Sideroxylon Explained
Sideroxylon is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1753.[1] [2] They are collectively known as bully trees. The generic name is derived from the Greek words σιδηρος (sideros), meaning "iron", and ξύλον (xylon), meaning "wood."[3]
Distribution
The genus is distributed mainly in North and South America, but also in Africa, Madagascar, southern Asia, and various oceanic islands. Some species, such as gum bully (S. lanuginosum), S. tenax, and buckthorn bully (S. lycioides), are found in subtropical areas of North America. The only South African species, the white milkwood (S. inerme), is associated with three historical sites, and these individuals were declared national monuments due to their unusual longevity.[4] [5]
Ecology
Several species have become rare due to logging and other forms of habitat destruction. The tambalacoque (S. grandiflorum) of Mauritius was affected by the extinction of the birds which dispersed its seed; it was suggested that the species entirely depended on the dodo (Raphus cucullatus) for that purpose and nearly became a victim of coextinction, but this is not correct.[6] [7] Bully trees provide food for the larvae of certain Lepidoptera, such as the bumelia webworm moth (Urodus parvula) as well as several species of Coleoptera of the genus Plinthocoelium, commonly known as bumelia borers.
Species
83 species are currently accepted:[8]
- Sideroxylon acunae - Cuba
- Sideroxylon alachuense - United States (Florida)
- Sideroxylon altamiranoi - Mexico (Hidalgo, Querétaro)
- Sideroxylon americanum - Mexico (Yucatán Peninsula), West Indies
- Sideroxylon anomalum - Hispaniola (Barahona Province, Dominican Republic)
- Sideroxylon beguei - Madagascar
- Sideroxylon bequaertii - Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Sideroxylon betsimisarakum - Madagascar
- Sideroxylon borbonicum - Réunion
- Sideroxylon boutonianum - Mauritius
- Sideroxylon brucebenzii – Mexico (Jalisco)
- Sideroxylon bullatum - Jamaica
- Sideroxylon canariense - Canary Islands
- Sideroxylon cantoniense - Southeast China
- Sideroxylon capiri - Mesoamerica, West Indies
- Sideroxylon capuronii - Madagascar
- Sideroxylon cartilagineum - Mexico (Sinaloa, Jalisco, Guerrero)
- Sideroxylon celastrinum - United States (Texas), Mesoamerica, Colombia, Venezuela, Cuba, Bahamas
- Sideroxylon cinereum - Mauritius
- Sideroxylon cochranei – Mexico (Jalisco)
- Sideroxylon contrerasii - Mesoamerica
- Sideroxylon cubense - West Indies
- Sideroxylon dominicanum - Hispaniola (Dominican Republic)
- Sideroxylon durifolium - Mexico (Chiapas), Belize
- Sideroxylon ekmanianum - Cuba
- Sideroxylon eriocarpum - Mexico (Oaxaca)
- Sideroxylon eucoriaceum - Mexico (Veracruz), Guatemala
- Sideroxylon eucuneifolium - Guatemala
- Sideroxylon excavatum - Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca)
- Sideroxylon fimbriatum - Yemen (Socotra)
- Sideroxylon floribundum - Belize, Guatemala, Jamaica
- Sideroxylon foetidissimum - West Indies, Southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, United States (Florida)
- Sideroxylon galeatum - Mauritius (Rodrigues)
- Sideroxylon gerrardianum - Madagascar
- Sideroxylon grandiflorum - Mauritius
- Sideroxylon hirtiantherum - Guatemala, Honduras
- Sideroxylon horridum - Cuba, Cayman Islands
- Sideroxylon ibarrae - Guatemala (Baja Verapaz)
- Sideroxylon inerme - Africa (Somalia to Cape Province, South Africa), Seychelles (Aldabra), French Southern and Antarctic Lands (Juan de Nova I)
- Sideroxylon jubilla - Cuba
- Sideroxylon lanuginosum - - United States (Arizona to South Carolina, Kentucky),[9] northeastern Mexico
- Sideroxylon leucophyllum - Mexico (Baja California, Sonora)
- Sideroxylon lycioides - buckthorn bully - Southeastern United States (Texas to Delaware)[10]
- Sideroxylon macrocarpum - United States (Georgia)
- Sideroxylon majus - Réunion
- Sideroxylon marginatum - Cape Verde
- Sideroxylon mascatense - Ethiopia to Pakistan
- Sideroxylon mirmulano - Madeira
- Sideroxylon moaense - Cuba
- Sideroxylon montanum - Jamaica
- Sideroxylon nadeaudii - Tahiti
- Sideroxylon nervosum - Myanmar
- Sideroxylon obovatum - West Indies, Venezuela
- Sideroxylon obtusifolium - Mexico (Veracruz) to Paraguay
- Sideroxylon occidentale - Mexico (Baja California, Sonora)
- Sideroxylon octosepalum - Jamaica (Clarendon Parish)
- Sideroxylon palmeri - Mexico
- Sideroxylon peninsulare - Mexico (Baja California)
- Sideroxylon persimile - Mesoamerica, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad)
- Sideroxylon picardae - Hispaniola (Haiti, Dominican Republic)
- Sideroxylon polynesicum - United States (Hawaii), French Polynesia (Rapa-Iti)
- Sideroxylon portoricense - Mesoamerica, Greater Antilles
- Sideroxylon puberulum - Mauritius
- Sideroxylon reclinatum - United States (Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina)[11]
- Sideroxylon repens - Hispaniola (Dominican Republic)
- Sideroxylon retinerve - Honduras
- Sideroxylon rotundifolium - Jamaica
- Sideroxylon rubiginosum - Hispaniola (Dominican Republic)
- Sideroxylon salicifolium - West Indies, Mesoamerica, Florida
- Sideroxylon saxorum - Madagascar
- Sideroxylon sessiliflorum - Mauritius
- Sideroxylon socorrense - Mexico (Socorro Island)
- Sideroxylon spinosum - Morocco, Algeria, Mauritania, and Western Sahara
- Sideroxylon st-johnianum - Pitcairn Islands (Henderson Island)
- Sideroxylon stenospermum - Mesoamerica
- Sideroxylon stevensonii - Mexico (Chiapas), Belize, Guatemala
- Sideroxylon tambolokoko - Madagascar
- Sideroxylon tenax - United States (Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina)[12]
- Sideroxylon tepicense - Mesoamerica
- Sideroxylon thornei - United States (Florida, Georgia, Alabama)[13]
- Sideroxylon verruculosum - Mexico
- Sideroxylon wightianum - China (Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangdong), Vietnam
Formerly placed here
References
- http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40000075 Tropicos, Sideroxylon L.
- https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358211#page/204/mode/1up Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 192-193
- Book: Gledhill, D. . The Names of Plants . 4 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-86645-3 . 2008 . 352.
- http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=130321 Flora of North America, Vol. 8 Page 236, Bully, Sideroxylon Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 192. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 89. 1754.
- http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=130439 Flora of China, Vol. 15 Page 212, 铁榄属 tie lan shu Sinosideroxylon (Engler) Aubreville, Adansonia, n.s. 3: 32. 1963.
- M. C. . Witmer . A. S. Cheke . 1991 . The dodo and the tambalacoque tree: an obligate mutualism reconsidered . . 61 . 1 . 133–137 . 10.2307/3545415. 3545415 . 1991Oikos..61..133W .
- D. R. . Hershey . 2004 . The widespread misconception that the tambalacoque absolutely required the dodo for its seeds to germinate . Plant Science Bulletin . 50 . 105–108.
- https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30004465-2 Sideroxylon L.
- http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Sideroxylon%20lanuginosum.png Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map, Sideroxylon lanuginosum
- http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Sideroxylon%20lycioides.png Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map, Sideroxylon lycioides
- http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Sideroxylon%20reclinatum.png Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map, Sideroxylon reclinatum
- http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Sideroxylon%20tenax.png Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map, Sideroxylon tenax
- http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Sideroxylon%20thornei.png Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map, Sideroxylon thornei
- Web site: GRIN Species Records of Sideroxylon . Germplasm Resources Information Network . United States Department of Agriculture . 2010-09-10.