| Settlement Type: | Town |
| Nyasvizh | |
| Native Name: | |
| Flag Size: | 150 |
| Pushpin Map: | Belarus |
| Pushpin Map Caption: | Location of Nyasvizh, shown within Minsk Region |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Name: | Belarus |
| Subdivision Type1: | Region |
| Subdivision Name1: | Minsk Region |
| Subdivision Type2: | District |
| Subdivision Name2: | Nyasvizh District |
| Established Title: | First mentioned |
| Established Date: | 1223 |
| Established Title2: | Town rights since |
| Established Date2: | 1586 |
| Population As Of: | 2024 |
| Population Footnotes: | [1] |
| Population Total: | 15,968 |
| Timezone: | MSK |
| Utc Offset: | +3 |
| Coordinates: | 53.2167°N 66°W |
| Postal Code Type: | Postal code |
| Postal Code: | 222603, 222620 |
| Area Code: | +375 1770 |
Nyasvizh or Nesvizh (Belarusian: Нясвіж|Niasviž, in Belarusian pronounced as /nʲaˈsʲvʲiʐ/; Russian: Несвиж; Lithuanian: Nesvyžius; Polish: Nieśwież; Yiddish: ניעסוויז; Latin: Nesvisium) is a town in Minsk Region, Belarus.[1] It serves as the administrative centre of Nyasvizh District.[1] Nyasvizh is the site of Nesvizh Castle, a World Heritage Site. In 2009, its population was 14,300.[2] As of 2024, it has a population of 15,968.[1]
Nesvizh was first documented in 1223. It was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania until 1793, but the Grand Duchy was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth since 1569. In the 15th century, while still a minor town, it belonged to the Kiszka family and later to the Radziwiłł family, and remained the family's seat until 1813.In 1561 or 1562 Maciej Kawęczyński founded the print works of the Polish Brethren.[3] The first Belarusian language book printed in Latin script, a catechism by Symon Budny, was published in Nesvizh in 1562.[4] The Nieśwież Bible (Biblia nieświeska), one of the oldest Polish translations of the Bible, also by Budny, was completed there in 1571 and published in 1572.
Nesvizh Castle was erected in 1583, and between 1584 and 1598 the Benedictines and Jesuit religious orders founded monasteries and a college.[5] At the request of Mikołaj "the Orphan" Radziwiłł Nieśwież was granted Magdeburg town rights by King Stephen Báthory in 1586.[6] Two epidemics affected the city early in the 17th century which led to the establishment of a pharmacy in 1627.
During the Great Northern War of 1700–21, the city was significantly damaged by Swedish troops. It was rebuilt in the 1720s by Michał "Rybeńko" Radziwiłł. In the aftermath of the war, in the 1740s and 1750s he founded a Pas slucki factory which was later moved to Sluck. He introduced a military school, several textile factories and restored the Corpus Christi Church and opened a print works. Michał's wife, Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłłowa, founded the Nieśwież Radziwiłł Theatre, including a choir and a ballet school.Between 1764 and 1768 the city was occupied by Russian troops, and in 1772, at the First Partition of Lithuania-Poland, the library, which comprised circa 10,000 volumes, along with paintings and other art objects, was seized and transferred to St. Petersburg. Some books from the library were passed to the Russian Academy of Sciences.
After the Second partition of Lithuania-Poland in 1793, Nieśwież was annexed by Russia, and renamed Nesvizh. In 1906, the Polish Society "Oświata" ("Education") in Nesvizh was established, but its activities were hampered by the Russian administration, before banning it at the start of 1910.[6] In 1912 the Russian authorities also liquidated the Roman Catholic Charity Society in Nesvizh.
After the fall of tsarist Russia, fighting broke out for control over the city and surrounding region. The city came under Soviet rule in early 1919 (Polish–Soviet War), the unsuccessful Nieśwież uprising by Polish residents took place during March 14–19, 1919.[6] Nevertheless, Nieśwież was captured by the Poles on April 19, 1919, and was integrated into the reestablished Polish state. It became a powiat in the Nowogródek Voivodeship. In the 1921 census, 45.4% people declared Jewish nationality, 44.4% declared Polish nationality, 9.4% declared Belarusian nationality.[7]
Following the Soviet invasion of Poland at the start of World War II in September 1939, it was part of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1939 to 1941, then was occupied from 1941 to 1944 by the Germans in accordance with Operation Barbarossa. The town was re-occupied by the Soviets during Operation Bagration in 1944. Nyasvizh's status as part of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic was solidified in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement.
The Jewish population in 1900 stood at 4,687, and approx. 4,500 on the eve of the German invasion, Operation Barbarossa.[8] With the occupation from June 27, 1941, a Judenrat was established. On October 30, 4,000 of the town's Jews were murdered and the rest confined to a ghetto. On July 20, 1942, the ghetto was surrounded by Belarusian police and the German commander announced that the ghetto's population would be liquidated with the exception of 30 essential skilled workers. The ghetto's underground organization, based on a Soviet-era Zionist group, called an uprising armed only with one machine gun, small arms but mostly knives. Most of the Jews were killed. A few escaped to nearby forests and joined partisan units, such as the Zhukov Jewish partisan unit.[9]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Belarus.
Nyasvizh is twinned with:[10]
Carmel, Israel
Gatchinsky District, Russia
Goris, Armenia
İsmayıllı, Azerbaijan Reutov, Russia
Rosolini, Italy
Silivri, Turkey
Zemun (Belgrade), Serbia