New Atheism Explained

The term New Atheism describes the positions of some atheist academics, writers, scientists, and philosophers of the 20th and 21st centuries.[1] [2] New Atheism advocates the view that superstition, religion, and irrationalism should not simply be tolerated. Instead, they advocate the antitheist view that the various forms of theism should be criticised, countered, examined, and challenged by rational argument, especially when they exert strong influence on the broader society, such as in government, education, and politics.[3] [4] Critics have characterised New Atheism as "secular fundamentalism" or "fundamentalist atheism".[5] [6] [7] [8] [9] Major figures of New Atheism include Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, Christopher Hitchens, and Daniel Dennett, collectively referred to as the "Four Horsemen" of the movement, as well as Ayaan Hirsi Ali, until her conversion to Christianity in 2023.[10]

History

The secular humanist Paul Kurtz (1925-2012), founder of the Center for Inquiry, is often regarded as a forerunner to the New Atheism movement.[11] The 2004 publication of The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason by Sam Harris, a bestseller in the United States, was joined over the next couple years by a series of popular best-sellers by atheist authors.[12] [13] Harris was motivated by the events of 11 September 2001, for which he blamed Islam, while also directly criticizing Christianity and Judaism.[14] Two years later, Harris followed up with Letter to a Christian Nation, which was a severe criticism of Christianity.[15] Also in 2006, following his television documentary series The Root of All Evil?, Richard Dawkins published The God Delusion, which was on the New York Times best-seller list for 51 weeks.[16]

In 2010, Tom Flynn (1955-2021), then editor of Free Inquiry, stated that the only thing new about "New Atheism" was the wider publication of atheist material by big-name publishers, books that appeared on bestseller lists and were read by millions.[17] Mitchell Landsberg, covering a gathering held by the Council for Secular Humanism in 2010, said that religious skeptics in attendance were at odds between "new atheists" who preferred to "encourage open confrontation with the devout" and "accommodationists" who preferred "a subtler, more tactical approach."[18] Paul Kurtz was ousted from the Center for Inquiry in the late 2000's. This was in part due to a perception that Kurtz was "on the mellower end of the spectrum" according to Flynn.

In November 2015, The New Republic published an article entitled "Is the New Atheism dead?"[19] In 2016, the atheist and evolutionary biologist David Sloan Wilson wrote: "The world appears to be tiring of the New Atheism movement."[20] In 2017, PZ Myers, who formerly considered himself a new atheist, publicly renounced the New Atheism movement.[21] The book The Four Horsemen: The Conversation That Sparked an Atheist Revolution was released in 2019.[22]

Legacy

In a January 2019 retrospective article, Steven Poole of The Guardian observed: "For some, New Atheism was never about God at all, but just a topical subgenre of the rightwing backlash against the supposedly suffocating atmosphere of 'political correctness'."[23] In November 2019, Scott Alexander argued that New Atheism did not disappear as a political movement but instead turned to social justice as a new cause to fight for.[24]

In an April 2021 interview, Natalie Wynn, a left-wing YouTuber who runs the channel ContraPoints, commented: "The alt-right, the manosphere, incels, even the so-called SJW Internet and LeftTube all have a genetic ancestor in New Atheism."[25] In a June 2021 retrospective article, Émile P. Torres of Salon argued that prominent figures in the New Atheist movement had aligned themselves with the far-right.[26]

In a June 2022 retrospective article, Sebastian Milbank of The Critic stated that, as a movement, "New Atheism has fractured and lost its original spirit", that "much of what New Atheism embodied has now migrated rightwards", and that "another portion has moved leftwards, embodied by the 'I Fucking Love Science' woke nerd of today." Following the conversion of writer Ayaan Hirsi Ali to Christianity in 2023, the columnist Sarah Jones wrote in New York magazine that the New Atheism movement was in "terminal decline".[27]

Prominent figures

Several key figures associated with the New Atheism movement include Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, Christopher Hitchens, Daniel Dennett, and Ayaan Hirsi Ali.[28]

"Four Horsemen"

On 30 September 2007, Dawkins, Harris, Hitchens, and Dennett met at Hitchens' residence in Washington, D.C., for a private two-hour unmoderated round table discussion. The event was videotaped and titled "The Four Horsemen".[29] During "The God Debate" in 2010 with Hitchens versus Dinesh D'Souza, the group was collectively referred to as the "Four Horsemen of the Non-Apocalypse",[30] an allusion to the biblical Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse from the Book of Revelation.[31] The four have been described by critics as "evangelical atheists".[32]

Harris wrote several bestselling non-fiction books including The End of Faith, Letter to a Christian Nation, The Moral Landscape, and Waking Up, along with two shorter works (initially published as e-books) Free Will and Lying.[33] [34] He is a co-founder of the Reason Project. Dawkins, the author of The God Delusion,[35] and director of a Channel 4 television documentary titled The Root of All Evil?, is the founder of the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science. He wrote: "I don't object to the horseman label, by the way. I'm less keen on 'new atheist': it isn't clear to me how we differ from old atheists."[36]

Hitchens, the author of God Is Not Great,[37] was named among the "Top 100 Public Intellectuals" by Foreign Policy and Prospect magazines. He served on the advisory board of the Secular Coalition for America. In 2010, Hitchens published his memoir Hitch-22 (a nickname provided by close personal friend Salman Rushdie, whom Hitchens always supported during and following The Satanic Verses controversy).[38] Shortly after its publication, he was diagnosed with esophageal cancer, which led to his death in December 2011.[39] Before his death, Hitchens published a collection of essays and articles in his book Arguably;[40] a short edition, Mortality,[41] was published posthumously in 2012. These publications and numerous public appearances provided Hitchens with a platform to remain an astute atheist during his illness, even speaking specifically on the culture of deathbed conversions and condemning attempts to convert the terminally ill, which he opposed as "bad taste".[42] [43]

Dennett is the author of Darwin's Dangerous Idea and Breaking the Spell.[44] [45] He has been a vocal supporter of The Clergy Project,[46] an organization that provides support for clergy in the US who no longer believe in God and cannot fully participate in their communities any longer.[47]

"Plus one horse-woman"

See main article: Ayaan Hirsi Ali. Ayaan Hirsi Ali was a central figure of New Atheism until she announced her conversion to Christianity in November 2023.[48] Hirsi Ali, originally scheduled to attend the 2007 meeting,[49] later appeared with Dawkins, Dennett, and Harris at the 2012 Global Atheist Convention, where she was referred to as the "plus one horse-woman" by Dawkins. Robyn Blumner, CEO of the Center for Inquiry, described Hirsi Ali as the "Fifth" horseman.

Hirsi Ali was born in Mogadishu, Somalia, fleeing in 1992 to the Netherlands in order to escape an arranged marriage.[50] She became involved in Dutch politics, rejected faith, and became vocal in opposing Islamic ideology, especially concerning women, as exemplified by her books Infidel and The Caged Virgin.[51]

Hirsi Ali was later involved in the production of the film Submission, for which her friend Theo van Gogh was murdered with a death threat to Hirsi Ali pinned to his chest.[52] This event resulted in Hirsi Ali's hiding and later emigrating to the United States, where she resides and remains a prolific critic of Islam.[53] She regularly speaks out against the treatment of women in Islamic doctrine and society[54] and is a proponent of free speech and the freedom to offend.[55] [56]

Writing in a column in November 2023, Ali announced her conversion to the Christian faith, saying the Judeo-Christian tradition is the only answer to the problems of the modern world.[57]

Others

Others have either self-identified as or been classified by some commentators as new atheists:

Some writers sometimes classified as new atheists by others have explicitly distanced themselves from the label:

Perspective

Many contemporary atheists write from a scientific perspective. Unlike previous writers, many of whom thought that science was indifferent or even incapable of dealing with the "God" concept, Dawkins argues to the contrary, claiming the "God Hypothesis" is a valid scientific hypothesis,[69] having effects in the physical universe, and like any other hypothesis can be tested and falsified. Victor Stenger proposed that the personal Abrahamic God is a scientific hypothesis that can be tested by standard methods of science. Both Dawkins and Stenger conclude that the hypothesis fails any such tests,[70] and argue that naturalism is sufficient to explain everything we observe. They argue that nowhere is it necessary to introduce God or the supernatural to understand reality.

Scientific testing of religion

Non-believers (in religion and the supernatural) assert that many religious or supernatural claims (such as the virgin birth of Jesus and the afterlife) are scientific claims in nature. For instance, they argue, as do deists and Progressive Christians, that the issue of Jesus' supposed parentage is a question of scientific inquiry, rather than "values" or "morals".[71] Rational thinkers believe science is capable of investigating at least some, if not all, supernatural claims.[72] Institutions such as the Mayo Clinic and Duke University have conducted empirical studies to try to identify whether there is evidence for the healing power of intercessory prayer.[73] According to Stenger, the experiments found no evidence that intercessory prayer worked.[74]

Logical arguments

In his book , Victor J. Stenger argues that a God having omniscient, omnibenevolent, and omnipotent attributes, which he termed a 3O God, cannot logically exist.[75] A similar series of alleged logical disproofs of the existence of a God with various attributes can be found in Michael Martin and Ricki Monnier's The Impossibility of God,[76] or Theodore M. Drange's article, "Incompatible-Properties Arguments: A Survey".[77]

Views on non-overlapping magisteria

Richard Dawkins has been particularly critical of the conciliatory view that science and religion are not in conflict, noting, for example, that the Abrahamic religions constantly dabble in scientific matters. In a 1998 article published in Free Inquiry magazine, and later in his 2006 book The God Delusion, Dawkins expresses disagreement with the view advocated by Stephen Jay Gould that science and religion are two non-overlapping magisteria (NOMA), each existing in a "domain where one form of teaching holds the appropriate tools for meaningful discourse and resolution".

In Gould's proposal, science and religion should be confined to distinct non-overlapping domains: science would be limited to the empirical realm, including theories developed to describe observations, while religion would deal with questions of ultimate meaning and moral value. Dawkins contends that NOMA does not describe empirical facts about the intersection of science and religion. He argued: "It is completely unrealistic to claim, as Gould and many others do, that religion keeps itself away from science's turf, restricting itself to morals and values. A universe with a supernatural presence would be a fundamentally and qualitatively different kind of universe from one without. The difference is, inescapably, a scientific difference. Religions make existence claims, and this means scientific claims."

Science and morality

See main article: Science of morality. Popularized by Sam Harris is the view that science and thereby currently unknown objective facts may instruct human morality in a globally comparable way. Harris' book The Moral Landscape,[78] and accompanying TED Talk How Science can Determine Moral Values,[79] propose that human well-being and conversely suffering may be thought of as a landscape with peaks and valleys representing numerous ways to achieve extremes in human experience, and that there are objective states of well-being.

Politics

In the context of international politics, the principles of New Atheism establish no particular stance in and of themselves.[80] PZ Myers stated that New Atheism's key proponents are "a madly disorganized mob, united only by [their] dislike of the god-thing".[81] That said, the demographic that supports New Atheism is a markedly homogeneous one; in America and the Anglo-sphere more generally, this cohort is "more likely to be younger, male and single, to have higher than average levels of income and education, to be less authoritarian, less dogmatic, less prejudiced, less conformist and more tolerant and open-minded on religious issues." Because of this homogeneity among the group, there exists not a formal dynamic but a loose consensus on broad political "efforts, objectives, and strategies".[82] For example, one of the primary aims is to further reduce the entanglement of church and state, which derives from the "belief that religion is antithetical to liberal values, such as freedom of expression and the separation of public from private life". Additionally, new atheists have engaged in the campaign "to ensure legal and civic equality for atheists", in a world considerably unwelcoming to and distrustful of non-religious believers.[83] [84] [85] Christopher Hitchens may be the new atheist concerned most with religion's incompatibility with contemporary liberal principles, and particularly its imposed limitation on both freedom of speech and freedom of expression.[86] Because New Atheism's proliferation is accredited partly to the 11 September attacks and the ubiquitous, visceral response, Richard Dawkins, among many in his cohort, believes that theism (in this case, Islam) jeopardizes political institutions and national security, and he warns of religion's potency in motivating "people to do terrible things" against international polities.[87]

Criticisms

According to Nature, "Critics of new atheism, as well as many new atheists themselves, contend that in philosophical terms it differs little from earlier historical forms of atheist thought."[88]

Scientism, accusations of evangelicalism and fundamentalism

Critics of the movement described it as militant atheism and fundamentalist atheism.[89] [90] [91] [92] Theologians Jeffrey Robbins and Christopher Rodkey take issue with what they regard as "the evangelical nature of the New Atheism, which assumes that it has a Good News to share, at all cost, for the ultimate future of humanity by the conversion of as many people as possible", and believe they have found similarities between New Atheism and evangelical Christianity and conclude that the all-consuming nature of both "encourages endless conflict without progress" between both extremities.[93] Political philosopher John Gray asserts that New Atheism, humanism, and scientism are extensions of religion, particularly Christianity.[94] Sociologist William Stahl said, "What is striking about the current debate is the frequency with which the New Atheists are portrayed as mirror images of religious fundamentalists."[95]

The atheist philosopher of science Michael Ruse states that Richard Dawkins would fail "introductory" courses on the study of "philosophy or religion" (such as courses on the philosophy of religion), courses which are offered, for example, at many educational institutions such as colleges and universities around the world.[96] [97] Ruse also says that the movement of New Atheism—which is perceived by him to be "a bloody disaster"—makes him ashamed, as a professional philosopher of science, to be among those holding to an atheist position, particularly as New Atheism, as he sees it, does science a "grave disservice" and does a "disservice to scholarship" at a more general level. Paul Kurtz, editor in chief of Free Inquiry, founder of Prometheus Books, was critical of many of the new atheists. He said, "I consider them atheist fundamentalists... They're anti-religious, and they're mean-spirited, unfortunately. Now, there are very good atheists and very dedicated people who do not believe in God. But you have this aggressive and militant phase of atheism, and that does more damage than good." Jonathan Sacks, author of The Great Partnership: Science, Religion, and the Search for Meaning, feels the new atheists miss the target by believing the "cure for bad religion is no religion, as opposed to good religion". He wrote:

The philosopher Massimo Pigliucci contends that the new atheist movement overlaps with scientism, which he finds to be philosophically unsound. He writes: "What I do object to is the tendency, found among many New Atheists, to expand the definition of science to pretty much encompassing anything that deals with 'facts', loosely conceived ... it seems clear to me that most of the New Atheists (except for the professional philosophers among them) pontificate about philosophy very likely without having read a single professional paper in that field ... I would actually go so far as to charge many of the leaders of the New Atheism movement (and, by implication, a good number of their followers) with anti-intellectualism, one mark of which is a lack of respect for the proper significance, value, and methods of another field of intellectual endeavor."[98]

In The Evolution of Atheism, Stephen LeDrew wrote that New Atheism is fundamentalist and scientist; in contrast to atheism's tradition of social justice, it is right-wing and serves to defend "the position of the white middle-class western male".[99] [100] [101] Atheist professor Jacques Berlinerblau has criticised the new atheists' mocking of religion as being inimical to their goals and claims that they have not achieved anything politically.[102] Roger Scruton has extensively criticized New Atheism on various occasions, generally on the grounds that they do not consider the social effects and impacts of religion in enough detail. He has said, "Look at the facts in the round and it seems likely that humans without a sense of the sacred would have died out long ago. For that same reason, the hope of the new atheists for a world without religion is probably as vain as the hope for a society without aggression or a world without death."[103] He has also complained of the new atheists' idea that they must "set people free from religion", calling it "naive" because they "never consider that they might be taking something away from people".[104]

Criticisms of responses to theistic arguments

Edward Feser has critiqued the new atheists' responses to arguments for the existence of God, especially Dawkins' and Dennett's.[105]

Criticism from David Bentley Hart

by David Bentley Hart was published by Yale in 2009. Philosopher Anthony Kenny called Hart's book "the most able counsel for the defence in recent years".[106] Writing for Commonweal, poet Michael Robbins described the book as "an unanswerable and frequently hilarious demolition of the shoddy thinking and historical illiteracy of the so-called New Atheists."[107] On 27 May 2011, Hart's book was awarded the Michael Ramsey Prize in Theology by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams.[108] [109] Hart argues positively that Christianity was a progressive factor in human history and the only factor that "can be called in the fullest sense" a revolution. In his negative case against New Atheism, Hart argues that the Enlightenment was actually "a reactionary flight back toward a comfortable, but dehumanizing, mental and moral servitude to elemental nature."[110]

Accusations of bigotry

The New Atheist movement has been accused of sexism, especially prominent figures such as Richard Dawkins.[111] [112] In 2014, Sam Harris said that New Atheism was "to some degree intrinsically male". Sebastian Milbank of The Critic stated that anti-Catholic rhetoric by the New Atheist movement reached its pinnacle in 2010, during the state visit by Pope Benedict XVI to the United Kingdom, where "many mainstream newspapers (especially The Guardian) engaged in more or less naked anti-Catholic rhetoric of a sort that seemed more suited to the eighteenth century than the twenty-first".[113]

Some commentators have accused the New Atheist movement of Islamophobia.[114] [115] [116] [117] Wade Jacoby and Hakan Yavuz assert that "a group of 'new atheists' such as Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, and Christopher Hitchens" have "invoked Samuel Huntington's 'clash of civilizations' theory to explain the current political contestation" and that this forms part of a trend toward "Islamophobia... in the study of Muslim societies". William W. Emilson argues that "the 'new' in the new atheists' writings is not their aggressiveness, nor their extraordinary popularity, nor even their scientific approach to religion, rather it is their attack not only on militant Islamism but also on Islam itself under the cloak of its general critique of religion."

See also

References

Informational notes

Citations

Notes and References

  1. Book: Lee . Lois . A Dictionary of Atheism . Bullivant . Stephen . 2016-11-17 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-252013-5 . en . 12 March 2017 . 20 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230120215619/https://books.google.com/books?id=XguDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT48 . live .
  2. Wolf . Gary . November 1, 2006 . The Church of the Non-Believers . en-US . Wired . 2023-01-19 . 1059-1028 . 21 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170721010426/https://www.wired.com/2006/11/atheism/ . live .
  3. Web site: Taylor . James E. . New Atheists . 14 April 2016 . The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . The New Atheists are authors of early twenty-first century books promoting atheism. These authors include Sam Harris, Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, and Christopher Hitchens. The 'New Atheist' label for these critics of religion and religious belief emerged out of journalistic commentary on the contents and impacts of their books. . 26 August 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160826001224/http://www.iep.utm.edu/n-atheis/ . live .
  4. News: Hooper . Simon . November 9, 2006 . The rise of the New Atheists . CNN . 16 March 2010 . 8 April 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100408094135/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/08/atheism.feature/index.html . live .
  5. Book: Hedges, Chris . When Atheism Becomes Religion: America's New Fundamentalists . 2008 . Free Press . 978-1-4165-7078-3 .
  6. McAnulla . Stuart . Secular fundamentalists? Characterising the new atheist approach to secularism, religion and politics . British Politics . 9 . 124–145 . 2011 . 2 . Palgrave Macmillan . 10.1057/bp.2013.27 .
  7. Book: LeDrew, Stephen . Relativism and Post-Truth in Contemporary Society . Scientism and Utopia: New Atheism as a Fundamentalist Reaction to Relativism . 2018 . 143–155 . Springer . 10.1007/978-3-319-96559-8_9 . 978-3-319-96558-1 . https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-96559-8_9.
  8. Book: Stahl, William . Religion and the New Atheism: A Critical Appraisal . One-Dimensional Rage: The Social Epistemology Of The New Atheism And Fundamentalism . 2010 . 95–108 . Brill . 978-90-04-19053-5 . https://brill.com/display/book/9789004190535/Bej.9789004185579.i-253_008.xml.
  9. Nall . Jeff . Fundamentalist Atheism and its Intellectual Failures . Humanity & Society . 32 . 3 . 263-280 . Sage . 2008 .
  10. Web site: Jones . Sarah . 2023-11-29 . The Infidel Turned Christian . 2023-12-05 . Intelligencer . en . 18 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240118195953/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/11/ayaan-hirsi-alis-political-conversion.html . live .
  11. News: Evans . Robert . 2012-10-22 . Paul Kurtz, "giant" of humanism, dead at 86 . en . Reuters . 2022-12-25 . 28 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221228115310/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-religion-kurtz-idUSBRE89L19D20121022 . live .
  12. God Bless Me, It's a Best-Seller!. Hitchens. Christopher. Christopher Hitchens. Vanity Fair. 15 August 2007. 14 April 2016. ...in the last two years there have been five atheist best-sellers, one each from Professors Richard Dawkins and Daniel Dennett and two from the neuroscientist Sam Harris.. 2 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161002001157/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2007/09/hitchens200709. live.
  13. Book: Hitchens, Christopher . The Four Horsemen: The Conversation That Sparked an Atheist Revolution . Random House . 2019 . 978-0-525-51195-3 . New York . 1 . 20 January 2023 . 21 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230421232245/https://books.google.com/books?id=38thDwAAQBAJ . live .
  14. Book: Harris, Sam . Sam Harris . 11 August 2004 . The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason . . 978-0-7432-6809-7. The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason .
  15. News: Steinfels . Peter . Peter Steinfels . Books on Atheism Are Raising Hackles in Unlikely Places . . 3 March 2007 . 17 July 2016 . 26 June 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170626135149/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/03/books/03beliefs.html . live .
  16. Web site: The God Delusion One-Year Countdown . https://web.archive.org/web/20080828171533/http://richarddawkins.net/article,1599,The-God-Delusion-One-Year-Countdown,RichardDawkinsnet. 28 August 2008. RichardDawkins.net . 5 October 2007.
  17. Flynn . Tom . Thomas W. Flynn . 2010 . Why I Don't Believe in the New Atheism . Free Inquiry . 30 . 3 . 7–43 . 28 July 2011 . 7 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200407201920/https://secularhumanism.org/volume/no-3-vol-30/ . live .
  18. Web site: Landsberg . Mitchell . 2010-10-10 . Religious skeptics disagree on how aggressively to challenge the devout . 2023-01-21 . Los Angeles Times . en-US . 21 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230121003552/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-oct-10-la-me-humanists-20101010-story.html . live .
  19. Is the New Atheism dead?. Elizabeth. Bruenig. The New Republic. 6 November 2015. 27 August 2022. 12 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180712054228/https://newrepublic.com/article/123349/new-atheism-dead. live.
  20. Web site: Sloan Wilson . David . 2016-02-01 . The New Atheism as a Stealth Religion: Five Years Later . 2023-01-20 . This View Of Life . en-US . 16 August 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170816064310/https://evolution-institute.org/article/the-new-atheism-as-a-stealth-religion-five-years-later/ . live .
  21. Web site: Myers . PZ . 31 July 2017 . The New Atheism is dead. Long live atheism. . Pharyngula . 12 July 2018 . 11 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180911020202/https://freethoughtblogs.com/pharyngula/2017/07/31/the-new-atheism-is-dead-long-live-atheism/ . live .
  22. Web site: 19 March 2019 . The Four Horsemen: The Conversation That Sparked an Atheist Revolution . Publishers Weekly . 21 August 2019 . 21 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190821214044/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-525-51195-3 . live .
  23. Web site: Poole . Steven . 2019-01-31 . The Four Horsemen review - whatever happened to 'New Atheism'? . 2022-07-21 . . 28 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220728160815/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jan/31/four-horsemen-review-what-happened-to-new-atheism-dawkins-hitchens . live .
  24. Web site: West . Ed . 2019-11-04 . What really happened to the New Atheists . 2022-07-21 . . 21 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220721013302/https://unherd.com/thepost/what-really-happened-to-the-new-atheists/ . live .
  25. Web site: Maughan . Philip . April 14, 2021 . The World According to ContraPoints . August 3, 2021 . Highsnobiety . 29 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220429125954/https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/contrapoints-natalie-wynn-interview/ . live .
  26. Web site: 5 June 2021. Godless grifters: How the New Atheists merged with the far right. Salon. Émile P.. Torres. 27 August 2022. 26 August 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220826203416/https://www.salon.com/2021/06/05/how-the-new-atheists-merged-with-the-far-right-a-story-of-intellectual-grift-and-abject-surrender/. live.
  27. Web site: Jones . Sarah . 2023-11-29 . The Infidel Turned Christian . 2023-12-05 . Intelligencer . en . 18 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240118195953/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/11/ayaan-hirsi-alis-political-conversion.html . live .
  28. Web site: Blumner . Robyn . Robyn Blumner . 2020-12-04 . Give the Four Horsemen (and Ayaan) Their Due. They Changed America. . 2022-12-24 . Free Inquiry . en-US . 28 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221228145337/https://secularhumanism.org/2020/12/give-the-four-horsemen-and-ayaan-their-due-they-changed-america/ . live .
  29. Web site: The Four Horsemen DVD . Richard Dawkins Foundation . 13 April 2016 . On the 30th of September 2007, Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, Sam Harris and Christopher Hitchens sat down for a first-of-its-kind, unmoderated 2-hour discussion, convened by RDFRS and filmed by Josh Timonen. . 11 June 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170611214236/https://richarddawkins.net/2013/10/the-four-horsemen-dvd-19-95/ . dead .
  30. Web site: Sam Harris is Still Railing Against Religion . Hoffman . Claire . 2 September 2014 . Los Angeles Magazine . 13 April 2016 . As Western society grappled with radical Islam, Harris distinguished himself with his argument that modern religious tolerance had placated us into allowing delusion rather than reason to prevail. Harris upended a discussion that had long been dominated by cultural relativism and a hands-off academic intellectualism; his seething contempt for the world's faiths helped launch the 'New Atheist' movement, and together with Christopher Hitchens, Richard Dawkins, and Daniel Dennett, he became known as one of the 'Four Horsemen of the Non-Apocalypse.' . 15 June 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170615152332/http://www.lamag.com/culturefiles/sam-harris-is-still-railing-against-religion/ . live .
  31. Book: Zenk, Thomas . The Oxford Handbook of Atheism . OUP Oxford . 2013 . 978-0-19-964465-0 . Bullivant . Stephen . 254 . en . 16. New Atheism . Ruse . Michael . 20 January 2023 . 3 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003172045/https://books.google.com/books?id=jbIVAgAAQBAJ . live .
  32. News: Stedman. Chris. 'Evangelical Atheists': Pushing For What?. The Huffington Post. 2 March 2017. 18 October 2010. something peculiarly evangelistic about what has been termed the new atheist movement ... It is no exaggeration to describe the movement popularized by the likes of Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, Sam Harris, and Christopher Hitchens as a new and particularly zealous form of fundamentalism — an atheist fundamentalism.. 4 August 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160804130829/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chris-stedman/evangelical-atheists-what_b_765379.html. live.
  33. Book: Harris, Sam. Sam Harris (author). 2012. Free Will. The Free Press. 978-1451683400. 96. .
  34. Book: Harris, Sam. Lying. 2013. Four Elephants Press. 978-1940051000. 108. .
  35. Book: Dawkins, Richard . The God Delusion. 2007. Black Swan. 978-0-552-77429-1. The God Delusion .
  36. [Richard Dawkins]
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  38. Book: Hitchens, Christopher . Hitch22 . 2010 . Atlantic Books . 978-1-843-54922-2 . 448 . .
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  63. Web site: Dalrymple . Theodore . 2007 . What the New Atheists Don't See . 27 August 2022 . City Journal . 10 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220710183440/https://www.city-journal.org/html/what-new-atheists-don%E2%80%99t-see-13058.html?wallit_nosession=1 . dead .
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  66. Web site: Catto. Rebecca. Eccles. Jane. Beyond Grayling, Dawkins and Hitchens, a new kind of British atheism. The Guardian. 14 April 2011. 27 August 2022. 31 December 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111231034107/http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/belief/2011/apr/14/atheism-socialnetworking. live.
  67. Web site: @loftusjohnw on Twitter: Why Did Randal Rauser Recommend "God and Horrendous Suffering"? Despite his high recommendation of my book Rauser is on a mission to discredit it, pejoratively calling me a "New Atheist" and a "Fundamentalist". Inquiring Minds Want to Know Why! . 8 April 2022 . 8 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220408072534/https://twitter.com/loftusjohnw/status/1497969878795309056 . live .
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  74. Book: Stenger, Victor J.. The New Atheism: Taking a Stand for Science and Reason . 2009 . Prometheus Books . . 978-1-59102-751-5 . 70.
  75. Book: Stenger, Victor J. . God: The Failed Hypothesis. How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist . Prometheus Books . 2007 . 978-1591026525 . with new foreword by Christopher Hitchens . Amherst (New York) .
  76. Book: Michael Martin (philosopher) . Michael . Martin . Ricki . Monnier . The Impossibility of God . Prometheus Books . 2003 .
  77. Theodore M. Drange . Incompatible-Properties Arguments: A Survey . . 1998 . 2 . 49–60 . 6 December 2022 . The Secular Web . https://web.archive.org/web/20221206205407/https://infidels.org/library/modern/theodore-drange-incompatible/.
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  80. Kettell . Steven . Faithless: The politics of new atheism . Secularism and Nonreligion . 21 November 2013 . 2 . 61 . 10.5334/snr.al . free .
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  83. Schulzke . Marcus . The Politics of New Atheism . Politics and Religion . December 2013 . 6 . 4 . 778–799 . . 10.1017/S1755048313000217 . 197670821 .
  84. Kettell . Steven . What's really new about New Atheism? . Palgrave Communications . December 2016 . 2 . 1 . 16099 . 10.1057/palcomms.2016.99 . free .
  85. Edgell . Penny . Gerteis . Joseph . Hartmann . Douglas . Atheists As 'Other': Moral Boundaries and Cultural Membership in American Society . American Sociological Review . April 2006 . 71 . 2 . 211–234 . 10.1177/000312240607100203 . 143818177 .
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  88. Kettell . Steven . What's really new about New Atheism? . Palgrave Communications . December 2016 . 2 . 1 . 10.1057/palcomms.2016.99 . free .
  89. News: De Waal . Frans . Frans de Waal . Has militant atheism become a religion? . Salon.com . 9 March 2017 . 25 March 2013 . Why are the 'neo-atheists' of today so obsessed with God's nonexistence that they go on media rampages, wear T-shirts proclaiming their absence of belief, or call for a militant atheism? What does atheism have to offer that's worth fighting for? As one philosopher put it, being a militant atheist is like 'sleeping furiously.' . 9 June 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170609130521/http://www.salon.com/2013/03/25/militant_atheism_has_become_a_religion/ . live .
  90. Bullivant . Stephen . Lee . Lois . Militant atheism . Oxford Reference . 1 . 10.1093/acref/9780191816819.001.0001 . 2016 .
  91. Web site: Kurtz . Paul . Paul Kurtz . February 2007 . Religion in Conflict: Are 'Evangelical Atheists' Too Outspoken? . 2023-01-20 . Free Inquiry . 20 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230120155214/https://secularhumanism.org/2007/02/religion-in-conflict/ . live .
  92. Web site: Hagerty . Barbara Bradley . A Bitter Rift Divides Atheists . NPR . 19 October 2009 . 2017-02-12 . 1 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042651/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=113889251 . live .
  93. Book: Jeffrey Robbins. Christopher Rodkey. Religion and the New Atheism A Critical Appraisal . 2010. Haymarket Books. 978-1-60846-203-2. 35. Amarnath Amarasingam. Beating 'God' to Death: Radical Theology and the New Atheism.
  94. Book: Gray, John. 2019. Seven types of atheism. Picador. 978-1-250-23478-0. 1137728757.
  95. Book: William Stahl. Religion and the New Atheism A Critical Appraisal.. 2010. Haymarket Books. 978-1-60846-203-2. 97–108. Amarnath Amarasingam. One-Dimensional Rage: The Social Epistemology of the New Atheism and Fundamentalism.
  96. Book: Dougherty, T. Gage, LP. Oppy. Graham. The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Philosophy of Religion . 2015 . Routledge . Abingdon, UK; New York . 978-1-84465-831-2 . 52–53. 4/ New Atheist Approaches to Religion. 51–62. Michael Ruse (2009) said that Dawkins would fail 'any philosophy or religion course'; and for this reason Ruse says The God Delusion made him 'ashamed to be an atheist'.
  97. Web site: Ruse. Michael. Why I Think the New Atheists are a Bloody Disaster. Beliefnet. The BioLogos Foundation as a columnist of Beliefnet. 19 August 2015. August 2009. ... I believe the new atheists do the side of science a grave disservice ... these people do a disservice to scholarship ... Richard Dawkins in The God Delusion would fail any introductory philosophy or religion course. Proudly he criticizes that whereof he knows nothing ... the poor quality of the argumentation in Dawkins, Dennett, Hitchens, and all of the others in that group ..." [...] "the new atheists are doing terrible political damage to the cause of Creationism fighting. Americans are religious people ... They want to be science-friendly, although it is certainly true that many have been seduced by the Creationists. We evolutionists have got to speak to these people. We have got to show them that Darwinism is their friend not their enemy. We have got to get them onside when it comes to science in the classroom. And criticizing good men like Francis Collins, accusing them of fanaticism, is just not going to do the job. Nor is criticizing everyone, like me, who wants to build a bridge to believers – not accepting the beliefs, but willing to respect someone who does have them." [...] "The God Delusion makes me ashamed to be an atheist. ... They are a bloody disaster and I want to be on the front line of those who say so.. 9 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140109082532/http://www.beliefnet.com/columnists/scienceandthesacred/2009/08/why-i-think-the-new-atheists-are-a-bloody-disaster.html. live.
  98. Book: Pigliucci. Massimo. New Atheism and the Scientistic Turn in the Atheism Movement. 2013. Midwest Studies in Philosophy. 151–152.
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  102. News: Professor Jacques Berlinerblau tells atheists: Stop whining!. The Washington Post. Kimberly. Winston. 17 September 2012. 31 October 2017. 12 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180112100142/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/professor-jacques-berlinerblau-tells-atheists-stop-whining/2012/09/14/0fdaf7f4-feab-11e1-98c6-ec0a0a93f8eb_story.html. live.
  103. Web site: Scruton . Roger . 31 May 2014 . Humans hunger for the sacred. Why can't the new atheists understand that? . 30 January 2022 . The Spectator . 8 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240508152718/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/humans-hunger-for-the-sacred-why-can-t-the-new-atheists-understand-that/ . live .
  104. Web site: Roger Scruton on New Atheism and Religion. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/MzW4NEEJI48 . 2021-12-20 . live. www.youtube.com.
  105. News: Feser . Edward . Bowman . Karlyn . The New Philistinism . American Enterprise Institute - AEI . 26 March 2010 . 1 April 2023 . 1 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230401132215/https://www.aei.org/articles/the-new-philistinism/ . live .
  106. Web site: Anthony Kenny on 'Atheist Delusions' . . 14 May 2010 . 23 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201109041146/https://www.truthdig.com/articles/anthony-kenny-on-atheist-delusions/ . 9 November 2020 . dead.
  107. Web site: He Is Who Is . . 27 January 2014 . 23 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221226002731/https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/he-who . 26 December 2022 . dead.
  108. Web site: Winner of £10,000 Theology Prize Announced . The Archbishop of Canterbury . May 2011 . 4 November 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120704201744/http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/articles.php/2052/winner-of-10000-theology-prize-announced . 4 July 2012 . dead.
  109. Web site: David B. Hart wins the 2011 Michael Ramsay prize . . 27 May 2011 . 22 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120118095958/https://www.christiancentury.org/article/2011-05/david-b-hart-wins-2011-michael-ramsay-prize . 18 January 2012 . live.
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  112. Web site: Bianco . Marcie . 2016-02-12 . Brazen sexism is pushing women out of America's atheism movement . 2022-07-21 . Quartz . 9 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220709020912/https://qz.com/613270/brazen-sexism-is-pushing-women-out-of-americas-atheism-movement/ . live .
  113. Milbank . Sebastian . 2022-06-15 . The strange afterlife of New Atheism . 2022-06-16 . . 15 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220615082848/https://thecritic.co.uk/the-strange-afterlife-of-new-atheism/ . live .
  114. Web site: Jerome. Taylor. Atheists Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens and Sam Harris face Islamophobia backlash. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/atheists-richard-dawkins-christopher-hitchens-and-sam-harris-face-islamophobia-backlash-8570580.html . 18 June 2022 . subscription . live. The Independent. 13 April 2013. 30 January 2022.
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