Though the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) is the government agency which is responsible for conducting the foreign relations of Nepal, historically, it is the Office of the Prime Minister (PMO) which has exercised the authority to formulate the country's foreign policies. As a landlocked country wedged between two larger and far stronger powers, Nepal has tried to maintain good relations with both of its neighbors, People's Republic of China and Republic of India.[1] However, the relationship between Nepal and India was significantly hampered by the 2015 Nepal blockade when the Government of Nepal accused India of mimicking "Russia-Ukraine" tactics by using ethnically Indian residents of Nepal to cause unrest along Nepal's southern border. India denied the allegation and said the unrest were an internal affair.[2] For the most part though, Nepal has traditionally maintained a non-aligned policy and enjoys friendly relations with its neighboring countries and almost all the major countries of the world.
Constitutionally, Nepal's foreign policy is to be guided by "the principles of the United Nations Charter, nonalignment, Panchsheel (five principles of peaceful coexistence), international law and the value of world peace."[3]
Nepal's most substantive international relations are perhaps with international economic institutions such as the Asian Development Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. Nepal also has strong bilateral relations with major providers of economic and military aid, such as France, Germany, Japan, South Korea, Switzerland, the United States, and particularly the United Kingdom, with whom military ties date back to the nineteenth century. The country's external relations are managed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Prime Minister's Office.
In its foreign policy, Nepal generally seeks to balance its relations with its large neighbors India and China in order to avoid dependency on either one.[4] Nepal's relation with China has seen a major upswing in the recent years with China now becoming Nepal's top 5 aid donor to Nepal.[5] In 2021, Indian government also announced increments of aid to Nepal by nearly 13% to $130 million, to counter China's growing footprint in Nepal. However, data on the actual disbursement of aid by the Indian government remains unclear.[6]
In 1955, when Nepal joined the UN, Nepal had no border disputes with either of its neighbors. Both India and China without any objections, accepted the map of Nepal filed at the UN in 1955.
However, with degradation of relations between India and China during late 1950s, Indian government initiated a 'Forward Policy' along its northern frontiers which resulted in Indian military outposts being built in all unmanned areas along India's northern border. Successive Nepali government's from 1990 onwards, have continued their objection to Indian occupation of certain Nepali territories under the guise of India's 'Forward Policy'. A joint border commission continues to work on resolving the issue of removal of Indian military outpost from Nepal's Kalapani territory., Nepal has border disputes with India at Lipulekh and Kalapani between Darchula district and Uttarakhand and Susta in Bihar and Nawalpur district.[7] In 2018, EPG (Eminent Persons Group), a joint committee between Nepal and India finished a report on the disputed territories between these two countries. The report is yet to be submitted to the head of governments of both countries.
Nepal has been a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 11 September 2003[8] and on 24 January 2017 became the 108th WTO member to ratify the WTO's Trade Facilitation Agreement.[9]
List of countries which Nepal maintains diplomatic relations with:
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| 31 |  Afghanistan | ||
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| 182 | [12] | ||
Nepal does not maintain diplomatic relations with the following 11 UN member states:
Africa - 8 UN member states
America - 1 UN member state
Oceania / Pacific Islands - 1 UN member state
See main article: Afghanistan–Nepal relations.
See main article: Austria–Nepal relations.
See main article: Bangladesh–Nepal relations.
Nepal welcomed Bangladesh's independence on 16 January 1972.[13] The turning point for the two nations occurred in April 1976, when the two nations signed, a four-point agreement on technical cooperation, trade, transit and civil aviation. They both seek cooperation in the fields of power generation and development of water resources. In 1986, relations further improved when Bangladesh insisted Nepal should be included on a deal regarding the distribution of water from the Ganges River. Also recently Nepal and Bangladesh had signed MOU's that Nepal would sell 10,000 MW of electricity to Bangladesh once its larger projects are completed.[14]
See main article: Bhutan–Nepal relations. Relations with Bhutan have been strained since 1992 over the nationality and possible repatriation of refugees from Bhutan.[15]
Many Nepalese politicians and government officials criticized Canadian diplomats in the aftermath of the Kabul attack on Canadian Embassy guards in which the majority of victims were Nepalese citizens. Members of Parliament were among those who were critical of the way that Canada treated its security contractors at the embassy, leading to meetings in Ottawa between Nepalese and Canadian diplomats, including ambassador Nadir Patel.[16]
See main article: People's Republic of China – Nepal relations.
Nepal formally established relations with the People's Republic of China on August 1, 1955.[17] The two countries share 1414 kilometers long border in the Himalayan range along the northern side of Nepal.[17] Nepal has established its embassy in Beijing, opened consulates general in Lhasa, Hong Kong and Guangzhou and appointed an honorary consul in Shanghai.[17]
Nepal's relations with China have grown closer following China's Belt and Road Initiative.
See main article: European Union-Nepal relations.
See main article: France-Nepal relations.
Nepal and the French Republic entered into diplomatic relations on 20 April 1949.[18] Bilateral economic cooperation programme commenced in February 1981 when the two countries signed the First Protocol amounting to French Franc 50 million loan which was converted into debt in 1989.[18] Food aid and the counterpart funds that it generated have been the main form of aid since 1991.[18] Main areas of cooperation are national seismologic network, petroleum exploration, restructuring of Water Supply Corporation, the Kavre Integrated Project and Gulmi and Arghakhanchi Rural Development Project, rehabilitation of airports, 'food for work', and others.[18]
Nepal and France have signed an agreement concerning Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investment in 1983.[18] The major areas of French investment are hotels, restaurants, medicine, aluminium windows and doors, vehicle body building sectors.[18] Alcatelhad became the leading supplier of the Nepal Telecommunication Corporation, with 200,000 lines installed, and fibre optic cables.[18] Cegelec secured a 24 million dollars contract in respect of the construction of Kali Gandaki hydroelectric project.[18]
The Government of Nepal awarded a contract to Oberthur Technologies of France in 2010, for printing, supply, and delivery of Machine Readable Passports.[18] A significant number of French tourists (24,097 in 2014, 16, 405 in 2015, and, 20,863 in 2016) arrive in Nepal from France each year.[18]
See main article: India–Nepal relations.
See main article: Israel–Nepal relations.
Nepal was the first and until recently the only nation in South and Central Asia to establish diplomatic ties with Israel. The bilateral relation between the two countries has been good. Traditionally, Nepal votes in favor of Israel at the UN and abstains from resolution opposed by the Israeli government barring few exceptions. Israel-Nepal relations are based on mutual security concerns.[19]
Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala, Prime Minister of Nepal from 1959 to 1960, had a strongly pro-Israel foreign policy. King Mahendra visited Israel in 1963 and maintained Koirala's special relationship.[20]
See main article: Japan–Nepal relations.
Nepal-Japan relations date back to the late eighteenth century.[21] The relationship became formal with the establishment of diplomatic relations on 1 September 1956.[21] The Embassy of Nepal was established in Tokyo in 1965 and Japan established its embassy in Kathmandu in 1967. Nepal has honorary consulates in Osaka and Fukuoka. Japan is one of the largest aid donors to Nepal.[22] [23]
Japan is the 2nd most preferred destination for abroad study to the Nepali students.
See main article: Malaysia–Nepal relations.
Malaysia has an embassy in Kathmandu,[24] and Nepal has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[25] Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1960,[26] with bilateral relations between Malaysia and Nepal have developed from historic grounds.[27]
Both nations established diplomatic relations in 1975.
See main article: Nepal–Norway relations.
Diplomatic relations were established on 26 January 1973. Norway established an embassy in Kathmandu in 2000.[30] [31] Norway's aid to Nepal was around 32 million USD in 2017. Norwegian aid prioritizes education, good governance and energy.[32]
In 2008, Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg and Minister of the Environment and International Development Erik Solheim visited Nepal.[33] In 2009, Prime Minister Prachanda visited Norway.[34] In May 2008, a small bomb exploded outside the Norwegian embassy in Kathmandu. No one was injured.[35] [36]
See main article: Nepal–Pakistan relations.
The bilateral relations between Nepal and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan were fully established between 1962 and 1963.[37]
See main article: Nepal–Russia relations.
See main article: Nepal–South Korea relations.
In addition to the in-kind and monetary donations and emergency relief workers sent by the government of the Republic of Korea immediately after the latest earthquake in Nepal[39] the Korean government provided grant aid worth 10 million US dollars to assist with Nepal's recovery and reconstruction efforts.[40]
See main article: Nepal–Turkey relations.
See main article: Nepal–United Kingdom relations.
See main article: Nepal – United States relations.
Nepal and the United States established the diplomatic relations between them on 25 April 1947.[41]
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Guinea-Bissau
Namibia
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Grenada