Neodymium(III) acetate explained

Neodymium(III) acetate is an inorganic salt composed of a neodymium atom trication and three acetate groups as anions where neodymium exhibits the +3 oxidation state. It has a chemical formula of Nd(CH3COO)3 although it can be informally referred to as NdAc because Ac is an informal symbol for acetate. It commonly occurs as a light purple powder.[1]

Physical properties

Neodymium(III) acetate as a hydrate is a purple solid that is soluble in water.[2] [3] The solubility of the compound increases when sodium acetate is added, forming a blue complex.[4] It forms crystalline hydrates in the composition of Nd(CH3COO)3·nH2O, where n = 1 and 4 are red-violet crystals that lose water at 110 °C. The crystalline hydrate with the composition of Nd(CH3COO)3·4H2O forms crystals of triclinic crystal system, with the space group of P 1 and the cell parameters of a = 0.9425 nm, b = 0.9932 nm, c = 1.065 nm, α = 88.09°, β = 115 .06°, γ = 123.69°. Most of the Nd3+ cations are coordinated by nine (or eight) oxygen atoms of the acetate ligands, which connect these polyhedra into slightly puckered sheets that are stacked in the [010] direction. The crystalline neodymium source is moderately soluble in water, methyl salicylate,[5] benzyl chloride, benzyl alcohol and carbon disulfide. In the temperature range of 320–430 °C, the anhydrate decomposes to form Nd2O2(CO3), which decomposes via a further intermediate stage at 880 °C to neodymium oxide.[6]

Appearance

Neodymium(III) acetate is a mauve-colored hygroscopic powdery solid. The resulting hydrate, like many other neodymium salts, has the interesting property that it appears different colors under fluorescent light.[7]

Preparation

Neodymium(III) acetate can be formed using neutralisation (acetic acid reacts with neodymium oxide, neodymium hydroxide or neodymium carbonate):[8]

6CH3COOH + Nd2O3 → 2Nd(CH3COO)3 + 3H2O

3CH3COOH + Nd(OH)3 → Nd(CH3COO)3 + 3H2O

6CH3COOH + Nd2(CO3)3 → 2Nd(CH3COO)3 + 3H2O + 3CO2↑

It can also be formed in a reaction with a neodymium magnet and acetic acid:

20CH3COOH + Nd2Fe14B → 2Nd(CH3COO)3 + 7Fe(CH3COO)2 + 10H2 + B

The reaction of neodymium(III) chloride and sodium acetate can also produce neodymium(III) acetate:[9]

NdCl3 + 3Na(CH3COO) → Nd(CH3COO)3 + 3NaCl

It can also be formed by reacting any neodymium salt with acetic acid.[10] Anhydrous neodymium(III) acetate can be obtained by direct oxidation of neodymium with malonic acid in a glass ampoule at 180°C. It is also possible to prepare the hydrate by dissolving neodymium(III) oxide in glacial acetic acid, alkalinizing it to a pH value of 4 with sodium hydroxide, and then slowly evaporating the solution. With different pH values, different hydrates can be obtained.[11]

Uses

Neodymium(III) acetate can be used for:

It might also be used as:

Substitute for uranyl acetate

Uranyl acetate has been the standard contrasting agent in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for decades.[15] [16] However, its use is increasingly hampered by regulations by governments due to its radioactive properties as well as its high toxicity. Therefore, alternatives are being searched for, including lanthanides or platinum blue[17] [18] [19] [20] as well as the use of less defined substances such as oolong tea extract.[21] [22] Despite these published alternatives, uranyl acetate is still the standard for EM contrasting.[12]

In the periodic table the vertical ordering of elements in groups is based on the presence of the same number of electrons in their outermost shell, which determines their chemical and physical properties. Because neodymium (Nd) is right above uranium (U) the chemical properties of uranyl acetate and neodymium(III) acetate would be very similar in binding to tissue in ultrathin sections thus leading to a similar amount of contrast.[12]

Glass

Neodymium(III) acetate can also be used for glass, crystal and capacitors. It is useful in protective lenses for welding goggles. It is also used in cathode ray tube screens to increase the contrast between red and green tones. It is highly valued in glass making because of its attractive purple tint to glass.

External reading

Notes and References

  1. National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 3563803, Neodymium acetate. Retrieved April 10, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Neodymium-acetate
  2. Web site: American elements - Neodymium acetate .
  3. Book: Perry, Dale L.. [{{Google books|SFD30BvPBhoC||page=480|plainurl=yes}} Handbook of Inorganic Compounds]. CRC Press. 2016. 480. 978-1-4398-1462-8. German.
  4. Book: A. K.. Holliday. A. G.. Massey. Non-Aqueous Solvents in Inorganic Chemistry. Elsevier Science. 2013. 75. 978-1-4831-5941-6. German.
  5. Salutsky V.L. The rare earth elements and their compounds: the purification and properties of praseodymium oxide. - A thesis of dissertation. - 1950 pp. 5
  6. Noura Mossaed. Saleh. Ghada Adel. Mahmoud. AbdelRahman AbdelMonem. Dahy. Soliman Abdel-Fadeel. Soliman. Refaat Mohamed. Mahfouz. Radiochimica Acta. Kinetics of nonisothermal dehydration of unirradiated and γ-ray irradiated neodymium(III) acetate hydrate. 107. 2. 165–178. 2193-3405. 2019. German. 10.1515/ract-2018-2998. 104558229 .
  7. Book: 523. Gems. O'Donoghue, Michael . Webster, Robert . Butterworth-Heinemann. 2006. 0-7506-5856-8.
  8. Zofia Rzaczynska. Studies on the heterogenic reaction of acetic acid vapors with mixtures of yttrium and neodymium oxides. Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Slaskiej, Chemia, 1985. 113: 91-97. .
  9. Mehrotra, R. C.; Misra, T. N.; Misra, S. N. Organic compounds of lanthanide elements: preparation of carboxylic acid salts of praseodymium and neodymium. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 1966. 1: 61-62.
  10. Book: Bohidar, Himadri B. . Design of Nanostructures . Rawat . Kamla . Wiley . 2017 . 978-3-527-81043-7 . 10.1002/9783527810444.
  11. Zhang. Yugeng. Zhao. Guiwen. Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry. Synthesis and Spectral Studies of Three Neodymium Acetate Complexes. 25. 3. 371–381. 0094-5714. 1995. German. 10.1080/15533179508218227.
  12. Kuipers . Jeroen . Giepmans . Ben N. G. . Neodymium as an alternative contrast for uranium in electron microscopy . Histochemistry and Cell Biology . 1 April 2020 . 153 . 4 . 271–277 . 10.1007/s00418-020-01846-0 . 32008069 . 7160090 . en . 1432-119X. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  13. Leszek. Kępiński. Mirosław. Zawadzki. Włodzimierz. Miśta. Solid State Sciences. Hydrothermal synthesis of precursors of neodymium oxide nanoparticles. 6. 12. 1327–1336. 1293-2558. 2004. German. 10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2004.07.003. 2004SSSci...6.1327K .
  14. See https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/chemical-functional-use/DTXSID10890616
  15. Watson ML (1958) Staining of tissue sections for electron microscopy with heavy metals. II. Application of solutions containing lead and barium. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 4:727–730
  16. Watson ML (1958) Staining of tissue sections for electron microscopy with heavy metals. J Cell Biol 4:475–478
  17. Hosogi N, Nishioka H, Nakakoshi M (2015) Evaluation of lanthanide salts as alternative stains to uranyl acetate. Microscopy (Oxf) 64:429–435
  18. Ikeda K, Inoue K, Kanematsu S, Horiuchi Y, Park P (2011) Enhanced effects of nonisotopic hafnium chloride in methanol as a substitute for uranyl acetate in TEM contrast of ultrastructure of fungal and plant cells. Microsc Res Tech 74:825–830
  19. Inaga S, Katsumoto T, Tanaka K, Kameie T, Nakane H, Naguro T (2007) Platinum blue as an alternative to uranyl acetate for staining in transmission electron microscopy. Arch Histol Cytol 70:43–49
  20. Yamaguchi K, Suzuki K, Tanaka K (2010) Examination of electron stains as a substitute for uranyl acetate for the ultrathin sections of bacterial cells. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo) 59:113–118
  21. Sato S, Adachi A, Sasaki Y, Ghazizadeh M (2008) Oolong tea extract as a substitute for uranyl acetate in staining of ultrathin sections. J Microsc 229:17–20
  22. He X, Liu B (2017) Oolong tea extract as a substitute for uranyl acetate in staining of ultrathin sections based on examples of animal tissues for transmission electron microscopy. J Microsc 267:27–33

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