.[12]
